Physiology 31 Study Recommendations for Lecture Exam #4
Exam #4 will consist of 80 multiple choice questions drawn from the lecture materials from
Chapters 17, 18, 19 and 20. Refer to the lecture handouts and related textbook information that
reinforce the material covered in lecture as you prepare for the exam. It would also be helpful to
review the portions of the Interactive Physiology CD that pertain to this material.
Chapters 17 and 18: Respiratory Physiology
- What is the main role of the respiratory system?
- Describe the functions of respiration, including pulmonary ventilation, external respiration,
transportation of gasses, and internal respiration.
- How does the respiratory system aid in maintaining blood pH?
- List the sequence of structures that air passes through from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.
- What is meant by the conducting division and respiratory division of the respiratory system?
- What 3 types of cells are found in the pulmonary alveoli? What is the function of each type?
- What is the respiratory membrane composed of? Why is it ideally suited for diffusion?
- What is the purpose of the pleural membranes? Why is pleurisy so painful?
- What is Boyle’s Law, and how is it related to the mechanics of ventilation?
- What muscles are involved in inspiration and expiration?
- What is meant by intrapulmonary, intrapleural, and transpulmonary pressure? How are they
related?
- How do factors such as bronchiole resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, and
alveolar ventilation affect respiration?
- Explain what is meant by tidal volume, IRV, ERV, residual volume, vital capacity, FEV, and
TLC? What are average values of each in a healthy adult male?
- How the medulla oblongata and pons work together to control ventilation?
- Describe the Hering-Breuer Reflex.
- What are Dalton’s Law and Henry’s Law, and how does each pertain to gas exchange in the
lungs?
- What is hemoglobin and where is it found? What factors affect oxygen and carbon dioxide
loading and unloading by hemoglobin between the alveoli and capillaries and at the systemic
tissue level?
- In what 3 ways is carbon dioxide transported in the bloodstream? In what form is the majority
of CO2 transported?
- What enzyme in RBCs facilitates the reversible conversion of H2CO3 to CO2 + H2O?
- How does the chloride ion shift allow the movement of CO2 between RBCs and plasma?
- Describe the ways that oxygen unloading and CO2 loading are adjusted to meet changing
metabolic needs of tissues, including ambient O2, temperature, the Bohr effect, BPG, and the
Haldane effect.
- Where are the central and peripheral chemoreceptors located? How do they respond to changes
in CSF and blood pH? What is the main chemical that the chemoreceptors respond to?
- What causes respiratory acidosis, and how can it be corrected?
- What causes respiratory alkalosis, and how can it be corrected?
- Describe the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). How is lung function affected
by these diseases, as well as by cystic fibrosis?
- What is the main way you can protect yourself from lung cancer?
Chapter 19: Urinary Physiology
- What are the main functions of the urinary system?
- What are the three main functions of kidney nephrons?
- How is the renal corpuscle ideally suited for glomerular filtration? What plasma components
are filtered out into the Bowman’s capsule, and which remain in the glomerulus?
- What factors affect the glomerular hydrostatic (hydraulic) pressure that pushes the plasma
filtrate into the Bowman’s capsule?
- What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and what factors affect it? Describe the methods
whereby a stable GFR is maintained, despite changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP).
- Describe the ways that the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulate GFR.
- How does the renin-angiotensin pathway increase blood pressure and GFR?
- How does hypertension affect the kidneys?
- In which region of the nephron does most reabsorption take place? What components in the
plasma filtrate are normally reabsorbed? Into what vessels are they reabsorbed?
- What occurs in the descending and ascending parts of the loop of Henle?
- What hormones affect reabsorption and secretion of plasma products in the nephron, and under
what conditions are each of the hormones released?
- In what region of the nephron does the majority of secretion take place? What plasma products
are normally secreted? What vessels do the secreting?
- How is water balance controlled in the collecting ducts?
- Why is urinalysis a valuable diagnostic procedure? What components are normal in urine, and
what components might indicate a disorder?
- What disorder is indicated by glycosuria, polydipsia, polyurea, and polyphagia?
- What are some everyday examples of diuretics? Why are diuretics sometimes prescribed by
physicians?
- How is GFR normally measured? What is a normal value for GFR?
- What is renal clearance, and how is it calculated? What does a renal clearance of zero indicate?
What does a renal clearance greater than that of inulin indicate? What does a renal clearance
less than that of inulin indicate?
Chapter 20: Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
- Approximately what percentage of an average person’s body is water? How is water
compartmentalized in the body?
- How is water balance maintained in the body?
- To what signals of dehydration does the thirst center in the hypothalamus respond? How is
thirst satiated?
- What factors (hormones) control urine output, and under what conditions is each hormone
released? What effects does each hormone produce?
- Compare the two main types of fluid deficiency: hypovolemia and dehydration. What are their
causes? What can result from severe fluid deficiency?
- Compare the two types of fluid excess: hypervolemia and hypotonic hydration. What are their
causes? What are the results of excess fluids in the body?
- In what vessels are the major baroreceptors located? What occurs in the body when they are
stimulated?
- What are the main functions of electrolytes (ions) in the body? Which are the major cations
and anions in the body?
- What are the main functions of Na+, what hormones maintain Na+ homeostasis, and what are
the results of hypernatremia, and hyponatremia?
- What are the main functions of K+, what hormones maintain K+ balance, and what are the
effects of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia?
- What are the main functions of Cl-, what hormones maintain Cl- balance, and what are the
effects of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia?
- What are the main functions of phosphates, and how are their levels regulated?
- What is the normal pH range in the ECF (including blood plasma)?
- How do the respiratory, cardiovascular, and urinary systems interact to maintain pH?
- What are the 3 main chemical buffers that serve to maintain pH levels? How does each work?
Which of these is responsible for ¾ of all chemical buffering in the body?
- Compare respiratory and metabolic acidosis, as well as respiratory and metabolic alkalosis.
What are the causes of each?
- Compare compensated and uncompensated acidosis and alkalosis. How can they be corrected?