Christian Churches of God
No. 215
DNA Change Rates:
Modern Science
vs.
The Bible
(Edition 6.0 20070912-20071022-20071122-200071225-20080126-20090126)
Modern Science works on the premise that mtDNA does not cause mutation of the human
genome. This premise has been shown to be false by the Pasteur Institute. The mathematical
models are thus far too extended.
Christian Churches of God
PO Box 369,
WODEN
ACT 2606,
AUSTRALIA
E-mail: secretary@ccg.org
(Copyright  2007, 2008,2009 Wade Cox)
This paper may be freely copied and distributed provided it is copied in total with no alterations or deletions.
The publisher’s name and address and the copyright notice must be included. No charge may be levied on
recipients of distributed copies. Brief quotations may be embodied in critical articles and reviews without
breaching copyright.
This paper is available from the World Wide Web page:
http://www.logon.org and http://www.ccg.org
Page 2
DNA Change rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
DNA Change Rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
Page 3
DNA Change Rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
When the DNA analysis of the British and Irish
people was conducted by the Oxford and Irish
scientists, we found that the rates of change of
the mtDNA clans were decided on at a standard
rate of one mutational change in 20,000 years.
The details were included by Brian Sykes in his
work: Blood of the Isles, Exploring the genetic
roots of our tribal history (Bantam Press,
London et al., 2006, p. 150). This standard rate
of change was applied to all clans. The clan
Ursula, one of the so-called Seven Daughters of
Eve in Europe, was held to have originated in
Ancient Greece. As her mtDNA had the most
mutations, she was thus assumed to have been
the oldest of the female clans.
This female was assumed to have coexisted
with the Neanderthals. Her descendants had an
average of 2.25 mutations compared with the
mtDNA of Ursula herself. The age of the
skeleton was thus considered to be 2.25 x
20,000 = 45,000 years (ibid.).
From these views it was assumed that the first
Irish built their timber-framed houses on the
banks of the River Bann, at Mt Sandal, some
9,000 years ago, and that they were descended
from this Greek female ancestor (ibid.). That
view accords with what we know of the Irish,
in that the first Irish were from Ancient Greece.
However, it was nowhere near 9,000 years ago.
From Dr Richetti’s work for the Pasteur
Institute we now know that mtDNA causes
mutations over the entire human genome and,
thus logically, interbreeding of tribal groups
causes mtDNA intermix, and hence increasing
mutations.
(if there can be such a thing) that we have
located the skeleton of Ursula and the other
matriarchs and then worked out how long ago
they lived from carbon-dating. But this is not
so; it is all accomplished by reconstructions”
(ibid., p. 151). He goes on to explain that from
the DNA fragments displayed on the map of
Ireland he could see that almost exactly 10 per
cent of Irish men and women are the direct
maternal descendants of Ursula. He then
converts ten percent of the population of
Ireland, which is 5.7 million, to 570,000
Ursulans in Ireland. This was done by the fact
that there were 91 Ursulan samples out of 921
Irish samples in total (ibid.). He then says that
because the clan is so old he was able to find
only three samples that were unmodified from
the original Ursulan mtDNA. He then went on
to state that as all three were customers of
Oxford Ancestors he knew their whereabouts,
and none of them lived in Ireland. One is in
Hampshire, another in London and the third is
in New York (ibid.).
We might raise an objection as to the spread of
the sample, but let us accept that for the
moment.
He proceeds to identify the changes. The one
step or generation mutations of the sample were
22 in number. Then there are 23 secondgeneration mutations; 26 third-generation
mutations; 10 fourth-generation mutations; 5
fifth-generation
mutations;
one
sixthgeneration, and one seventh-generation (op.
cit., p. 152).
The one with the most generational changes
since Ursula is a doctor in Chichester, Sussex.
The assumption of scientists regarding the rate
of mutational change is based on no fixed
model, and is based on the assumption that
mtDNA does not cause mutation of the human
genome, which we now know to be false. This
matter has already been examined in the paper
The Genetic Origin of the Nations (No. 265).
These numbers of changes are then used to
work out the average number of changes over
the period, which is 2.5 on average, and the
arbitrary time-frame of one per 20,000 years is
used to determine the origin at 50,000 years,
which is older than the imputed age of Ursula.
