REVIVAL OF TRADE & TOWNS
I.
REVIVAL OF TRADE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
A.
REASONS WHY REVIVAL OF TRADE & THEN GROWTH OF TOWNS
1.
EARLY MEDIEVAL SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL & RURAL
2.
BY HIGH MIDDLE AGES TOWNS BUSTLING
3.
& MERCHANTS WILL BE NOW ADDED TO THE TRADITIONAL 3-TIER MEDIEVAL
SOCIETY
a.
THOSE WHO PRAY
b.
THOSE WHO WORK
c.
THOSE WHO FIGHT
4.
HOW DID THIS COME ABOUT?
5.
BEGINNING MID 10TH C POPULATION STARTED GROWING
a.
DUE TO INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
b.
DUE TO 3 FIELD ROTATION VERSUS 2 FIELD
6.
WITH INCREASED POPULATION IT FREED SOME FROM FIELD WORK
7.
PLUS ONCE VIKING RAIDS CEASED IN 10-11TH CENTURIES
8.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE COULD FLOURISH & PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS
a.
DEVELOPED TO FACILITATE THIS TRADE
B.
TRADING FAIRS
1.
THROUGHOUT MA FAIRS WHERE MERCHANTS, TRADERS, PEOPLE & PILGRIMS
CAME TOGETHER
2.
EARLY ONE AT ST. DENIS 7TH C.
3.
GREW OUT OF RELIGIOUS FESTIVAL
a.
AS MANY DID
4.
IF PLACES HAD GOOD RELICS THEN PILGRIMS FLOCKED TO AREA
5.
& THEN SO DID MERCHANTS TO SUPPLY PILGRIMS' NEEDS
6.
GREATEST - CHAMPAGNE FAIRS
a.
6 FAIRS HELD THROUGHOUT YEAR AT 4 TOWNS IN CHAMPAGNE REGION
FRANCE
b.
GREATEST FAIR AT TROYS JULY & AUG
(1)
LIKE OUR OREGON STATE FAIR BUT MORE NB
C.
WHAT DETERMINED WHERE TOWNS GREW & DEVELOPED?
1.
FEW TOWNS NEW LIKE U.S. TOWNS & CITIES NEW IN 17TH & 18TH C.
a.
NEW ONES
(1)
LUBECK, BERLIN, MUNICH, BRISTOL
b.
IN FRANCE EASIER TO TELL
(1)
NAMED VILLENEUVE OR VILLEFRANCHE
(2)
OR COMBINED BY HYPHEN EITHER WITH NAME OF RIVER
(a)VILLENEUVE-SUR-YONNE
(3)
OR WITH TITLE OF THEIR SPONSOR LORD
(a)
VILLEFRANCHE-LE-ROI
2.
TOWNS ALREADY IN PLACE GREW
3.
SOME ORIGINALLY ROMAN ARMY CAMPS
a.
COLCHESTER IN ENGLAND
b.
COLOGNE IN GERMANY
4.
OTHER ROMAN CITIES
a.
PARIS, ORLEANS, ROUEN, LYONS, TOULOUSE, METZ
5.
OTHERS BISHOPRICS
a.
HOMES OF BISHOPS - CATHEDRALS REMAINED VIABLE THROUGHOUT
EARLY MA & VIKING RAIDS
6.
a.SOME ITALIAN SEAPORT CITIES SUCH AS VENICE, PISA & GENOA
b.
CENTERS OF COMMERCE IN EARLIER TIMES & REVITALIZED
7.
OTHER TOWNS GREW UP AT GEOGRAPHICAL ADVANTAGEOUS SPOTS
a.
RIVER CROSSINGS
2
D.
E.
II.
(1)
OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE
b.
IN LINE OF TRADING CARAVANS
8.
SOME FORTIFICATIONS ERECTED DURING 9TH-10TH C. VIKING INVASIONS
9.
MERCHANTS ATTRACTED TO FORTIFICATIONS FOR SAFETY
10.
