A. General
Accelerated technological and industrial development contributes much to human well-being.
However, at the same time, such development places a growing burden on the environment,
which necessitates proper attention and treatment. Among the areas of negative influence on
the environment are production of solid waste, production of wastewater, and air pollution.
Solid waste
Modern society recognizes the need for intelligent management of waste. Waste
management includes establishing well-organized landfill sites to prevent harm to land and
groundwater, as well as controlled operation of means of transport and landfilling of the
waste.
The increase in the amount of landfilled waste in Israel exacerbates the shortage of open
spaces. Therefore, methods of treatment other than landfilling are being explored. A broad
perspective must include all of the following: examining how effectively raw materials are
being used, promoting education and information about conservation and the efficient usage
of resources, operating recycling systems and promoting recycling industries, as well as
exploring alternatives to landfilling the waste. These means enable a reduction in the amount
of waste that is landfilled and an increase in the efficient use of resources.
Israel, like other countries, is required to cope with waste originating in different sectors
within its borders. Toward this purpose, reliable data about activity in these sectors must be
collected. Until this survey was performed, data on quantities of waste in Israel were
available only regarding household and commercial waste, and reliable data were lacking
regarding quantities and methods of waste treatment in other sectors, such as
Manufacturing.
Air Pollution and Global Warming
Global population growth and technological and industrial development entail activities that
cause emission of gases, some of which strengthen the greenhouse effect. An increase in
atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations strengthens the greenhouse effect and thereby
contributes to raising global temperatures. This temperature increase, known as "global
warming", affects the weather and various climatic phenomena.
A major source of greenhouse gas emissions is combustion of fuel for the purpose of energy
production. All Manufacturing establishments require energy to run machinery and
equipment, and they obtain it through electricity consumption or, alternatively, by direct fuel
combustion.
The Manufacturing and Electricity industries contribute considerably to business activity in
the Israeli economy. However, they are also a significant source of waste, air pollution, and
greenhouse gas emissions. Proven information regarding the extent of their influence is
necessary in order to set policy and determine courses of action for environmental
(9)
protection. In addition, Israel is required to report waste and air pollution data by sector to
various international entities, among them the OECD.1
In order to evaluate the quantity of waste, treatment methods, and the distribution of fuel
consumption by industry,2 the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) undertook the survey
"Waste and Sewage in Manufacturing 2010." The goals of the survey were to estimate the
quantity of industrial waste in each industry, to ascertain the methods of waste treatment, to
identify the recycled materials, and to examine energy consumption in the Manufacturing and
Electricity industries.
In the survey, data were also collected regarding quantities of sewage and sewage treatment
methods. However, due to a limitation in the quality of the obtained data, the information
obtained could not be included in this publication.
To date, the CBS has published data regarding quantities of only household and commercial
waste. This publication adds an important component of information on the topic of industrial
waste. The publication presents quantities of waste by industry, as is the practice in the
OECD, as well as by type of treatment (transfer to landfilling or recycling). Also presented in
this publication are quantities of the following: consumption of selected fuels, and emissions
of selected greenhouse gases and selected air pollutants. The quantities are detailed by
industry. Note that, to date, information on greenhouse gas emissions was not available at
the industry level.
The relevant audience for the data in this publication are decision-makers in the public
sector, such as the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry
of Economy, stakeholders in the business sector such as the Manufacturers Association of
Israel and Manufacturing and Electricity establishments, international bodies such as the
OECD and the UN, academic and research institutions, and the general public.
1
OECD – The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an international
organization of which Israel is a full member. This organization serves, inter alia, as a source of
statistical, economic, and social data in accordance with uniform standards that enable
comparisons to be made. The organization's databases cover a wide variety of topics, including
environmental issues.
2
The industries were classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic
Activities, 1993. See: Central Bureau of Statistics (2003). Standard Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities, 1993. Technical Publication No. 63. Second Edition. Jerusalem: Author. A list
of industries appears in Appendix.
