Person ch 3 terms
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Acting "as if": a technique in Adlerian tx; an assignment given to patients who feel they are incapable of acting in a
certain manner because they are not that type of person. Adler would have then act "as if" they were, instead of
changing their whole personality. This enabled clients to experience the reinforcing consequences of a previously
thought impossible way of action.
aggression instinct: A main part of Adler's early theory, was rejected by Freud, and then when changed by Adler, was
embraced by freud. One of Freud's two instincts (other was eros)
Allegiance effect: the outcome research phenomenon where the txtic orientation of the person conducting the
research turns out to be the most effect tx.
Analytical psychology: the psychological approach of Jung. Jung posited the existence of the collective unconscious,
archetypes, etc. Used word-association test, dream analysis, created introvert/extravert distinction.
Anamnesis: interpreation of the client's earliest memories--related to Adlerian tx, with give picture of whether client,
as a child, felt encouraged or discourages to deal with inferiority in socially constructive ways.
Archetypes: in Jung's analytical psychology: those eternally accessed and present objects in human psychological
existence that span all time and space--are present in the collective unconcious.
Attachement styles:
Autonomous ego: in ego psychology (see Hartman, Kris, and Loewenstein, Erikson, and Rapaport), part of the ego
that exists independently of the ID desires--involved the individual's adaptation to reality and mastery of the
environment.
Autonomous self: In Kout's self-psychology, this is the ideal type of identity--containing self-esteem and confidence;
not merely a replica of others, not excessively dependent on others; as child has been mirrored and idealized.
Basic life tasks: the aspects of life that every person needs to do: working, relating to others (esp other sex), and
contributing to society. These tasks are in the benchmarks for a healthy individual.
Basic mistakes: the precursors to a pathological personality. Erroneous actions or decisions made early in life, which,
once made, tend to control adulthood. E.g., overgeneralizations, distortions of life's demands, minimization of one's
worth, unrealistic goals to be secure.
Bibliotherapy: the txtic process in which patients are given materials to read.
Birth order/ordinal position: once's position in the family constellation: used by Adler to determine person's lifestyle.
Catching oneself: technique used by Adler encouraging clients to 'catch themselves slipping back into older patterns
of immature behavior.
Character analysis: a system of psychotherapy developed by Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957) as an alternative to Freud's
psychoanalysis. Reich enjoyed popularity along with Jung, but his influence has waned in the present day.
Collective unconcious: Posited to exist by Jung--a bastion of the experiences common to man throughout all of
history.
Compensation: the primary defense mechanism in Adlerian psychology; it is the mechanism where feelings of
inferiority are compensated for by superior actions. A defense against the aversive feelings of inferiority.
Compulsive lifestyle: In Adlerian theory, is the personality that evolves from domineering parents. Compulsions give
the person a sense of god-like power, a sense of timelessness, etc.
Conflict-free spheres: In ego-psychology (see Hartman, Kris, & Loewenstein; Erikson; Rapaport), theorists believe
that there are parts of the ego that exist independently of the Id . These parts are the autonomous ego.
Creative self: In Adlerian psychology, this is the prime mover of lifestyle. Biological limitations may be real, but it is up
to the creative self to determine how reality will be interpreted--how objective facts are transformed into personally
meaningful events.
Drive theory: Relating to psychoanalysis, which is a drive theory because it is about the unconcious phenomena which
drive us (the desires of the id). As contrasted to ego-psychology, etc.
Effect size: created by Cohen, the amount of change a treatment has on an outcome.
Ego analysis: as opposed to classical analysis which focuses on the id. Content is quite different--focused on identity,
intimacy, and ego integrity; look at contemporary struggle of patient; use history on back far enough to understand
the unresolved childhood issues interfering with today. However, process of ego analysis is quite similar to classical
analysis (however, usually more flexible).
Ego psychology: A branch off of Freud's classical analysis by several theorsts (esp. Erikson, Rappaport, and Hartman,
Kris, and Loewenstein) that focuses on the ego as the dominant force in the psyche. Assumes that there are other ego
processes that are inborn (e.g., memory, perception, and motor coordination). See also: autonomous ego,
conflict-free spheres, ego analysis, and others.
