LOWER 4th REVISION BOOKLET
2014
This revision booklet provides students with notes and diagrams that are to be used to
SUPPORT their revision for the summer exam 2014.
Topics covered that will be present on the exam paper are :
1. Lab Safety
2. Characteristics of Living things (Mrs Grenc)
3. Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
4. Microscopy
5. Variation
6. Keys
7. Classification
8. Puberty and reproduction
Biology = The study of living things
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Flammable
Oxidising agent
Corrosive
Explosive
Irritant
Harmful
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What do ALL living things have in common?
Movement
Respiration (release energy from food source)
Sensitivity (Respond to stimuli)
Growth (Increase in size and complexity)
Reproduction (Produce offspring of the same species)
Excrete (Removal of waste products)
Nutrition (Take nutrients for energy, growth and repair)
Control (their internal environment)
A plant is living because it respires, it is sensitive (to light, Carbon dioxide levels) it moves
(leaves), grows, reproduces, excretes and needs nutrients to survive.
MAGNIFICATION = Magnification is the process of enlarging something only in
appearance, not in physical size. It is used for very small objects and we use a
MICROSCOPE. Eg. Sand, cells.
1. Eyepiece
7. Objective
Lenses
6. Stage
5. Mirror
2. Arm
3. Focus
adjustor
4. Base
Remember if the eyepiece lens has a magnification of 10 and the Objective lens has a
magnification of 20 the TOTAL MAGNIFICATION = 10 x 20 = 200
The diagram below shows how we are organised – All organisms are made up of cells. Theses
cells have organelles inside them.
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ORGANISM
A ‘whole being’. Humans are organisms
SYSTEM
A collection of organs eg. the nervous system, the respiratory system
ORGAN
A collection of tissues eg Heart (mixture of muscle and nervous tissue)
Bundles of cells with similar use eg muscle
TISSUE
CELL
The basic unit of living organisms
ORGANELLE
Found within a cell. Has specialised job
eg. chloroplast
Main differences and similarities between plant and animal cells
PLANT
ANIMAL (US!)
Nucleus
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria (energy)
Mitochondria (energy)
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Permanent vacuole
PLANT CELL
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm –
chemical
reactions take
place here
Nucleus – Contains
DNA (genetic
material
Cell wall – cellulose –
strong for protection
Permanent vacuole
(contains cell sap – salts,
wastes, sugar etc)
Chloroplast – Site of
Photosynthesis
Mitochondria – ENERGY
production
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ANIMAL CELL
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm – chemical
reactions take place
here
Nucleus – Contains
DNA (genetic
material
Mitochondria – ENERGY
production
Different kinds of specialised animal cells
white blood cell
Amoeba
red blood cell
muscle cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
Paramecium
SPECIALISED CELLS
ANIMALS
1. EGG – Ovum
• FUNCTION = Sex cell of female animals
• FUNCTION = Carries genetic material and joins sperm
• FEATURE = Very large because contains large amounts of stored food
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2. SPERM
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•
•
•
FUNCTION = Sex cell of male animals
FUNCTION Carrier genetic material in large nucleus
FEATURE = Long Tail for swimming
FEATURE = The head of the sperm is the acrosome – stores enzymes to break
down egg cell wall
FEATURE =Mid section is full of mitochondria, which provides energy for
swimming.
Vacuole with
Enzymes
Strong tail for
swimming
3. RED BLOOD CELL
• FUNCTION = Carry Oxygen around the body in the chemical haemoglobin
• FEATURE = Biconcave discs to increase surface area  increase oxygen entry
into cell
• FEATURE = NO nucleus  increase oxygen transport
4. CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELL
 FUNCTION = cleaning airways by trapping dust and dirt
 FEATURE = Covered in lots of tiny hairs to increase Surface Area
5. NEURONE
 FUNCTION = Carry nerve impulses around the
body
 FEATURE = Long axon
PLANTS
1. PALISADE CELL
a. FUNCTION = ‘Catch’ light from sun  PHOTOSYNTHESIS
b. FEATURE = Found in leaves & stems
c. FEATURE = Contain lots of chloroplasts (which contain chlorophyll)
2. ROOT HAIR CELL
a. FUNCTION = Take water & nutrients from the soil
for distribution around plant
b. FEATURE = Thin cell membrane
c. FEATURE = Their extensions INCREASE surface area  Larger surface in
contact with water to uptake into the plant from the soil
d. FEATURE = They have a large permanent vacuole
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e. FEATURE = Close to xylem tissue which carries water up to the rest of the
plant
f. FEATURE = They grow out of the root just behind the root tip
VARIABLES
• Variation is how things are different. VARIATION can occur between:
the same species (Eg. HUMANS – we are not all the same!) = INTRASPECIFIC
VARIATION
or between different species (eg. between a dog and a cat!) = INTERSPECIFIC
VARIATION
Individuals of the same species can reproduce to make more individuals of the same
species.
• Two individuals belonging to different species cannot normally reproduce together. If
they do, their offspring is usually infertile and unable to reproduce.
TYPES OF VARIATION
1. Continuous variation
A characteristic with a range of values, that changes gradually. Examples include:
a. height
b. weight
•
2. Discontinuous variation
A characteristic with only a limited number.