Brian Sykes admits in his work that: “it is a
frequent and understandable misunderstanding
The Mitochondrial DNA of say Aborigines in
the most common Haplogroup N has shown
Page 4
little change. The C YDNA and the RxR1 basic
YDNA of these people have shown a specific
mutation from C* basic to C4, in two subgroups that are unique to Australia, and
developed from the C* groups scattered from
India to Vietnam in small numbers, and is of
the same order of development as are the C3
Mongols and the C2 Maori. (There are also K
and O2 in the Maori/Polynesian groups from
Melanesian and Southeast Asian ancestry.
However, over half are now of European
ancestry (cf. Underhill, ‘Maori Origins, YChromosome Haplotypes and Implications for
Human History in the Pacific’, 2001). Yet, the
Aborigines are also allocated 45,000 years in
Australia, which does not follow the reasoning
of the model.) The reason there is a small
change is that the populations have been
tribally isolated and, therefore, the mtDNA
mutations have been minimised from their
isolation. The simple fact that RxR1 basic is
the fourth-last mutation on the male YDNA
Haplogroup chain of 22 Haplogroups makes a
nonsense out of the 45,000-year claim.
The difference of 5,000 years between the
45,000 years for Ursula and the 50,000 of the
samples are held to be within the mathematical
error permitted for the samples, but, as Brian
Sykes himself admits, it is far in excess of the
9,000 years permitted for the oldest Irish
habitation.
He solves the problem by arguing that most of
the mutations must have occurred before they
arrived in Ireland. Thus, it has to be argued also
that they came as a homogenous group.
The argument is also put forward from this
discrepancy that the ancestors of these people
were paleolithic hunter-gatherers and not
descended from the farmer populations of the
Middle East less than 10,000 years ago (op. cit.,
pp. 152-153).
Brian Sykes and his colleagues found that in
identifying the 91 Irish Ursulans, 68 had
matching sequences elsewhere. Only 23 were
unique to Ireland (loc. cit., p. 155). He reasoned
that the third mutation sequence was nearby
and thus the fourth-generation sequence
happened in Ireland. By then correcting the
DNA Change rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
dates, the time in Ireland was adjusted to a little
over 7,000 years, at 7,300 years. There is an
argument that separate spontaneous mutations
may well have occurred elsewhere also, but this
was not canvassed. The team admitted that the
dates could fall within a thousand years either
way and still fall within the scope of the
estimate (ibid.). The possibility is then argued
that they may have come earlier and later. The
range for all groups is argued as 7,300-4,500
years ago, but the Ursulans are the original
group in Ireland.
The history of the Irish is quite clear and well
documented. The Milesians did not come into
Ireland until ca. 500 BCE, from Spain. The
Tuatha de Danaan were the longest reigning
survivors of the original settlements, outliving
the Formorians and Firbolgs and moving on
into Britain. Of these Ursula mutations, the
greatest is in England where we might expect to
see more mutation as a result of their move into
Britain. There is only one each of the sixth- and
seventh-generation mutations, five x fifthgeneration, and 10 x fourth-generation
mutations.
We might thus assume that only two actual
mutation sequences have established and we
are now looking at the commencement of the
next series. On this basis, even on the extended
time-frames, we are under the 9,000 years.
However, these mutations are occurring at a
much faster rate than allowed, and we can see
that more clearly from the YDNA.
The Bible rates are allotted at 7 mutations over
4,300 years from the Ursula mutation from
mtDNA Haplogroups L M and N, which we
can assume were the three base groups with the
sons of Noah. We can allow 7 from 4,200 thus
making the mutation rate at one in 600 years.
That would then make the four generations of
the mutations in Ireland come from 2,800 years
ago, which is when the Tuatha de Danaan ruled
Ireland, before the Milesians. Thus the
historical record is corroborated by the genetic
mtDNA record when matched against the Bible
record, and all three time-frames concur when
the genetic model is adjusted accordingly. If we
adjust it by allowing the Haplogroup break-ups
over a longer period of time, then we see the
DNA Change Rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
Page 5
Ursula group simply downgrade into the more
predominant group of Milesian females
arriving 2,500 years ago.
South-west it is 95%, and in Connacht in the
West of Ireland it reaches 98% of all males (op.
cit., p. 160).
YDNA mutations
There are two types of YDNA mutations. The
first is a stable paternal system that is alleged to
be much slower in mutating than mtDNA; it is
alleged to take tens of thousands of years to
mutate, with only single-sequence mutation
between clans. The second sequence is much
faster in mutation and is like a repeat of the
sequence such as TAGA being repeated 12
times. It is like a stammer, and the YDNA loses
or gains one of these sequences much more
rapidly. This loss and gain results in splitting
the Haplogroup into hundreds of paternal lines.