( 10 )
B. Main Findings
Waste Production Quantities by Type of Waste
In 2010, the quantities of waste produced in the Manufacturing and Electricity industries
totalled approximately 3.5 million tons. Dry waste, totalling 2.2 million tons, comprised the
majority of the waste that was produced. Of the dry waste, approximately 1.2 million tons
was "coal ash" (ash produced during the coal combustion process in power plants).
Additionally, in Manufacturing, approximately 1.1 million tons of mixed waste and 0.2 million
tons of hazardous waste were produced.
Diagram 1 shows the quantities of waste produced in each industry. Most of the dry waste
was concentrated in the Electricity industry. Other Manufacturing industries with large
quantities of waste were: Mining and quarrying and Manufacture of non-metallic mineral
products (Divisions 10–13 and Division 26, 27%), in which the vast majority of the waste was
dry waste; and Manufacture of food products, Manufacture of soft drinks and alcoholic
beverages and tobacco products (Divisions 14–16, 8%), in which the vast majority of the
waste was mixed waste.
DIAGRAM 1.- WASTE QUANTITIES PRODUCED IN MANUFACTURING
AND ELECTRICITY, BY INDUSTRY (1993 CLASSIFICATION)
2010
Thousand tons
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
Production and
distribution of electricity
Jewellery, manufacturing n.e.c.
Furniture
Transport equipment
Computers,
electricity & electronics
Machinery and equipment
Metal products
Basic metal
Plastic and rubber products
Chemicals & chemical products
Refined petroleum
and its products
Publishing and printing
Paper and paper products
Wood and wood products
Footwear, leather and
leather products
Textiles and wearing apparel
Food, beverages and
tobacco products
0
Mining and quarrying *
200
Industry (Division)
* Due to the limitations of statistical confidentiality, the data of “Mining and Quarrying” include the data of
“Non-metallic mineral products” – Division 26, as well.
( 11 )
Examination of the types of waste produced by industry showed that mixed waste was
produced in all of the Manufacturing industries and Electricity, but dry and hazardous waste
were concentrated in certain industries.
Diagram 2 presents the quantities of mixed waste in each industry. Although mixed waste
was present in all of the industries, 53% of it was concentrated mostly in four industries:
Manufacture of food products, Manufacture of soft drinks and alcoholic beverages and
tobacco products (Divisions 14–16, 42%), Manufacture of paper and paper products
(Division 21, 18%), and Mining and quarrying and Manufacture of non-metallic mineral
products (Divisions 10–13, 26, 11%).
DIAGRAM 2.- MIXED WASTE QUANTITIES,
BY INDUSTRY (1993 CLASSIFICATION)
2010
250
200
150
100
Production and
distribution of electricity
Jewellery, manufacturing n.e.c.
Furniture
Transport equipment
Computers,
electricity & electronics
Machinery and equipment
Metal products
Basic metal
Plastic and rubber products
Chemicals & chemical products
Refined petroleum
and its products
Publishing and printing
Paper and paper products
Wood and wood products
Footwear, leather and
leather products
Textiles and wearing apparel
0
Food, beverages and
tobacco products
50
Mining and quarrying *
Thousand tons
300
Industry (Division)
* Due to the limitations of statistical confidentiality, the data of “Mining and Quarrying” include the data of
“Non-metallic mineral products” – Division 26, as well.
( 12 )
Of the dry waste, 93% originated in the following three industries: Production and distribution
of electricity (Division 40, 56%), Mining and quarrying, and Manufacture of non-metallic
mineral products (Divisions 10–13, 46, 37%).
Production and
distribution of electricity
Jewellery, manufacturing n.e.c.
Furniture
Transport equipment
Machinery, computers,
electricity & electronics
Metal products
Basic metal
Refined petroleum
and its products, Chemicals &
chemical products
Paper and paper products, Publishing
and printing
Wood and wood products
Footwear, leather and
leather products
Textiles and wearing apparel
Food, beverages and
tobacco products
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
DIAGRAM 3.- HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITIES,
BY INDUSTRY (1993 CLASSIFICATION)
2010
Mining and quarrying *
Thousand tons
Approximately 83% of all of the hazardous waste originated in the following industries:
Refined petroleum and its products, Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products and
Chemicals and chemical products (Divisions 23–25, 40%), Manufacture of machinery and
equipment, and of computers, electrical and electronic equipment (Divisions 29–34, 33%),
and Manufacture of basic metal (Division 27, 10%).
