Working in Engineering
Includes 19 real life case studies in engineering covering:
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Energy
Civil
Manufacturing
Marine
Aeronautical
Mechanical
Now on the internet: www.connexions-direct.com/wiengineering
Connexions
What is this booklet about?
Working in engineering is one of a series of publications featuring people working in
different jobs, professions and careers. Each person tells you what the job is really
like, including the good things and the bad, offering advice on how to get in and the
skills you might need for that job. You can also find out about the qualifications you
will need, what training you can get and how much you might be paid. You can also
read about the route each person took to get their current job.
How can I find out more? Jobs4u
Visit www.connexions-direct.com/jobs4u for information on the jobs featured here,
plus many more. Or why not talk to your Connexions personal adviser, who will help
you research more details? Or you can contact one of the organisations listed at the
back of the booklet.
How can I contact Connexions?
In person through a Connexions personal adviser who might be based at your
school, college or reached at your local Connexions centre. Look in the telephone
book or on the Connexions Direct website to find your local centre.
Or by telephone, text, webchat or email through Connexions Direct. Open 7 days a
week, 800am to 2.00am.
www.connexions-direct.com
080 800 13219
07766 413219
Other formats of this booklet are available – for details see back cover.
Key to salary icons
£ - up to £12,000
££ - £12,001 to £19,000
£££ - over £19,000
These symbols represent the typical starting salary for the job featured in the case
study.
Contents
Introduction
Energy engineering
Apprentice technician
Chemical process engineer
Engineering facilities technician
Apprentice gas distribution worker
Technical support engineer
Assistant nuclear training officer
Civil Engineering
Hydraulic engineer
Command supervisor
CNC operator programmer
Manufacturing engineering
Crash analyst
Manufacturing engineer
Marine engineering
Marine engineering officer
Marine engineering apprentice craftsperson
Aeronautical engineering
Apprentice maintenance fitter
Airworthiness engineer
Design engineer
Mechanical engineering
Commercial implementation engineer
Materials project manager
Machine setter
Further reading/Useful addresses
So you want to work in engineering?
Around 600,000 people work in 18,000 engineering companies across the UK.
Engineering is the practical application of science to commerce or industry.
Engineers design, construct and operate structures and machines. Around £2
billion a year is spent on training prospective engineers.
Modern living depends on the things that engineers design, make or improve.
Lighting, heating, trains, aircraft, TV, radio, buildings and more recent developments
such as mobile phones, computer games and iPods, are all produced by engineers.
Engineering is leading the way into the new 21st century; job prospects are
excellent and there is a wide variety of roles for entrants. More and more engineers
are women who now account for 18 per cent of engineering undergraduates and 11
per cent of engineering students in colleges of further education.
Which area can I work in?
There are many different types of engineering – each offering a variety of jobs:
Chemical engineering – includes the industries of fuel refining, food processing,
brewing, nuclear power and propulsion or the production of materials (anything
from plastics and paint to pharmaceuticals). Whether in laboratories or out on the
factory floor, chemical engineers solve problems linked to chemistry.
Manufacturing engineering – mostly working in industries that produce things.
Engineers design, build and maintain all the systems in factories, including
automated and computer-controlled machines.
Marine engineering – working with one of our most important resources – the sea.
Engineers work below the sea, exploring and producing oil, gas and minerals, or on
the sea where they work on the design and operation of craft such as cruise liners,
naval vessels and container ships. They also work in shore-based industries,
building and maintaining machinery for seagoing vessels, offshore platforms and
pipelines.
Mechanical engineering – designing and making the parts of machines that
move. These range from children’s bikes to rockets that transport astronauts to the
moon, and everything in between!
Aerospace – the UK aerospace industry is at the forefront of scientific and
technological developments. There are over 32 UK universities offering
aeronautical engineering-based courses.
Engineers are very versatile and also work across a range of other disciplines,
including agriculture, energy, civil, electrical engineering and electronic
engineering.
Where can I work?
Larger companies in manufacturing and mechanical engineering tend to be
located in the major industrial areas of the Midlands, the North and Scotland.
Many manufacturing companies also operate in the south of England, whilst
specialist smaller or ‘niche’ engineering companies are to be found in almost every
area of the UK.