These mutations are held by scientists to occur
every 1,500 years or so. This period is much
less than the 20,000 years allocated to the
female Haplogroups. These figures are still far
too old – and we will see below they are far less
than that. Related clans in the US and Britain
have experienced single-step mutations within
two hundred years.
In contrast, for the mtDNA, all seven of the
major maternal European clans and most of the
minor ones were present in Ireland, and they
were more or less equally distributed over the
four provinces.
We already have proven documented YDNA
changes of one, two and three step mutations
between father and son over multiple
Haplogroups. The standard assumptions are
simply false, and proven to be false by
validated university conducted DNA testing.
Testing has shown that two brothers from
the same father can be one and two and even
three step mutations apart and all three can be
mutationally divergent. The models are wrong.
The time-frames are now proven to be much
shorter than originally thought. However, to
acknowledge that fact means the evolutionary
models have to be shortened. Evolutionists
simply won’t alter their religious paradigm.
The causes of the mutations are varied, being
caused by viruses and by radiation, both
background and induced.
The most common clan in Ireland is what is
termed clan Oisin, and it is a Gaelic clan, being
less common in areas where the Anglo-Norman
invasion occurred. In the South-east, where
most of their influence was felt, particularly in
Leinster, Oisin is some 73%. In Ulster in the
North-east it is 81%, while in Munster in the
The YDNA clan Oisin signature can be found
also among the Basques in Spain, and in
Galicia and in Orkney. It is termed the Atlantic
Modal Haplotype (AMH) and has repeats as
follows: 11-24-13-13-12-14-12-12-10-6 on the
Oxford sequence.
It exists in Scotland and in England and
indicates Celtic influence right across the Isles.
Geoffrey of Monmouth records that the Trojan
Celts found the Magogites there and subjugated
them when they invaded Britain.
The clan is found in effect where we would
expect the Irish to have travelled according to
their history. These are the sons of Japheth
through Magog, and perhaps also Gomer.
The major section of the I Haplogoup (Isles) in
Ireland, which was the original Hg of the
Tuatha de Danaan moved across into England
and Scotland and is merged now with the Hg I
that came in with the Anglo-Saxon Horde and
with the Vikings. Dan of the West is mixed
now with the other tribes in Britain.
Rate of Change
The obvious objection to the mathematical
model at one change per 20,000 years is not
really canvassed by academia.
The variable rate of change between the YDNA
and mtDNA groups shows a distinct variation
on the rate of change by areas between the
YDNA and mtDNA and among mtDNA and
YDNA groups themselves.
For example, as we have seen in the Milesian
Irish there are nine major Haplogroup
variations in the lineage and then a series of
further variations from R1b to R1b1c7 – which
is the basic YDNA of the descendants of Neill
Page 6
of the Nine Hostages who lived some 1,600odd years ago, and accounts for the lineage of
some 5% of all Irishmen. Neill’s lineage
involved 11 Haplogroup mutations from the
original lineage of Adam. In some of these
mutations there are two and three sub-groups
formed.
On the basis of 20,000 years to a mutation, we
are looking at up to 200,000 years for the
YDNA mutational changes.
We know Neill lived in the fifth century CE,
and there have been a series of mutational
changes in the faster YDNA ‘stammer’ since
that time. If we look at the YDNA of the
O’Neills and the Geoghegans and the Higgins
and the host of other clans that we see
descended from him, we can see that the
stammer mutates every hundred or two hundred
years. Instead of taking this aspect seriously
and matching the genealogical record of Ireland
with the actual YDNA tests, which show the
rate of change as much faster than anticipated,
some academics have even disputed his
existence rather than face the fact that the
evolutionary model is wrong and artificially
extended. The proper test is to set up the known
genealogies and measure each stammer of each
lineage. The time-frame is known exactly.
The other perfect test example is Genghis
Khan, who is the most prolific sire the world
has produced. Neill only runs in second place.
In the mtDNA there are three changes for the N
basic making the N supergroup 60,000 years
old according to evolutionists. However, the
full Haplogroup rate to get to the K basic is five
mutational changes to K which makes the
original Eve line only 100,000 years old; plus
the minor changes within K and U is the
mother line of K, which makes it 80,000 years
old on straight Haplogroup mutations.