• Gender (male or female)
• blood group (A, B, AB or O)
• eye colour
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Some characteristics are INHERITED (from parents) eg. Eye colour, blood group
Some characteristics some from the parents AND the environment eg. Height & weight
When performing an experiment there are VARIABLES that can change.
Independent: What we chose to change
Dependent: measured for each change in our independent variable
• But there are 4 different types!!
– CATEGORIC - Best described as a label Eg. Eye Colour
– DISCRETE - Whole numbers (eg. cows in a field)
– CONTINUOUS - One that we measure Eg. Temperature (37.4°C)
– ORDERED - Where you can put the data into order
CLASSIFICATION
We classify organisms to enable us to identify which species they are closely related to.
Classification is a world wide language – latin names are recognised everywhere.
5 kingdoms - split into Vertebrates (animals WITH a backbone) and Invertebrates (animals
WITHOUT a backbone)
VERTEBRATES: (you need to know more detail for each than in given)
 Reptiles: Lay leathery eggs & have dry scaly skin
 amphibians: cold blooded, moist skin
 fish: scales & gills
 birds: have feathers & wings
 mammals: live young that feed on milk
INVERTEBRATES
 coelenterates (jellyfish)
 flatworms (tapeworm)
 annelids (worms, leeches)
 molluscs (snail, oyster)
 echinoderms (starfish)
 arthropods – Jointed legs/ Exoskelton eg: (crab (10-14legs), spider(8legs), fly
(6legs), centipede(20+legs))
NOTE: You need to know a little about each – ie. Arthropods have segmented limbs with a
hard outer layer and molluscs bodies are soft
Classification of HUMANS
 KINGDOM – Animal
 PHYLUM – Chordate (Vertebrates)
 CLASS - Mammal
 ORDER - Primate
 FAMILY - Hominid
 GENUS - Homo
 SPECIES – sapiens
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DICHOTOMOUS KEY
They help us identify organisms by looking at their PHYSICAL characteristics
Yes/No answers narrow a species down from Kingdom to Species
PUBERTY
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•
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Puberty is the period of time when children begin to mature biologically,
psychologically, socially and cognitively. Girls start to grow into women and boys into
men.
Reproduction is one of the eight life processes.
All living things reproduce.
Humans use sexual reproduction to produce their young.
In order to reproduce, the two parents (male and female) have different
reproductive systems and organs that produce different sex cells (gametes)
male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
In the female, one of the ovaries produces an egg every 28 days. This is called
ovulation.
During sexual intercourse millions of sperm are ejaculated into the vagina.
If a sperm meets the egg, the sperm’s nucleus can join with the egg’s nucleus.
This fusing of the nuclei is called fertilization.
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CHANGES IN GIRLS TO TURN
TO WOMEN
1. Breasts start to develop
2. Hips start to widen
3. Pubic and underarm hair
4. Sexual organs and eggs
mature,
5. Ovulation and then,
6. Menstruation begins (get
their period)
7. Emotional changes
8. Growth spurts
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
A 28 day cycle that involves the production of EGGS
ready to be fertilised by sperm to produce
offspring. If the egg is NOT fertilised, the lining
of the uterus shed in a monthly ‘period’ or
menstruation
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CHANGES IN BOYS TO TURN TO
MEN
1. Facial & body hair
2. Pubic hair
3. Voice deepens
4. Penis and testes grow larger
and darker
5. Starts to produce sperm experience erections and wet
dreams.
6. Emotional changes
7. Shoulders broaden
8. Become more muscular.
9. Growth spurts
Day 1 – 7
The menstruation cycle starts with the first day of a woman’s period. This is the name given
to the time of the month when the lining of the uterus comes away and exits through the
vagina as blood.
Day 7 - 13
The blood flow stops.
The lining of the uterus begins to build up again.
At this time an egg starts to mature in one of the ovaries
Day 14 (The Middle)
On the 14th day which is the middle of the cycle, an egg is released by an ovary into the
oviduct.
This is called
Ovulation
Day 14 - 17
The egg can last up to 2 days after it is released from the ovary.
During this time the egg travels down the oviduct and into the uterus hoping to be
fertilised.
Day 18 - 28
If the egg is not fertilised then the lining of the uterus begins to break down.
Day 1 – the cycle starts again
Target words
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FERTILISATION – Fusion (joining) of an egg and a sperm to produce a ZYGOTE
SPERM – The male reproductive cell (Gamete) containing HALF the GENES
EGG – The female reproductive cell (Gamete) containing HALF the GENES
PUBERTY – Hormonal changes in boys and girls when they are changing into men and women.
o Boys to Men – 12-16yrs
o Girls to Women – 10-14 yrs
OESTROGEN – The female hormone that causes the release of an egg from the OVARY
TESTOSTERONE – The male sex hormone that results in the development of his sex organs
(penis, testes & development of sperm)
UTERUS – The major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ. It is within the uterus
that the foetus develops for 9 months during gestation.
MENSTRUATION – The shedding of the uterus lining if NO fertilisation occurs. Also known as a
‘period’ and on average lasts 28 days
FALLOPIAN TUBE – The tube that joins the ovary to the uterus. The area where fertilisation
must take place
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