Industry (Division)
* Due to the limitations of statistical confidentiality, the data of “Mining and Quarrying” include the data of
“Non-metallic mineral products” – Division 26, as well.
( 13 )
Waste Treatment Methods
The survey distinguished between two types of waste treatment: landfilling and recycling.
These are the major types of waste treatment used in Israel. The recycling data included
waste that the Manufacturing and Electricity industries transferred for treatment by the
recycling companies.
The quantities of waste sent directly from the manufacturing to recycling in 2010 amounted to
approximately 1.8 million ton, which comprise 53% of the total waste produced in
manufacturing.
Diagram 4 presents the percentage of recycling and quantities of waste that was transferred
to recycling, by the type of waste. The highest percentage of recycling was in dry waste –
61% of the waste. The percentage of recycling in mixed waste was 45%, and in hazardous
waste – 16%.
DIAGRAM 4 – PERCENTAGE OF RECYCLING AND QUANTITIES OF WASTE
(THOUSANDS OF TONS) TRANSFERRED TO RECYCLING, BY TYPE OF
WASTE AND METHOD OF TREATMENT,
2010
100
Percentage of recycling
90
80
70
60
50
40
1,319
30
507
20
10
31
0
Dry weste
Mixed waste
( 14 )
Hazardous waste
Production and
distribution of electricity
Jewellery, manufacturing n.e.c.
Furniture
Transport equipment
Computers,
electricity & electronics
Machinery and equipment
Metal products
Basic metal
Plastic and rubber products
Chemicals & chemical products
Refined petroleum
and its products
Publishing and printing
Paper and paper products
Wood and wood products
Footwear, leather and
leather products
Textiles and wearing apparel
Food, beverages and
tobacco products
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
DIAGRAM 5.- PERCENTAGE OF WASTE TRANSFERRED DIRECTLY
TO RECYCLING, BY INDUSTRY (1993 CLASSIFICATION)
2010
Mining and quarrying *
Percentages
Diagram 5 presents the percentage of waste removed to recycling by industry. In the
following industries, over 50% of total waste produced was removed to recycling: Production
and distribution of electricity, Publishing and printing, Manufacture of basic metals, Food,
beverages and tobacco products, Refined petroleum and its products, Metal products, and
Plastic and rubber products.
Industry (Division)
* Due to the limitations of statistical confidentiality, the data of “Mining and Quarrying” include the data of
“Non-metallic mineral products” – Division 26, as well.
( 15 )
Diagram 6 presents the quantities of waste that were removed to recycling among the
Manufacturing and Electricity industries, by selected types of waste. The main types of waste
that were removed to recycling were paper and cardboard (about 138,000 tons) and metal
(about 115,000 tons). Additionally, the Electricity industry recycled approximately 1.2 million
tons of "coal ash" (ash produced during the coal combustion process).
DIAGRAM 6.- QUANTITIES OF WASTE TRANSFERRED TO RECYCLING,
BY SELECTED TYPES OF WASTE
2010
200
180
Thousand tons
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Paper and
cardboard
Ferrous
metals
Plastic
Hazardous
waste
Non-ferrous
metals
Used oils
Type of waste
Fuel Consumption, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Air Pollutants
As part of the survey, fuel consumption was examined, and emissions of selected air
pollutants in Manufacturing and Electricity were calculated, from the following fuels: residual
fuel oil (heavy and light), diesel oil (for production), liquefied petroleum gas, and kerosene. It
should be noted that other fuels also used in these industries were not included in this survey
(such as coal, natural gas and transportation fuels). Diagram 7 shows emissions of nitrogen
oxides and sulfur dioxide from fuel combustion in Manufacturing and Electricity.
( 16 )
Selected Pollutants
Emissions of sulfur dioxide were concentrated in the following industries: Chemicals and
chemical products (Division 24, 24%), Refined petroleum and its products (Division 23, 20%),
Food products, beverages and tobacco products (Divisions 14–16, 18%), Mining and
quarrying (Divisions 10–13, 13%), Production and distribution of electricity (Division 40,
11%), and Non-metallic mineral products (Division 26, 7%).