What qualifications do I need?
It is possible to enter engineering at different levels and via different routes. The
main routes are:
Modern Apprenticeships for school leavers who want to earn while they learn,
rather than doing A levels or H grades. You’ll need good GCSEs/S grades (or the
equivalent) for this option, and it could lead to a full-time job and eventually a
degree-level qualification. From a craftsperson at NVQ/SVQ Level 3 in any branch
of engineering, you could progress to the role of technician and an NVQ/SVQ Level
4. Technicians are involved in many areas of engineering from senior supervisory
jobs in manufacturing to management positions. Another route to technician status
is by studying at college to do a full-time BTEC course.
Graduate entry – many companies offer training schemes specifically for
engineering graduates. You’ll typically enter the company at a higher level if you
have a relevant degree.
Whichever route you take can lead to the top jobs in engineering. They can be in
design, development, research or production. Ultimately, engineers can become
senior managers.
What type of people work in engineering?
Engineering is a profession for practical people. The people featured in this booklet
have a variety of jobs at different levels in the engineering industry. The profiles
offer advice and first-hand personal experience. They illustrate the advantages of
industrial placement whilst studying, the benefits of joining student branches of
engineering bodies and the importance of the Apprenticeship programme in craft
training.
There are opportunities for good salaries and for working abroad, as engineering is
a global profession. Engineers might also have the chance to invent machinery,
gadgets and equipment that can make a real difference to the way we live.
People working in energy engineering may work with different types of fuel,
such as oil, gas and electricity, to increase energy efficiency. They could also
work with nuclear energy or renewable energy sources, such as wind power,
wave and tidal resources.
Apprentice technician
jobs4u: Oil and gas industry technician
Tawanda Gwatinyanya is an apprentice instrument technician in Nottingham
working for National Grid Transco. The National Grid delivers around half the UK’s
energy needs through nearly 133,000 kilometres of piles, and is one of the world’s
largest utilities.
What is your job with National Grid?
I am a third-year apprentice based at St John’s Wood substation. I maintain high
voltage transmission equipment such as power transformers and circuit breakers.
This is equipment used to break load current on the transmission systems and
transform it down from 400kv to levels such as 132kv and 66kv. It is then handed
over to the regional electricity corporations to be made suitable for household
consumer levels.
Why does an electrician work for a gas supplier?
Until recently, we were called National Grid/Transco, which joined together electricity
and gas suppliers. Gas supply requires electrical instrumentation and many joint
services, such as underground supply lines.
What does your job involve?
At the moment, I carry out routine planned maintenance on the switchgear (power
transformers and circuit breakers). In order to ensure that National Grid plant
operates correctly at all times, we need to perform routine monitoring, testing and
maintenance. I am part of the monitoring and maintenance team. As I am not yet
competent to work alone, I work in a team of between two and six people.
What type of equipment do you use?
I mainly use hand-held tools, some power tools, test equipment and computers.
How did you get into this job?
I finished my GCSEs and started my AS levels. I was depending on my parents as a
source of income, so I decided to look for a job. I knew I wanted to work in
engineering. I looked on the web, in different employment magazines and
newspaper sections. National Grid Transco was among a list of companies that
offered Apprenticeships, so I applied.
Why did you choose an Apprenticeship?
It gave me the opportunity to learn and develop myself, as well as being financially
rewarded at the same time. It was also something I would enjoy doing as it is
challenging, technical and hands on.
What do you enjoy most about the job?
I enjoy working in teams with different people in a relaxed environment. It’s good to
know that I can make a difference. I also like the numerous opportunities that are
open to me for progression. Employees are well looked after here.
What skills and qualities do you need?
You need to be very flexible in your approach to the work. Good communication
skills and a mature attitude are also important. As an apprentice, you need to be
open minded and a keen learner.
Tawanda’s route
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GCSEs.
City & Guilds 232 Technical Certificate.
NVQ Level 3 in Electro-Mechanical Engineering.
Tawanda’s tips
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Make sure you choose an area of work that you’ll enjoy.
Develop your skills to their maximum.
Try to join in activities that interest you.