DNA Change rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
(incl. AuB).
The obvious conclusion we would draw from
these items is that the rate of change is
dependent upon the exposure to differing
mtDNA systems, which itself forces the
changes in both systems over the human
genome.
Effects of Radiation on mtDNA
It has also been shown recently that radiation
affects the mtDNA change rates. The
experiments were conducted using areas of
natural radiation and a low-level radiation
control.
The experiments were conducted in Kerala,
India. Until recently, scientists have assumed
that radiation only caused lesions on the DNA,
but it is now beyond doubt that variations in the
natural radiation over time have caused
mutations in the human mtDNA at frequencies
as much as one or two generations.
The effects of the mtDNA changes affect the
human genome, and will have a flow-on
mutational effect to the YDNA structure. The
implications for the evolutionist models are
enormous. The time-frames and models are far
too long, given the results.
The paper at reference is:
Natural radioactivity and human mitochondrial
DNA mutations
Lucy Forster*, , , Peter Forster ,§, Sabine
Lutz-Bonengel¶, Horst Willkomm , and
Bernd Brinkmann*
The real situation is thus that male YDNA
mutates virtually twice as fast as the female
into discrete sub-groups in the same ethnic
groups.
As stated, the team tested the effects of natural
background radiations and found that radiation
affected the mutational change rates of
mtDNA. For example, if you were born in the
test area in Kerala, you would suffer rapid
mutations in the mtDNA, which would affect
the YDNA structure also. Thus the DNA
comparisons in these various groups may well
vary from one to the other over a much shorter
period of time than expected. The team said:
There are, in fact, 22 distinct YDNA subgroups (incl. R2) and 30 mtDNA Haplogroups
“The observation that radiation accelerates
point mutations at all is unexpected, at first
DNA Change Rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
glance, because radiation was, until recently,
thought to generate primarily DNA lesions (1).
A potential explanation is provided by our
additional observation that these radiationassociated point mutations are also evolutionary
hot spots, indicating that the radiation indirectly
increases the cell's normal (evolutionary)
mutation mechanism (5).”
... As demonstrated, our mtDNA results
strongly support an acceleration of the
evolutionary DNA mutation mechanism
through radiation.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/21/139
50
Page 7
16th century. They might have left the Middle
East anytime in the first millennium CE.
Biblically, the 22 YDNA Haplogroups cannot
be more than 4,300 years old. The change rates
for A, B, C and root D, E, E3B are all Hamitic,
and C and F split from Noah’s sons.
All Semitic and Japhethite lineages come from
F. The Semites are G, H, I, J (J coming from I).
All Japhethite lineages come from K.
Thus, with seven splits to the R1b, we have a
mutation rate of one in four hundred years at
the absolute maximum.
The Bible System
Historically, we know the Milesians arrived in
Ireland ca. 500 BCE. Those who were there
before were the Tuatha de Danaan, who ruled
Ireland for centuries previously and were
Haplogroup I. These people also spread into
Britain, and hence the majority of them are no
longer in Ireland but in Britain; and their
females are also there. These are the Hg I
(Isles) sub-group. Biblically they were born not
earlier than the eighteenth century BCE.
That is what we are seeing with the family
groups that went, for example, to the US four
hundred years or less ago, and we are getting
evidence of one-step mutations in the same
families in less than that period within two
hundred years.
Their YDNA could not be earlier than 2400
BCE with the birth of Shem. We know for a
fact that the Semitic Hg J came from I and
encompasses the early Jews and Levites in both
J1 and J2 and hence both must be later than the
Exodus in 1448 BCE, or Arab/Edomite DNA
has intruded into the Cohenim. We know for a
fact that Askenazi Khazar YDNA has been
introduced to the Levites, with over half of
them being R1a Khazars (see the paper The
Genetic Origin of the Nations (No. 265)).
When isolated into a stable tribal YDNA and
mtDNA system there is little mutation over the
same period of time as we see with the
Australian Aborigines.
The mutation may have occurred after the first
century CE, as the period after the Temple
system in the first half of the second century
saw the complete dispersion. The Lemba
moved to Zimbabwe on the Limpopo River and
they retain that mutation; it is also found among
the Buba clan who claim Cohen descent. Their
move was before the building of the stone city
in Zimbabwe, as they claim to have built it.