USUALLY TRADERS ORIGINALLY SETTLED JUST OUTSIDE WALLS
a.
IN FAUBOURGS OR SUBURBS OR BURGS
11.
AS THEIR MARKETS PROSPERED & NUMBERS + OUTSIDE WALLS GREW
12.
MERCHANTS BUILT NEW WALLS AROUND THEMSELVES
13.
BY END 11TH C TOWNS DEVELOPING RAPIDLY ALL OVER EUROPE
14.
THIS CONTINUED THROUGH 12-13 CENTURIES
a.
GREAT BUILDING BOOM IN CITIES
SIZE OF MEDIEVAL TOWNS
1.
MAJORITY OF MEDIEVAL TOWNS SMALL
2.
CITIES OF FLANDERS & ITALY MUCH LARGER BUT NOTHING LIKE ANCIENT
CITIES OF ROME & ALEXANDRIA
WHO POPULATED TOWNS?
1.
AS TOWNS GREW LORDS TRIED TO STOP SERFS FROM FLEEING TO THEM
2.
SERFS FREE IF IN TOWN YEAR AND A DAY
3.
SO 12-13TH C IN ORDER TO KEEP THEM IN FARMING AREAS TO PRODUCE GOODS
a.
LORDS STARTING FREEING THEIR SERFS
4.
ONCE OPPORTUNITIES OF TOWN LIFE ROSE - SERFS FLOCKED
5.
JEWS ALWAYS PROMINENT IN TOWNS
a.
AS INVOLVED IN TRADE FROM EARLIEST TIMES
b.
JEWS SO PREDOMINANT IN FRANCE FOR LONG TIME
c.
ORDINANCES CONCERNING TRADE ADDRESSED TO JEWS & OTHER
MERCHANTS
6.
TOWNS GREATLY CHANGED POLITICAL, ECONOMIC & SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF
FEUDAL EUROPE
TOWNS & ECONOMIC ORDER
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
TOWNS HELPED TO GREATLY CHANGE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF FEUDAL
EUROPE
2.
JUST LIKE TODAY, TOWNS & PORTS OF VARIOUS AREAS VIED WITH EACH OTHER
TO OBTAIN MONOPOLY ON SHIPPING A GIVEN ITEM
a.
SUCH AS WINE OR CLOTH, TWO MOST NB MEDIEVAL GOODS
3.
MEDIEVAL ECONOMY HAD PATTERNS OF UPS & DOWNS JUST LIKE OUR
ECONOMY TODAY
4.
IT WAS A COMPETITIVE COMMERCIAL WORLD IN MA
5.
NEW MARKETS CONSTANTLY BEING DEVELOPED
6.
AS OLD MARKETS BECAME TOO COMPETITIVE
7.
OR DESIRE FOR PARTICULAR GOODS ALTERED
B.
GUILDS
1.
AT HEART OF ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IN TOWNS
2.
ALL WORKERS, EVEN DOCTORS, SURGEONS, LAWYERS
a.
WILL EVENTUALLY BE MEMBERS OF GUILDS
3.
BY 13TH C TOWNS HAD 2 TYPES OF GUILDS
4.
MERCHANTS GUILDS
a.
MERCHANTS OF TOWN, EST MONOPOLY ON TOWN'S COMMERCE
b.
INCLUDING WHAT WOULD NOW BE CALLED WHOLESALERS & RETAILERS
c.
OVERSAW WHOLE OF TOWN'S ECONOMIC LIFE
5.
CRAFT GUILDS
a.
ARTISANS WHO PRODUCED FINISHED GOODS FOR SALE
b.
ALL TOWN'S WEAVERS, BAKERS, CUTLERS, ETC BELONGED TO GUILD
CORRESPONDING TO THEIR CRAFT
3
6.
C.
D.
III.
ARTISANS WHO NOT GUILD MEMBERS NOT ALLOWED TO MANUFACTURE
a.
OR SELL THEIR GOODS WITHIN TOWN WALLS
7.