Related jobs
Electrician
Electricity distribution worker
Electricity generation worker
Engineering maintenance fitter
Engineering maintenance technician
Gas service technician
Salary information £
During training, apprentice technicians in gas and electricity distribution usually earn
about £10,500 a year. Experienced workers may earn between £15,000 and
£20,000 a year. Increased responsibility may lead to a salary of up to £25,000 a
year.
Getting in
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Although there are no specific academic requirements to start work as an
apprentice, employers look for some formal qualifications. GCSEs/S grades
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in maths, science, English and a practical or technical subject, such as design
and technology or ICT, are helpful.
Apprentices can also work towards NVQ/SVQ Levels 2 or 3 in Gas Network
Engineering. This scheme is supported by National Grid Transco. There is
no specified time limit to complete Apprenticeships – all schemes are flexible
and training programmes are adapted to individual needs.
In some jobs, a full, clean driving licence is essential for travelling around
sites.
Chemical process engineer
jobs4u: Oil and gas engineer
Surinder Rai is a chemical process engineer working for Chevron in London and
Aberdeen. He is currently working on the Kashagan Project, which is one of the
world’s largest oil and gas exploration projects. The project is valued in excess of
$30 billion.
What does your job involve?
The job is incredibly varied. When I am in London it involves assessing the different
ways in which the field in Kazakhstan can be developed. This includes evaluating
the types of equipment required, technologies to be employed and whether the field
should be processed onshore or offshore. In Aberdeen I have to make planned visits
to the offshore platforms, and am sometimes required to go offshore on a more
urgent ad-hoc basis if there are specific plant problems.
Can you describe a typical day?
Not really, as it all depends on the part of a project I am dealing with. Usually the day
starts by checking email/telephone messages and responding to any urgent queries.
These can range from providing technical solutions to problems that have occurred
offshore or responding to questions from partners or government agencies, such as
the Department of Trade and Industry or the Health and Safety Executive.
What equipment do you use?
I use highly specialised process engineering software to perform plant simulations,
which enable me to size and optimise equipment or trouble-shoot plant performance.
When working offshore I use safety equipment and clothing.
Why did you choose this type of work?
The work is both interesting and challenging as it directly affects our everyday
lives. In addition chemical engineers are among the best paid of the engineering
disciplines.
What training have you received?
Chemical engineers tend to use a lot of what they learn in their degree in their
jobs. During my industrial placement I was encouraged to attend many training
courses, both short term and residential.
What hours do you work?
I usually work 37.5 hours a week, although this may be higher on occasions if
required.
What do you like best about your job?
I enjoy trouble-shooting and finding solutions to complex technical problems. I
particularly enjoy working in an industry that makes such a significant contribution to
our everyday lives, from the provision of energy to all the products that are
manufactured from oil and gas.
What do you dislike?
Working between London and Aberdeen with occasional visits offshore means that I
don’t see my family and friends as much as I’d like to.
What skills and qualities do you need?
In additional to technical ability, you must be a team player, because successful
projects require input from other disciplines. Good communication skills are also
essential, as you have to liaise with people at all levels, from plant operators to
managers.
What are your plans for the future?
I would like to progress to a senior managerial position within the industry, so that I
can get involved in decision making on a more strategic level.
Surinder’s route
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A levels.
Degree in Chemical Engineering.
Masters Degree in Petroleum Engineering.
Chartered Engineer with the Institute of Chemical Engineers (IChemE).
Surinder’s tips
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Be persistent – it’s not the easiest industry to get into but it’s worth
persevering.
Get some work experience to gain insight into the industry.
Show that you’re committed, for example by joining the student branches of
the relevant engineering bodies.
Related jobs
Chemical engineer
Geologist
Geophysicist
Hydrologist
Oil and gas industry technician
Salary information £££
Graduates usually start on a salary of about £19,000 a year. Experienced chemical
engineers in their early thirties may earn about £35,000. The average income for
Chartered Chemical Engineers is approximately £50,000 a year.
Getting in
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For a chemical engineering degree course, applicants usually need at least
two A levels/three H grades and five GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), or the
equivalent. Candidates should check entry requirements with individual
institutions.
Applicants without qualifications in maths and chemistry may be accepted
onto a foundation year before the first year of a chemical engineering course.