Emissions of nitrogen oxides were concentrated in the following industries: Production and
distribution of electricity (Division 40, 27%), Refined petroleum and its products (Division 23,
23%), Chemicals and chemical products (Division 24, 15%), Food products, beverages and
tobacco products (Divisions 14–16, 11%), Mining and quarrying (Divisions 10–13, 9%), and
Non-metallic mineral products (Division 26, 6%).
Industry (Division)
Nitrogen oxides
( 17 )
Sulfur dioxide
Production and
distribution of electricity
Jewellery, manufacturing n.e.c.
Furniture
Transport equipment
Computers,
electricity & electronics
Machinery and equipment
Metal products
Basic metal
Non-metallic mineral products
Plastic and rubber products
Chemicals & chemical products
Refined petroleum
and its products
Publishing and printing
Paper and paper products
Wood and wood products
Footwear, leather and
leather products
Textiles and wearing apparel
Food, beverages and
tobacco products
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Mining and quarrying
Tons
DIAGRAM 7.- EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) AND SULFUR
DIOXIDE (SO2), BY INDUSTRY (1993 CLASSIFICATION)
2010
Greenhouse gas
Based on the quantities of fuel consumed, greenhouse gas emissions from industrial fuel
combustion were also calculated. The emissions that were calculated included the following
gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).3
Diagram 8 presents the emissions from fuel combustion of greenhouse gases (listed above)
in terms of carbon dioxide. Six of the industries accounted for 91% of the emissions:
Production and distribution of electricity accounted for 27% of the emissions and Refined
petroleum and its products accounted for 23% of the emissions. The following industries
together accounted for 41% of the emissions: Chemicals and chemical products, Food,
beverages and tobacco products, Mining and quarrying, and Non-metallic mineral products.
DIAGRAM 8.- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (IN TERMS OF GWP),
BY INDUSTRY (1993 CLASSIFICATION)
2010
Thousand tons
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
Production and
distribution of electricity
Jewellery, manufacturing n.e.c.
Furniture
Transport equipment
Computers,
electricity & electronics
Machinery and equipment
Metal products
Basic metal
Non-metallic mineral products
Plastic and rubber products
Chemicals & chemical products
Refined petroleum
and its products
Publishing and printing
Paper and paper products
Wood and wood products
Footwear, leather and
leather products
Textiles and wearing apparel
Food, beverages and
tobacco products
0
Mining and quarrying
200
Industry (Division)
3
In order to enable comparison among the various gases and sources of emissions, the gases were
converted to comparable values using the global warming potential (GWP) coefficient, which is
calculated for 100 years. A GWP value is determined for each gas, with the basis of comparison
being the value for carbon dioxide, which is defined as 1. The larger the GWP, the greater the
influence of the gas on global warming. The GWP coefficients of methane and nitrous oxide are 21
and 310, respectively.
( 18 )
International Comparisons
Diagram 9 presents a comparison with European countries of quantity of industrial waste per
capita (Category B, excluding Mining and quarrying). In 2010 in Israel, the quantity was 231
kg per capita, similar to Hungary and Latvia. In contrast, in Portugal, the Netherlands,
Sweden, Italy, and Ireland, the quantities were 3 and even 4 times higher than in Israel. The
average value for the European Union, 535 kg per capita, was larger than that for Israel.
Note that this comparison does not take into account the various characteristics of the
industries in each country.
DIAGRAM 9.- INDUSTRIAL WASTE PRODUCED PER CAPITA
(CATEGORY B, EXCLUDING MINING AND QUARRYING)
(1993 CLASSIFICATION) IN ISRAEL AND EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
2010
900
800
600
500
400
300
200
( 19 )
Malta
Croatia
Serbia
Latvia
Cyprus
Israel
France
Hungary
United Kingdom
Portugal
Denmark
Spain
Austria
Romania
Greece
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
Slovakia
European Union
Norway
Italy
Germany
Ireland
Poland
Slovenia
0
Sweden
100
Netherlands
Kg per capita
700
In order to reflect differing characteristics of industry among the countries, the quantities of
waste produced per industry gross output unit were compared (Category B, excluding Mining
and quarrying).
