Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory
The laboratory portion of Biology 202 is a very important aspect of the
course. It is here that you will make the observations and identifications of
structures discussed and relating to concepts covered in lecture. It is
extremely important that you study each week for your weekly laboratory
quizzes and that you stay current on your laboratory homework. The
laboratory portion of your grade will amount to roughly a third of the
points that are possible in the class.
A portion of these points come from completion of the lab exercises
which are due at the beginning of each lab from the previous week’s
topic. They are intended to give you reinforcement of the structures that
are studied each week and make the terms more familiar to you. The
answers will be found in your lab manual and corresponding chapters
from the textbook.
The bulk of the points will come from weekly quizzes and the two lab
practicals. The quizzes will be given at the beginning of each laboratory
period (with the exception of the first lab period and the two lab periods
when the practicals are given). Your lowest quiz score will be dropped
from your grade prior to the calculation of your quiz percentage. If you
miss a quiz (due to absence or tardy), you will receive a zero on that quiz.
THERE WILL BE NO MAKE-UP QUIZZES.
Please let me know if at any time you do not feel comfortable with some
aspect of the class (specimens, cadaver, etc.). I understand that some
religious and cultural beliefs may oppose some of the things which occur
in class. However, at the same time, the things we do in class may
continue on in your chosen career and may be unavoidable. I will try to
do my best to accommodate you (within certain limits). Good luck and
enjoy the semester.
A final note: You will be required this semester and next to memorize a
great number of unfamiliar terms. Your success will come only if you
review these terms often. Studying five minutes before a quiz will not be
enough—I guarantee you! Decide now that you will study with a study
group and meet at least once a week.
Week #1
Endocrine System
Exercise 27; Ex. 28B
Hypothalamus
Releasing and inhibiting
(tropic) hormones
Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)
Infundibulum
Adenohypophysis
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
GH
PRL
Neurohypophysis
Oxytocin
ADH
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine
Calcitonin
Parathyroid glands
PTH
Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
β cells: Insulin
α cells: Glucagon
Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)
Cortex
Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Testes
Testosterone
Ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
Pineal Gland
melatonin
Thymus
Endocrine hormones, targets, and
actions.
Week #2
Blood
Exercise 29A; Ex. 29B
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Platelets
Hematological Tests
Total WBC count
Total RBC count
Differential WBC count
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin concentration
Coagulation time
Hemostasis
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
Coagulation
1. Formation of
prothrombin activator
2. Prothrombin →
Thrombin
3. Fibrinogen → Fibrin
Blood types
A
B
AB
O
Rh factor
Week #3
Anatomy of the Heart
Exercise 30
Mediastinum
Pericardium (parietal)
Pericardial Cavity
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Interatrial Septum
Interventricular Septum
Apex of the Heart
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Chordae Tendineae
Papillary Muscles
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve)
Left Ventricle
Trabeculae Carneae
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Ascending Aorta
Coronary Arteries
Cardiac Veins
Week #4
Cardiac System Physiology
Exercise 31; Ex. 33A; Ex. 34B
Electrocardiogram
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Fibrillation
Events in the Cardiac Cycle: see Figure 33A.1 pg. 492. Know what is
happening
during each of these events.
Mid to late diastole: pressure in the heart is very low, blood is flowing passively
from the pulmonary and systemic circulations into the atria and on through to the
ventricles; 70-80% of ventricular filling occurs during this time; atrioventricular valves
are open; semilunar valves are closed; near the end atrial contraction occurs and
atrial pressure increases, forcing residual blood into the ventricles; ventricular filling is
complete and EDV is reached; P wave occurs during this phase.
Isovolumetric contraction: QRS complex occurs and ventricles contract; AV
valves close, producing the first heart sound, but semilunar are not yet open. The
ventricles are completely closed chambers. Pressure begins to climb in the ventricles.
Ventricular Ejection: pressure inside ventricles is now greater than in the
pulmonary trunk and aorta, so semilunar valves open and blood leaves the heart.
Pressure is at its peak in the ventricles; aortic pressure reaches 120 mmHg; atria relax
and blood begins to enter from superior and inferior vena cavae. Ventricles now
reach ESV, all the blood that is going to leave the heart has left.
Isovolumetric relaxation: T wave occurs and ventricles begin to relax. Pressure is
greater in the pulmonary trunk and aorta so the semilunar valves close, producing
the second heart sound; AV valves are still closed because pressure in atria is not
great enough to open them; ventricles are again completely closed chambers.
Early diastole: pressure in the atria from the return blood is now great enough to
open the AV valves and blood begins to fill the ventricles.