GUILD REGULATIONS LEGISLATED EVERY DETAIL OF COMMERCIAL LIFE
a.
WAGES, PRICES, HOURS OF LABOR & SALE
8.
ALTHOUGH BECOMING MASTER GOAL OF MOST GUILD WORKERS
a.
ONLY FEW COULD DO SO
9.
MASTER WOULD HAVE STARTED AS APPRENTICE BETWEEN 7-10 YRS AGE
10.
AFTER APPRENTICESHIP BECAME JOURNEYMAN
11.
EACH GUILD DECIDED WHAT FINAL TEST OF COMPETENCY BEFORE BECOMING
JOURNEYMAN
12.
MASONS
a.
2 ORDERS OF MASONS
(1)
STONE MASONS & FREEMASONS
13.
EVEN TODAY IN EUROPE SOME TRADES RUN LIKE MEDIEVAL GUILD
a.
ALL FRENCH BAKERS IN PARTICULAR CITY CHARGE SAME PRICE FOR
BREAD OF SAME WEIGHT
14.
GUILD MEMBERS AIDED ONE ANOTHER IN FINANCIAL, POLITICAL & RELIGIOUS
MATTERS
15.
IDEA OF COMRADERIE IN MA - BELONGING TO A COMMON ORGANIZATION,
NEIGHBORHOOD
16.
GUILD MEMBERS USUALLY WENT TO SAME PARISH CHURCH
a.
GUILDS IN CHARGE FESTIVAL FOR PATRON SAINT OF CHURCH IN LOCAL
PARISH
17.
CHARITY & INSURANCE POLICY FOR MEMBERS
a.
HELD FUNERALS, WAKES ETC FOR MEMBERS
PHYSICAL DIVISION OF TOWNS
1.
WORKERS IN SAME TRADE LIVED TOGETHER ON STREETS THAT BORE THEIR
NAME
a.
ROPEMAKER STREET
b.
GOLDSMITH ST
c.
MILK ST
2.
WHERE DO YOU HANG OUT
a.
LITERALLY MEANT WHERE WAS YOUR PLACE OF BUSINESS?
b.
WITH ITS SIGN HANGING OUT?
WHAT DID THEY DO WITH THE GARBAGE, ETC.?
1.
UNIVERSAL PRACTICE IN EARLY TOWNS TO DUMP HOUSEHOLD WASTE
a.
BOTH ANIMAL & HUMAN, INTO ROAD IN FRONT ONE'S HOUSE
b.
STENCH MUST HAVE BEEN ABOMINABLE
c.
ROOTING HOGS, RAVENS & KITES ATE GARBAGE IN STREETS
MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN MIDDLE AGES
A.
CLOTH TRADE
1.
MAJOR INDUSTRY MIDDLE AGES
2.
30 OR MORE INDIVIDUAL CRAFTS INVOLVED IN IT
3.
REVOLUTIONIZED HIGH MA BY USE OF HORIZONTAL OR TREADLE LOOM
a.
REPLACED VERTICAL LOOM OF ANCIENT WORLD & EARLY MA
b.
LOOM TOOK UP MORE SPACE SO NOT SUITABLE FOR HOUSEHOLD MFG OF
CLOTH
c.
COULD PRODUCE MUCH LARGER PIECES OF CLOTH FASTER & MORE
EFFICIENTLY
4.
ALSO WATERMILL GREATLY ASSISTED CLOTH MFG.
5.
12TH C. WHEELS OF WATERMILLS CONNECTED TO HAMMERS FOR USE IN
FULLING OF CLOTH
a.
BEFORE THAT LABORIOUS JOB BY HAND
6.
UP TO 14TH C. FLANDERS AREA PRODUCED MOST OF COMMERCIAL WOOL CLOTH
4
a.
b.
c.
B.
C.
D.
E.
IV.
17 PRINCIPAL TOWNS
MOST PROMINENT GHENT & BRUGES
17 TOWNS FORMED HANSE
(1)
AGREED TO MAINTAIN HIGH STANDARDS
(2)
AVOID UNDUE COMPETITION BY SELLING THEIR CLOTH ONLY
THROUGH CHAMPAGNE FAIRS
d.