Israel produced approximately 74 tons of waste per million euro of industry gross output
(Category B, excluding Mining and quarrying). This was similar to the quantities in Austria
and Germany. In contrast, in Poland, Finland and Luxembourg the quantities were 5 and
even 6 times higher than in Israel.
500
400
300
200
( 20 )
Denmark
Austria
Israel
Germany
Ireland
France
United Kingdom
Norway
Czech Republic
Sweden
Italy
Portugal
Hungary
Iceland
Netherlands
Slovenia
Belgium
Greece
Luxembourg
0
Finland
100
Poland
Tons per million euro
600
DIAGRAM 10.- QUANTITY OF WASTE PRODUCED PER INDUSTRY GROSS
OUTPUT UNIT (CATEGORY B, EXCLUDING MINING AND QUARRYING)
(1993 CLASSIFICATION) IN ISRAEL AND IN SELECTED
EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
2010
C. Terms, Definitions, and Explanations
Types of waste
Hazardous waste – Wastes that, owing to their toxic, infectious, radioactive or flammable
properties, pose a substantial actual or potential hazard to the health of humans and other
living organisms and the environment.
Dry waste – Waste generated by activities in the areas of construction, destruction, and
installation of infrastructure. Contains dust and remains of construction material. Does not
contain hazardous substances.
Mixed waste – Waste generated by household, commercial, or industrial activities. Contains
remains of food, packaging, waste from production processes, and yard waste. Does not
contain hazardous substances.
Sources of waste
Household waste – Waste material usually generated in the residential environment.
Includes food residue, packing materials, and products which have spoiled or worn out.
Commercial waste – Waste emanating from business establishments such as stores,
markets, office buildings, restaurants, shopping centers, and movie theaters.
Industrial waste – Waste emanating from production and packing of industrial products.
Waste treatment methods
In order to increase the efficiency of waste treatment, it is customary to rank the treatments
according to their influence on the environment. The goal is to transform the waste into a
resource and to minimize the quantity of waste that is landfilled. The treatments methods
examined in the survey were recycling and landfill.
Recycling – The processing and use of waste as raw materials in production and
consumption processes, for example, the melting of scrap iron so that it can be converted
into new iron products.
Landfill – Uncontrolled or controlled burial of waste in the ground in accordance with
sanitary, environmental, or security requirements. Waste is transfered to landfill either
directly to landfill sites, or via transit stations from which it is transferred to landfill sites.
Waste treatment sites
Landfill site – A site designated for landfilling of waste. Landfill sites are distinguished
according to the type of waste that is transferred to them: mixed, dry, or hazardous.
Transit station – A site used for sorting, initial treatment, and routing of waste. In a first
stage, most of the waste is transferred to the transit stations located throughout Israel, from
which it is transferred to landfill sites or to recycling plants. Some of the transit stations
include a system for sorting and separating the waste in preparation for recycling, including
( 21 )
the following operations: chopping of yard waste, separation of paper and plastic from the
waste, and preparation of compost from the organic material in the waste.
Recycling plant – A plant established in order to treat recyclable waste.
Recyclable waste includes the following materials: plastic, paper, oil, construction waste,
organic material, yard waste chips, metals, etc.
Recycling plants receive the waste from the following sources:
o
Industrial establishments, via collection systems (such as collection of cardboard and
oil from production sites)
o
Collection equipment set up in localities (such as equipment for collection of plastic
bottles and paper)
o
Transit stations (such as yard waste chips and plastic sorted at the transit stations)
Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gas (GHG) – A gas occurring naturally or resulting from human activities.
GHGs contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Including carbon dioxide
(CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6),
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and other gases.
Greenhouse effect – A process in which greenhouse gases effectively absorb thermal
infrared radiation, emitted by the Earth's surface, by the atmosphere itself due to the same
gases, and by clouds. The infrared radiation turns into heat, which causes the warming of the
atmosphere.