Week #5
Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Exercise 32, 33B
Arteries from the Arch of the Aorta
1. Brachiocephalic Artery
2. Left Common Carotid Artery
3. Left Subclavian Artery
Arteries of the Neck and Head
Common Carotid Arteries
Internal Carotid Artery
External Carotid Artery
Arteries supplying blood to brain
Vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
Internal carotid arteries
Circle of Willis
Arteries of the Upper Extremity
Subclavian Artery
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Ulnar Artery
Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
Celiac Artery/Trunk
Splenic Artery
Left Gastric Artery
Hepatic Artery
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Renal Arteries
Gonadal Arteries
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Common Iliac Artery
Arteries of the Lower Extremities
Internal Iliac Artery
External Iliac artery
Femoral Artery
Popliteal Artery
Anterior Tibial Artery
Posterior Tibial Artery
Veins of the Lower Extremity
Posterior Tibial Vein
Anterior Tibial Vein
Popliteal Vein
Femoral Vein
Great Saphenous Vein
External Iliac Vein
Internal Iliac Vein
Common Iliac Vein
Veins of the Abdominal Region
Gonadal Veins
Renal Veins
Hepatic Veins
Hepatic Portal System
Hepatic Portal Vein
Superior Mesenteric Vein
Splenic Vein
Inferior Mesenteric Vein
Left Gastric Vein
Veins of the Upper Extremity
Radial Vein
Ulnar Vein
Brachial Vein
Basilic Vein
Cephalic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
Axillary Vein
Veins Draining the Head and Neck
Subclavian Vein
External Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular Vein
Brachiocephalic Vein
Veins to the heart
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Week #6
Lymphatic System and Immune
Response
Exercise 35
Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct
Cisterna Chyli
Lymph Nodes (cervical, inguinal,
axillary)
Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Nonspecific Defense
Physical/Chemical Barriers
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Inflammatory response
Leukocyte extravasation
Specific Defense
Antigen presenting cells
B cells – antibody mediated
immunity
T cells – cell-mediated immunity
Antibody
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
Antigen
Video handout notes
Week #7: Lab Practical #1
Week #8
Respiratory System
Exercise 36; Ex. 37A; 37B/
Paranasal Sinuses
Maxillary Sinus
Frontal Sinus
Sphenoidal Sinus
Ethmoidal Sinus
Conducting Zone Structures
Nostrils
Nasal Cavity
Nasal Septum
Turbinate bones/conchae
Meatuses
Internal Nares
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal Tonsils
Oropharynx
Uvula
Palatine Tonsils
Lingual Tonsils
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Thyroid Cartilage
Epiglottis
Glottis
Vocal Cords (true and false)
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Primary Bronchi (main)
Secondary Bronchi (lobar)
Tertiary Bronchi (segmental)
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Zone Structures
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli
Lungs
Right Lung
Superior, middle and Inferior Lobes
Left Lung
Superior and Inferior Lobe
Cardiac notch
Pleurae
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Pleural Cavity
Mechanics of Breathing
Diaphragm
Intercostal Muscles
Respiratory volumes
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
Residual volume
Total lung volume
Week # 9
Digestive System
Exercise 38; Ex. 39A; Ex. 39B
Serous Membranes
Parietal Peritoneum
Dorsal Mesentery
Visceral Peritoneum
Lesser Omentum
Greater Omentum
Mouth, Pharynx, and Associated
Structures
Oral (Buccal) cavity
Hard palate
Soft palate
Rugae of the hard Palate
Vestibule
Uvula
Decidous Teeth
Permanent Teeth
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Tooth
Crown
Neck
Root
Alveoli
Gingiva
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
Tongue
Taste Buds
Frenulum
Papillae
Filiform
Fungiform
Circumvallate
Salivary Glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophagus
Stomach
Greater and Lesser Curvature
Cardiac Orifice
Gastroesophageal Sphincter
Fundus
Body
Pylorus/Pyloric Sphincter
Rugae
Small Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum/Ileocecal Valve
Large Intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Hepatic Flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic Flexure
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum/Anal Canal/Anus
External/Internal Anal Sphincter
Taenia Coli
Epiploic Appendage
Haustrum
Accessory Digestive Organs
Liver
Right/Left Lobe
Falciform ligament
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Week #10
Urinary System
Exercise 40
Kidney
Hilum
Renal Vessels
Capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Renal Pyramids
Renal Columns
Papilla
Calyx ( calyces=pl.)
Renal Pelvis
Nephron
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Trigone
Urethra
Urethral Orifice
Internal Urethral Sphincter
External Urethral Sphincter
Week #11
Urinary system physiology
Exercise 41A; Ex. 41B
See handout
Week # 12
Fluid and Electrolytes; Acid/Base
Balances
Exercise 47
Week #13
Reproductive System
Exercise 42; Ex. 43
Scrotum
Median Septum
Dartos Muscle
Cremaster Muscle
Testes
Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
Inguinal Canal
Spermatic Cord
Ejaculatory Duct
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
Urethra
Spongy Urethra
Penis
Glans
Prepuce
Corpora Cavernosa
Corpus Spongiosum
Dorsal Vessels of the Penis
Female Reproductive System
Ovary
Cortex
Medulla
Uterine Tubes
Infundibulum
Fimbriae
Uterus
Body
Cervix
Fundus
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Functionalis Layer/Menses
Basalis Layer
Vagina
Rugae
Fornix
Vaginal Orifice
Vestibular Glands
Vulva
Mons Pubis
Labia Majora
Perineum
Labia Minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Mammary Glands
Lactiferous Duct
Nipple
Areola
Embryonic Development
Exercise 44; Ex. 12
Zygote
Morula
Blastocyst
Trophoblast
Chorion
Chorionic villi
Amnion
Yolk sac
Allantois
Fetal circulation
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Umbilical vein
Umbilical artery
Ductus venosus
Ligamentum venosum
Inferior vena cava
Foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
Ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum arteriosum
Week #14: Lab Practical #2