The fish schooling is a typical animal social behavior. A fish school shows its high order collective behavior either when it is swimming in no risk circumstance or when it has been attacked by predators. To generate this high order collective behavior, every fish in the school contributes equally, there is no a leader in a fish school. Each fish in the school acts only based on the local information acquiring by its eye and its lateral line, it does not know the global situation. A main function of a fish school is to protect members through reducing predator’s successful kill when attacked by predators.
Considering mentioned features of a fish school, we present an integration action model to investigate how fish generate schooling behavior and how fish schooling behavior protects members when a fish school attacked by predators. In this model the action of a fish consisting of three components of allemomimesis, avoidance and evading. Each fish determines its moving directions taking into account simultaneously three kinds of elemental actions mimicking its neighbors, avoiding collisions with its nearest neighbors, and evading from an approaching predator. The weights of three elemental actions are changed depending on situation. The results show the present model can adequately represent fish schooling either when it is swimming in no risk circumstance or when it has been attacked by predators. The results also manifest the highest order fish schooling behavior the largest ability protecting members of a fish school.
As an interesting and important vision problem, perception of ambiguous figures has been studied many years ago. According to previous studies, a few triggers influencing the reversal of ambiguous figures have been found. In the present study, we investigated whether luminance influences on reversal of ambiguous figures, and whether binocular vision and monocular vision influence on reversal of ambiguous figure similarly. The results show that the average reversal interval of an ambiguous figure of Mach’s book is influenced by figure luminance obviously. Concretely, the reversal interval becomes shorter as luminance increases. Furthermore, we compared the average reversal interval under binocular condition and under monocular condition.
The results showed that binocular summation effect exists in reversal of Mach’s book.
Furthermore, these results proved a model of information integration in which a basic idea of reversals of ambiguous figures was proposed.