Global warming – An increase in the near surface temperature of the Earth. In the distant
past, changes in Earth temperature occurred as a result of natural processes. The term
global warming depicts the warming predicted as a result of increased anthropogenic
emissions of greenhouse gases that strengthen the greenhouse effect, which, in turn, causes
global climate changes.
( 22 )
D. Methodology
1.
Survey population
The survey population included Manufacturing companies and companies engaged in the
production and distribution of electricity, having 11 or more employee jobs. The companies
included were those classified as Category B – Manufacturing and as Division 40 (Production
and distribution of electricity) of Category C, as defined in the Standard Industrial
Classification of all Economic Activities, 1993 (see Appendix).
2.
Period investigated
The data collected on quantities of treated waste and fuel consumption refer to activities that
took place in 2010.
3.
Sampling method
Sampling frame
The sampling frame was based on the sampling frame used in the Indices of Manufacturing
Survey carried out by the CBS. The sampling frame included all companies listed in the
CBS's Business Register that operated in the Manufacturing (excluding diamonds) and
Electricity industries in 2010.
Companies that did not belong to the survey population were removed from the sampling
frame. These included: companies that did not belong to Manufacturing, companies that did
not have labour data for 2010, companies that ceased operations at the beginning of 2010,
and companies with an average of 10 or fewer employee jobs in 2010.
Planning and drawing of the sample
The sampling frame was divided into 19 groupings of Manufacturing and Electricity industries
(sampled industries), in order to meet the OECD's international reporting requirements.
These industry groups were intended to reflect companies' homogeneity from the operational
and technological perspective, as well as in the context of their environmental operations
involving waste production and fuel consumption.
For the purpose of planning the sample, size groups were defined for each sampled industry,
based on the average number of employee jobs in 2010. The sample was drawn using
sampling strata which were defined by combining the 19 Manufacturing and Electricity
industry groups with the various size groups. In each sampled industry, the uppermost size
stratum, made up of the largest companies, was the "take-all" stratum, in which all
companies were drawn in the sample with certainty. The other size strata were referred to as
the probability strata, in which a sample was drawn with a probability of less than 1. For a list
of the industries, see Appendix.
( 23 )
The sample was allocated among the different size strata within each industry group using
Laveallee and Hidrogulou's (1988) algorithm. The algorithm determines, for each sampled
industry, the boundaries of the size strata and the number of companies to be sampled in
each one, such that a minimum sample size is obtained at the desired level of precision. The
sample that was drawn included approximately 630 sampling units, some of which were
comprised of a number of companies. In total, 850 companies were approached.
It must be emphasized that the level of precision is obtained for the size datum upon which
the sample is planned. A similar level of precision should be obtained for other variables
examined in the survey that correlate strongly with the size datum. The sampling error is
expected to be higher for other variables examined in the survey that do not correlate with
the size datum.
Within each stratum, the companies were sampled with equal likelihood, in accordance with
the sampling allocation and the number of companies in the stratum. In order to reduce the
response burden, the drawing of the sample in the probability strata was planned such that
there would be minimal overlap with the probability companies in the Indices of
Manufacturing Survey sample.
4.
Research method
In order to accomplish the data collection efficiently, information was collected in two surveys
and then combined:
1. The survey "Expenditure on Environmental Protection in Manufacturing 2010"
2. The survey "Waste and Sewage in Manufacturing 2010"
In the survey "Expenditure on Environmental Protection in Manufacturing 2010," data were
collected regarding expenditure on environmental protection in these industries. A section
was added to this survey on the topic of industrial waste and sewage. The sample in this
survey included 458 companies.
The data were collected through questionnaires that were completed with the assistance and
guidance of an interviewer who visited the company. In the first stage, the questionnaire was
sent to the company's contact person (such as the person in charge of environmental
protection, the company engineer, or the director of operations) for the purpose of collecting
the required data and preparing the required material before the interviewer's visit.
In the survey "Waste and Sewage in Manufacturing 2010," data were collected only
regarding industrial waste and sewage. This survey was carried out through a paper
questionnaire that was mailed and self-completed at the company with telephone assistance.
The sample in this survey included 392 companies.
Combining the surveys enabled the obtaining of data on industrial waste with high resolution
and a smaller sampling error. The data were collected between September 2011 and June
2012.