EACH CITY SPECIALIZED IN CERTAIN COLOR
e.
OR CERTAIN KIND OF FINISH
7.
PERHAPS HALF OF CLOTH-TOWNS EMPLOYED IN CLOTH TRADE
WINE TRADE
1.
SAME AREAS GOOD FOR WINE GRAPES TODAY AS MA
a.
ITALY, RHINE VALLEY, BURGUNDY, BORDEAUX,
2.
WINE DRUNK WHEN FRESH AS BOTTLING NOT YET INVENTED
a.
MADE & STORED IN BARRELS
b.
WINE CAME CLOSE TO BEING VINEGAR W/IN YR
LUXURY TRADE
1.
SPICES, SILKS MAIN ITEMS
2.
SPICES USED FOR FLAVORING & PRESERVING
3.
REALLY WIDE VARIETY OF ITEMS CAME UNDER CATEGORY OF SPICES
4.
TOWNS OF NORTHERN ITALY - VENICE, FLORENCE, GENOA & PISA CONTROLLED
THIS TRADE
HANSEATIC LEAGUE
1.
LATER MIDDLE AGES STRONGEST COMMERCIAL GROWTH IN NORTHERN EUROPE
2.
EXEMPLIFIED BY FOUNDATION OF HANSEATIC LEAGUE
3.
LEAGUE OF TRADING CITIES IN N. GERMANY & BALTIC
4.
AGREED TO WORK TOGETHER FOR MUTUAL BENEFIT RATHER THAN COMPETING
W/EACH OTHER
5.
EST. PORTS DIFFERENT CITIES WHERE ANY MEMBER OF HANSA COULD DOCK &
UNLOAD
6.
MOSTLY RAW GOODS NOT AVAILABLE EXCEPT FOR N EUROPE
a.
RYE, TIMBER, TAR, HONEY, WAX, FURS, SALTED HERRING
PROBLEMS OVERSEAS TRADERS HAD
1.
STORMS, PIRACY, WARS, ECONOMIC DOWN-TURNS, COMPETITION, MONOPOLIES
2.
ALL PROBLEMS MERCHANTS FACE TODAY ENDEMIC IN MIDDLE AGES
3.
ALL COUNTRIES ENGAGED IN PIRACY AGAINST FOREIGN SHIPS
4.
RETALIATORY SEIZURES ALLOWED BY GOVTS SO MERCHANTS COULD RECOVER
THEIR GOODS
a.
LETTERS OF MARQUE
5.
CONVOYS OF MERCHANTS' SHIPS ESTABLISHED TO ALLEVIATE PIRACY
6.
MERCHANTS NOT ABOVE KILLING PEOPLE FOR VALUABLE CARGOES
TOWNS & POLITICAL ORDER
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
TRADERS AT FIRST HIGHLY SUSPECT W/IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
2.
CLERICS CONDEMNED PROFITS MERCHANTS GAINED FROM TRADE & LENDING
MONEY AS IMMORAL USURY
3.
NOBLEMEN NEVER HAD ANYTHING BUT DISDAIN FOR THESE UPSTARTS
a.
VIEWED THEIR FLUID WEALTH & MOBILITY AS POLITICALLY DISRUPTIVE
4.
ON OTHER SIDE MERCHANTS RESENTED LAWS & CUSTOMS OF FEUDAL SOCIETY
a.
WHERE NOBILITY & CLERGY HAD SPECIAL PRIVILEGES
5.
AS ALL TOWNS ORIGINALLY UNDER CONTROL OF LORD OR KING
6.
ALL TOWNS SOUGHT FREEDOM FROM THEIR OVERLORD
7.
& TO HAVE THESE LIBERTIES EMBODIED IN A CHARTER THAT WOULD
GUARANTEE THEM
8.