Modern historians claim the Shona built it
around 1100-1400 CE. It was abandoned
shortly before the Portuguese first saw it in the
R1b Celts have split into a series of sub-groups
in five mutations over the last two thousand
years and so the mutations are occurring every
two hundred years.
Given the change rates from this perspective,
we would expect to see changes of 2.5 at 400
equal a base rate of stable to a rate of 7 x 400 or
2,800 years.
That is the time we in fact would have expected
to see the Tuatha de Danaan well established in
Ireland, and the Trojans to have entered Britain
after the fall of Troy in 1054 BCE – according
to the histories from the tenth century BCE to
the end of the first millennium of the current
era.
We know for a fact that mutations occur more
than once in twenty thousand years from
historical observance and the distribution of
tribes and languages.
The evolutionists are clearly wrong and
Page 8
working in a self-imposed vacuum.
YDNA DYS Change
In addition to the effect of mtDNA on the
YDNA structure, we now know that there are
relative rates of mutation in the varying YDNA
DYS, which are the groups that determine the
Haplogroups and Clades of the YDNA system.
For example, the mutation rate of DYS 439 is
50 times faster then it is for DYS 426…so DYS
439 is a genealogic separator while DYS 426 is
an anthological separator. We do not know
why 426 is so stable, but we reportedly have
volumes of data that shows that it is.
The University of Arizona has done a lot of
work on the variations of the DYS markers, but
it is as yet unpublished and so we do not have
the benefit of studying the important relative
change rates.
The most important marker to help determine
the difference between the Celtic R1b and the
Semitic I is: if you are a 12 at DYS 426 you
will be Q or R; and if you are an 11 you will be
anywhere else on the tree. Haplogroup Q is the
Amerindian marker, and R is the proto-Aryan
covering both Slavs and Celts, and some
Indians of the sub-continent, North African
Aryans and Australian Aborigines. Haplogroup
I is derived from the base IJ marker at S2 and
S22, which is a Semitic and Hebrew marker.
This marker is stated as being 50 times more
stable than the DYS 439. For example, some
families have noted mutational change in their
families within 300 years, and the same
families in Britain, Australia and America can
have mutation in the 439 marker since
settlement of those lands, whereas their DYS
426 is constant as has been all others; Celts and
Amerindians and other groups included.
What we seem to be looking at is a miracle of
the human creation where God simply confused
the people from Babylon by setting the YDNA
sequences in some of the DYS, which ensured
their distinct separation into peoples with
characteristics and linguistic capacities, and
then allowed faster variation in other DYS
which kept distinct track of families and
DNA Change rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
genealogical lines. This is the promise that not
one grain of corn would be lost in the
dispersion of the peoples.
A yet, we do not know the basis of the fixed
DYS and the variation rates of the 67 to 99
markers. We are hamstrung at present by the
academic reluctance to publish until the
research careers of the academics are protected.
It is based on an evolutionist paradigm, in any
case.
When we have the details, more will fall into
place and we will no doubt be able to examine
the YDNA and mtDNA changes and determine
their rates more accurately.
It is proving to be much faster than they
originally thought. The slower change rates do
not indicate great age of the stable HG, but
rather the fixing of the nations.
Viral and Bacterial Change
Science has now demonstrated that some 8% of
human DNA is obtained from bacteria and
retro-viruses and those changes can occur
overnight. For example, a village gets a virus
and that changes the DNA structure literally
within 24 hours (cf. ABC Catalyst program on
Viral and Bacterial Changes to DNA).
We can see how simple it was to implement
changes to the human DNA system and alter
the nature of human racial structure. We know
these things happened at two specific times in
the biblical structure, and we now know that
progressive change occurs more and more
rapidly with retro-viruses, bacteria, background
radiation and the introduction of the mtDNA
mutations themselves, which cause further
mutation across the human genome.
The evolutionist models are now being shown
to be a joke with every new scientific
discovery. Human DNA was altered and with
that alteration came death and the disintegration
of the integrity of the DNA reproduction
process, hence, shorter and shorter life-spans.
The dispersion from Babel was a second major
event and we have no real idea of the
significance of the changes wrought there to
accomplish Gods purpose. It could simply have
DNA Change Rates: Modern Science vs. The Bible
Page 9
been done with a series of viruses.
The changes are occurring more and more
rapidly and we know it, but the evolutionists
misrepresent the facts.