( 24 )
5.
Response
There was a high response rate, and most companies took the time to answer the survey
questions. Nevertheless, because of the complexity of the subject and the difficulty involved
in obtaining the relevant data within the companies, it is possible that some of the companies
did not provide a full report of all quantities of waste produced in the establishment.
In both surveys whose waste data were combined, response was high. In total, data were
obtained from 88% of the sampled companies. In actuality, responses were obtained from
approximately 91% of the relevant companies, because it was determined that 36 of
companies did not belong to the sampling frame.
Both surveys had low refusal rates of approximately 1%.
Definitions:


Non-eligible ("zero") cases – Units sampled for the survey but which did not belong to
the survey population. These units included 2 types of cases:
o
Closed – A company found to be closed during the investigation year (2010)
o
Does not belong – A company found to not belong to the Manufacturing
classification during the investigation year (2010).
Non-response case – Units in the survey population that were sampled for the
survey, but did not respond to it. These units included 3 types of instances:
o
Refusal – A company that refused to respond to the survey questionnaire
o
Closed (after 2010) – A company that closed after the investigation year (2010)
and from which it was not possible to obtain data
o
Other – A company that did not respond due to difficulty in finding the information.
Interview Results in Absolute Numbers
Survey "Expenditure on
Environmental
Protection in
Manufacturing and
Electricity, 2010"
Survey "Waste and
Sewage in Manufacturing
and Electricity, 2010"
Total
904
333
744
Non-eligible cases:
94
91
36
Does not belong
15
16
31
Closed (in 2010)
2
1
5
Non-response cases:
30
90
70
Refusals
11
1
11
Closed (after 2010)
13
15
28
Other
Participated in survey
– total
7
42
31
934
343
850
Responded
( 25 )
Interview Results in Percentages
Survey "Expenditure on
Environmental
Protection in
Manufacturing and
Electricity, 2010"
Survey "Waste and
Sewage in Manufacturing
and Electricity, 2010"
Total
4493
4393
4193
Non-eligible cases:
999
993
993
Does not belong
3.3
2.1
393
Closed (in 2010)
1.0
1.3
093
Non-response cases:
393
9093
493
Refusals
4.4
1.3
993
Closed (after 2010)
4.8
3.8
393
Other
1.5
6.1
397
Responded
Note: Figures do not necessarily sum up to the total due to rounding.
6.
Handling of data
The review of the questionnaires and the data involved two stages. In the first stage, the
questionnaires were examined after their receipt. This stage included checking completeness
of the reporting of the companies' general information, contact person, and quantities of
expenditures. The questionnaires were also checked in order to determine whether they
included reporting of information that had been expected to be obtained from all of the
companies (such as quantities of waste production).
The second stage was the quality control and preparation stage. In this stage, additional
checks were carried out that included the following: whether the questionnaire was filled out
completely, the type of waste, classification of the waste into appropriate categories (mixed,
dry, and hazardous), conversion of waste and fuel reported by volume to weights, orders of
magnitude of the quantities, and whether the company's reported main activity matched the
industry in which it was classified in the Business Register.
If additional clarification was needed, a follow-up request was addressed to the contact
person. After the information required to complete the questionnaires was received, the
questionnaires were entered into an information system.
7.
Estimation method
Each of the companies covered in the survey was assigned a weight, also called a
"weighting coefficient," that indicated the number of companies it represented in the survey
year.
( 26 )
The weight was calculated in two stages:
First stage: The company's preliminary weight was calculated as the inverse of its sampling
probability. The greater a company's sampling probability, the smaller the number of
companies that it represented.
Second stage: The company's final weight was obtained by multiplying the preliminary weight
by a factor that corrected for the non-response in each sampling stratum. The higher the
non-response rate was in a stratum, the larger was the non-response correction coefficient.
E. Reliability of the data
Update of the publication
This publication is an updated version that replaces the original publication published in
2013. The update was made due to insights that arose while conducting an additional cycle
of the survey.
