Study Guide- Rocks, Soil, Weathering
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How does sedimentary rock form?
weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
What does metamorphosis mean?
to change form
The majority of the rock that we see is which type?
sedimentary
Rocks made directly from magma are ________________ rocks.
intrusive igneous rock
What are the major agents of erosion?
wind, water, ice, gravity
The temperature inside the earth is ___________ than the temperature on the surface.
hotter
What is the definition of a rock?
naturally occurring solid substance made of mineral or mineral-like material
What makes up rock?
minerals
If lava/magma cools slowly, the crystals will be what size?
larger
Clastic rocks contain what materials?
broken rock fragments
Rocks with fossils are _____________ rock.
sedimentary
What do foliated metamorphic rocks look like?
banded (striped) appearance
If lava/magma cools quickly, the crystals will be what size?
small (fine-grained)
Pumice is an example of a(n) ________________ rock.
glassy igneous rock
What are the agents of metamorphism?
heat, pressure, hydrothermal solutions
A rock that has large crystals surrounded by fine-grained minerals has a _______________ texture.
porphyritic
What is mechanical weathering?
weathering that breaks down rock without changing the chemical composition
What factor has the greatest effect on soil formation?
climate
Horizon C of a soil profile contains mostly _____________________.
partially weathering parent material
What is humus?
organic material
What is the topmost layer in a soil profile?
horizon A- topsoil, organic material
What is frost wedging?
mechanical weathering by water expanding in the cracks of rocks when it freezes
23. What is the most important agent in chemical weathering?
water
24. Is the current rate of soil erosion higher or lower than past rates of soil erosion?
higher because of human impact
25. Where does the energy that powers the rock cycle come from?
the sun and earth's interior heat
26. How does glassy-textured igneous rocks form?
very quick cooling
27. What are the major components of soil?
air, water, mineral matter, organic matter
28. In which type of climate is chemical weathering most effective?
warm, humid
29. What is the force behind mass movements?
gravity
30. What is the difference between mechanical weathering and chemical weathering?
chemical changes the chemical composition and mechanical does not
31. Classify the following as either mechanical or chemical weathering:
a.
Frost wedging- mechanical
b.
Acid rain- chemical
c.
Reactions with water- chemical
d.
Reactions with oxygen- chemical
e.
Biological activity- mechanical
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Abrasion- mechanical
g.
Exfoliation and unloading- mechanical
32. What happens to water as it freezes? How is this related to frost wedging?
it expands (volume increases); when it freezes in the cracks of rocks, it breaks the rock apart, thus causing
weathering
33. What are some factors that trigger mass movements?
steep slope, water, shaking
34. What is the slowest type of mass movement?
creep
35. How does deforestation contribute to mass movements?
taking out trees removes root systems that bind soil together, so it loosens the soil, which increase slope instability
36. What is slump?
when a block of land moves downhill
37. What are various ways to stabilize slopes?
drainage pipes to reduce the weight of water, wire
mesh sprayed with concrete, rock
bolts, terracing, retaining walls
38. Know how to read a soil composition chart 