Fictional finalism: In Adlerian psychology, this is the subjectively defined final goal or purpose in life created by
individuals to bring meaning and direction to life. This is the subjective cause of psychological events--striving for
created ideals.
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Social interest (in german): One of the prime markers of a healthy personality in Adlerian psychology. When one
begins to be genuinely interested in making the world a better place, one forgets to focus so much on one's own
problems. Social interest is an inherent potential for all humans--a more perfect life is possible only in the context of
a more perfect society; to work toward a perfect life requires one to work for a perfect humanity.
ideal self: In Adlerian theory; this is the person we strive to become. Related to our fictional finalism. (not always an
objectively good thing, sometimes can be pathalogical due to experiences)
Individual psychology: Adler's name for his theory: important to study the entire individual in therapy.
Inferiority complex: feelings of inferiority; these are the driving forces behind person's superior strivings; can be
created by psychological experiences of inferiority or biological (related to organs)
Introjection: in object relations theory, the process of incorporating objects into the mind.
Lifestyle analysis: a tool used by Adlerian therapists in order to understand the overall pattern and purpose of the
client's life. Includes family consellation, etc.
Masculine protest: In Adlerian theory, a woman protesting against her feminine roles. Unlike Freud's penis envy, Adler
realized that women really wanted man's status and power in society.
Meta-analysis: the process of quantitatively combining the results of several studies.
Mirroring: In object relations theory, it is the idea that children should be appreciated and respected.
Narcissistic personality: a pathological personality in Kohut's object relations theory; develop from insufficient
mirroring and idealizing.
Normal autism: In object relations theory (Mahler, 1968), the first stage of development (1st few months of
life)--there is neither self nor object; fixation results in severe pathology.
Normal symbiosis: stage in object relations theory; confusion in child's mind as to what is self and what is object;
neither is perceived as independent of of the other.
Object: in object relations theory, refers to the mental representations of self and other people.
Object relations: the theory proposed by Fairbain, Kernberg, and Kohut--emphasize relationships between the self
and objects as the organizing principle in people's lives.
Object relations theory: see above
Organ inferiority: In Adlerian psychology--refers to actually biological infirmities. Organ inferiorities will result in
superiority stivings.
Psychosocial stages of development: According to Erikson: as opposed to the psychosexual stages. However, follow
same ages as Freud, but added stages for young adults, middle adults, and older adults. Each stage is a crisis that can
be resolved positively or negatively. Every stage resolved negatively will inhibit the next stages.
Push-button technique: Technique in Adlerian therapy that teaches clients how much they can control their own
emotions by thinking of the right things.
Self-interest: In Adlerian psychology, true self-interest is social interest. Those who place self above others are not
healthy personalities.
Self psychology: Kohut's object relations theory; self is major player in personality development--ideally the
autonomous self (self-confident, secure in identity).
Social interest: In Adlerian psychology, a possession of the mature personality. It is what truly completes a person.
"Social interest is not just an idealistic or inspirational value; it is also a pragmatic goal that produces mental health
in life," (p. 77).
Splitting: In object relations theory; a defensive attempt for the child to deal with being overwhelmed by more
powerful parents; results in child vacillating between two different ways of acting and thinking.
Striving for superiority: In Adlerian psychology, what happens as a result of inferiority complex--the object of the
superiority varies from person to person according to each fictional finalism or ideal self.
Style of life/lifestyle: "A person's cognitive construction, and ideal representation of what the person is in the process
of becoming" (p. 66); feelings of inferiority can influence it; all behavior springs from it.
Symbiotic psychosis: results from failure to differentiate during the differentiation period; in Object Relations theory;
no sense of individual identity.
Therapeutic/ working alliance: in brief psychodynamic tx, characteriezed by conscious collaboration and explicit
consensus--agreement on tx goals, consensus on treatment tasks, relationsihp bond.
Transference-focused psychotx (TFP): Kernberg's object relations treatment. When used to treat borderline patients,
we effective.
Treatment manuals: handbooks for psychotherapy.