This survey is the first survey on the topic of industrial waste. Data were obtained from the
companies during the data collection and various tests were performed on the information
received. In many cases, information was not available for comparison with the data
received. Following the additional cycle of the survey (in 2012) and a comparison of the
information between the two surveys, new tests of the data were made possible and it
became clear that a portion of the data should be revised. The updates were due to various
reasons, such as: reporting errors of measuring units (for example, reporting on a cubic
meter instead of a liter), an incorrect estimation process for waste in the establishment, and
reporting errors of contact persons in the establishments.
The data presented in the tables were estimates based on a sample survey and were subject
to various possible errors:
Sampling errors
Sampling errors result from the fact that the companies that were investigated were only a
sample, and not the total survey population. The sample upon which the current survey was
based was only one of a number of possible samples that could have been included through
the same sampling method and of the same size. Obviously, estimates based on different
samples will differ from each other, and almost all of them will be different than the value that
would be obtained if information was collected from the entire population and not only from a
sample. In the survey, no sampling errors were calculated for the estimates obtained.
Non-sampling errors
Non-sampling errors in a survey can result from many factors at all stages of data collection
and processing. They can be found in a process in which information is collected from the
entire population, and not only from a sample of units.
( 27 )
The main non-sampling errors in a survey are the following:
1.
Errors in coverage of the survey population: The sampling frame is subject to undercoverage of companies that belong to the population. This under-coverage can result
from a variety of causes, such as new companies not yet included in the Business
Register at the time the sample was produced, errors in the industry classifications,
erroneous assessment of a company (for example, a company with 11 or more
employee jobs being assessed as a company that is below this threshold).
2.
Errors resulting from non-response: errors resulting from the fact that companies did
not respond, either because they refused to respond, or for other reasons. This can
cause a certain bias in the estimates, because the characteristics of companies that
responded to the survey might be different from the characteristics of companies that
did not respond. The estimation method used was intended to reduce this bias.
3.
Response errors: errors resulting from misunderstanding of the questions, from
disinterest in responding, or from an inability to respond.
4.
Data-entry errors: The responses to the questionnaires are entered into a database
and are subject to errors during the data-entry process, some of which are identified
and corrected through later checks of all the entered data.
5.
Errors arising during the various stages of processing: errors that occur during the
processing of the data, such as the fact that converting volume to weight produces an
approximate estimate of the weight. Some of these errors are identified and corrected
through later checks of all the obtained data.
It is difficult and sometimes impossible to assess non-sampling errors. It is important to note
that efforts were made during the planning and execution of the survey to limit the number of
such errors as much as possible.
( 28 )
Appendix – Classification of Industries
(according to the Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, 1993)4
Code
Category B
(10-39)
Manufacturing
10–13
Mining and agglomeration of hard coal; Extraction of crude petroleum
and natural gas; Mining of ores and diamonds; Other mining and
quarrying
14–16
Manufacture of food products; Manufacture of soft and alcoholic
beverages and tobacco products
17–18
Manufacture of textiles; Manufacture of wearing apparel (except knitted)
19
Manufacture of footwear, leather and leather products
20
Manufacture of wood and wood products (excl. furniture)
21
Manufacture of paper and paper products
22
Publishing and printing
23
Manufacture of refined petroleum and its products and nuclear fuel
24
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
25
Manufacture of plastic and rubber products
26
Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products
27
Manufacture of basic metal
28
Manufacture of metal products (excl. machinery and equipment)
29
Manufacture of machinery and equipment
30–34
Manufacture of office and accounting machinery and computers;
Manufacture of electric motors and electric distribution apparatus;
Manufacture of electronic components; Manufacture of electronic
communication equipment; Manufacture of industrial equipment for
control and supervision, medical and scientific equipment
35
Manufacture of transport equipment
36
Manufacture of furniture
38–39
Category C
(40-41)
40
4
Industries in the survey of Waste and Sewage in Manufacturing and
Electricity, 2010
Manufacture of jewellery and gift items, goldsmiths' and silversmiths'
articles; Manufacturing n.e.c.
Electricity and water supply
Thereof: Production and distribution of electricity
Central Bureau of Statistics (2003). Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities,
1993. Technical Publication No. 63. Second Edition. Jerusalem: Author.
( 29 )