TO GAIN THESE ENDS MANY TOWNSPEOPLE FORMED COMMUNES,
5
9.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
& WOULD BUY A CHARTER OF LIBERTIES FROM KING IF OVERLORD RESISTED
THEIR DEMANDS
10.
KINGS & FEUDAL LORDS ALWAYS IN NEED OF MONEY & TOWNSPEOPLE WILLING
TO PAY WELL FOR THEIR RIGHTS
CITIZENS OF MEDIEVAL TOWNS
1.
BURGESS (ENGLISH), BOURGEOIS (FRENCH) OR BURGERS (GERMAN) - FROM
WORD BURG OR BOURG FOR FORTIFIED AREA
2.
HIERARCHY DEVELOPED IN TOWNS LIKE REST OF FEUDAL SOCIETY
3.
EVENTUALLY CERTAIN FAMILIES OR MERCHANTS OF LONG STANDING & WHO
OWNED PROPERTY HAD FULL RIGHTS OF CITIZENSHIP
a.
REST OF RESIDENTS DID NOT
b.
THESE CERTAIN FAMILIES OR MERCHANTS CAME TO CONTROL GOVT OF
TOWNS
(1)
OLIGARCHY
TOWN GOVERNMENT
1.
OFFICES WE HAVE TODAY IN AMERICA IN OUR TOWNS & COUNTIES EVOLVED IN
MA
2.
WITH MUCH SAME DUTIES THEY HAVE TODAY
3.
MAYORS
a.
CHIEF POLITICAL FIGURE
b.
CHIEF MAGISTRATE IN WEEKLY BOROUGH COURT
c.
HOLDER OF KEYS TO ITS TREASURE
d.
PAID CORPORATE DEBTS FROM HIS OWN POCKET SHOULD TOWN FALL ON
HARD TIMES
e.
REPRESENTED TOWN IN AFFAIRS W/CROWN
f.
MOST DID NOT WANT TO BE MAYORS AS TOO ONEROUS
4.
CITY SERGEANTS & CONSTABLES
a.
KEEPERS OF PEACE
b.
WATCHERS OF WALLS
c.
FOLLOWED HUE & CRY INTO TOWN STREETS TO HERD ALL EVILDOERS
INTO CUSTODY
5.
TOWN COUNCILS OR COMMON COUNCILS
6.
CORONERS
7.
COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS
8.
BAILIFFS OVER COURTS
SAFETY IN TOWNS
1.
AT NIGHT LANTERN OR TORCH CARRIED BY EVERYONE SO COULD BE
RECOGNIZED
2.
NIGHTWALKERS UP TO NO GOOD USUALLY WORE MASKS
3.
FIRE OMNIPRESENT
4.
BUCKETS HUNG ON END OF HOUSES FULL OF WATER IN CASE OF FIRE
TOWN LAWS & COURTS
1.
WHILE KINGS & LORDS OF TOWNS HAD RIGHT TO HIGH JUSTICE
a.
MURDER, RAPE, ROBBERY
2.
TOWNS HAD RIGHT OF LOW JUSTICE
a.
PETTY THEFT, FRAUD & MINOR ASSAULT
3.
MAYOR & COUNCIL WOULD ACT AS JUDGES
PUNISHMENT
1.
USUALLY FINES METED OUT
2.
BUT ALSO FREQUENT USE OF PUBLIC PUNISHMENT
3.
ALWAYS NB TO HAVE PUNISHMENT IN FULL VIEW
4.
FOR PART OF PUBLIC PENANCE PUBLIC SHAME & EXPOSURE
5.
STOCKS
a.
HOLES FOR FEET
6.
PILLORY
6
G.
a.
MORE SEVERE PUNISHMENT
b.
WOODEN FRAME RAISED ON BROAD PLATFORM
c.
WHERE PRISONER STOOD
d.
WITH HIS HEAD & HANDS THRUST THROUGH
7.
THEWE
a.
PILLORY SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR WOMEN
8.
DUCKING STOOL
CONCLUDING REMARKS