Advanced Placement Biology –Final Exam Study Guide Chapters 12, 16, 17 (DNA Structure/Function, Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Synthesis) Protein Asexual reproduction (bacteria) Mitosis (what happens during each stage – prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis) Cell cycle (what happens during each phase – G1, S, G2, M and how long each takes) DNA structure and function (nucleotides, 3’, 5’, base pairing, hydrogen bonds, sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogen bases, purines, pyrimidines) DNA replication (steps and enzymes involved) Protein synthesis (differences between DNA and RNA, types of RNA, transcription, translation (molecules and locations involved, and the steps for each) RNA processing in nucleus after transcription Mutations and their influence on the final outcome of the protein Chapter 18 (Gene Expression) Chapters 27, 19, 20 (Bacteria, Viruses, DNA Technology) Structure of viruses and bacteria Lysogenic and lytic phases of viral infection Bacterial plasmids – structure and useage Methods of genetic variation in bacteria which reproduce asexually (transformation, tranduction, conjugation, transposons) Control of gene expression – structure of operon with promoter, operator, and gene with termination sequence and how operons are controlled for anabolism and catabolism) Control of eukaryotic gene expression (DNA packaging, gene amplification, transcription contol via enhancers, control at each step of protein production: RNA processing, ½ life of transcript, getting into ribosome, posttranslation modification Difference bacterial and eukaryotic gene expression – bacterial genes in a single metabolic pathway all lined up behind one promoter vs. eukaryotic genes being all spread out with same enhancers DNA technology (what each of the following is and how they are used in recombinant DNA technology) – restriction enzymes, vectors (plasmids, viruses, YAC’s), transformation, transduction Know the following techniques ( how to do them and what they are used for) – gene cloning, creating cDNA libraries, transforming bacteria, sequencing, PCR, RFLP analysis, Southern and northern blotting and probes Chapters 13, 14, 15 (Meiosis and Genetics) Meiosis and genetic variation (crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization) Phases of meiosis and the outcome of each Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis Karyotypes (definition, how do get them, uses) Life cycles of plants, animals, fungi Medelian genetics (law of segregation, genetics problems - gametes, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, and probability) Incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy, epistasis, polygenic, multifactorial, sex-linked Pedigrees (using them to tell genotypes) Recombination frequencies of linked genes Chromosome mapping (order of genes on chromosomes based on crossing over frequencies) Aneuploidy and polyploidy Non-disjunction (what it is, the outcome, how it happens) Imprinting Chapters 22-25 (Evolution) Necessity of steps in order to create living systems from non-living material (synthesis of organic building blocks, assembly into macromolecules, forming of cells, production of genetic material) Darwin – descent with modification, natural selection mechanism – explains unity and diversity Know evidence for evolution (biogeography. Fossils, homologous structures, DNA and protein comparisions) Population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equations When Hardy-Weinberg doesn’t hold up (non-random mating, genetic drift, gene flow, small populations, mutations, natural selection Why is diversity preserved in the face of natural selection (diploidy, diversifying selection, advantage of heterozygotes, neutral mutations) Kinds of natural selection (stabilizing, directional, diversifying, sexual) Speciation (same mechanism – causes – geographic or reproductive isolation followed by natural selection) – know adaptive radiation Definition of species and the general classification system (each Kingdom – Animal, Plant, Fungi, Monera, Protista and major characteristics of each) Classification system – general to specific (KPCOFGS) Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium for evolution Know what a fossil is and incompleteness of fossil record and generally how to date them Mechanisms of macroevolution (preadaptation, changes in developmental genes, incomplete fossil record so really same mechanism as micorevolution, mass extinction followed by adaptive radiation, species selection Systematics (classification based on evolutionary relationships) – protein, DNA, and structural relationships to show descent with modification Note: bonus questions on plants