Several universities offer sandwich courses in chemical engineering, which
involve spending a year in industry during their degree.
Engineering facilities technician
jobs4u: Chemical engineering technician
Sara Ibbetson is an engineering facilities technician working for Pfizer, which is a
research-based global pharmaceutical company. Sara gained an HNC as part of her
Apprenticeship and is now studying towards a Degree in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering.
What is involved in your job?
I work in the electrical and instrumentation departments maintaining site facilities
across a diverse manufacturing plant. We also provide breakdown cover where
necessary.
Do you have a typical day?
In engineering there is no typical day. One day, I could be taking a motor apart to
find a fault in the effluent plant, which is a fairly dirty but straightforward job; the
next day, I could be fitting a new instrument in the general ethical area, a hospitallike area where full-body cover must be worn to eliminate contamination. Or, I could
be carrying out maintenance in the chemical area, a zoned area where all the
equipment I use must be explosion proof. It all depends on what has to be done
and where.
What type of equipment do you use?
I mainly use test equipment and special calibration or measurement instruments
for testing pressure, temperature, humidity and flow. I also use hand tools, general
craft equipment and computer equipment.
What training have you received?
I left school after the first year of my A levels and took up an Apprenticeship. The
company then put me through all my training and qualifications.
When I was first employed by the company, I spent a year at college learning basic
engineering techniques and how to work safely. On completion of my NVQ Level 2,
I went to work on site whilst attending college one day a week to study for my HNC.
I then went on to achieve my NVQ Level 3 whilst at work, and this completed my
Apprenticeship.
Why did you choose this type of work?
I always enjoyed the sciences and mathematics, and I often found myself
wondering how things worked. So it made sense for me to enter the field of
engineering! Also, it’s good to know that engineers will always be needed and the
demand for work should never fall short.
What do you like best about your job?
I really enjoy the challenges that come from being a female in this sort of job. The
people are also great. It is a very male-dominated environment, but they do go out
of their way to help me and they treat me as an equal.
What skills do you need for this job?
You must be level headed and focused on meeting targets and goals. Engineering
is a practical subject, so you have to be someone who thinks logically and can rise to
a challenge. This doesn’t make the job any more difficult, just more exciting!
Sara’s route
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GCSEs, AS level maths.
NVQ Level 2 in Engineering Manufacture.
NVQ Level 3 in Engineering Maintenance.
HNC in Engineering.
Sara’s tips
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An Apprenticeship is an excellent route into the industry – you gain invaluable
experience and training at all levels.
As long as you work hard, there will be lots of opportunities to develop your
career.
Related jobs
Chemical engineer
Chemical plant process worker
Electrical engineering technician
Electronic engineering technician
Materials technician
Oil and gas industry technician
Salary information £
New technicians typically start on a salary of around £12,000 a year. Experienced
chemical engineering technicians may earn around £18,000. Fully qualified
technicians can earn up to £30,000 a year.
Getting in
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A common entry route is to train with an employer as a technician apprentice.
Most apprentices start at the age of 16 to 18 years, but it is possible to start
an Apprenticeship up to the age of 25.
Applicants generally need four GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), including maths
and science or technology, or the equivalent.
Technicians learn from observing experienced colleagues, gradually taking on
responsibility for areas of work under a reducing level of supervision.
Apprentice gas distribution worker
jobs4u: Gas distribution worker
Russell Gregory works at a gas terminal on the Norfolk coast for the National Grid
Transco. At the terminal, gas is received from the producers, and the gas quality is
checked, mixed and heated before being distributed.
What does your job involve?
My job involves working with either an electrician or an instrument technician. Most
of the work is fault-finding and repairing. I undertake routine maintenance with them,
carry out isolations and deal with job cards – we get job cards when a fault has been
reported.
Can you describe a typical day?
On a routine day, we first go to the control room to see the shift engineer and to
check if there are any job cards waiting for us. If there are, we have to get the
necessary permits to go to the areas where the work is to be carried out on site.
Otherwise we carry on with our routine maintenance. Normally, if a job arises, we
submit a permit request approximately two days before we need the permit. We
then go out on site to do the maintenance.
What equipment do you use?
We use various hand tools, battery tools, power tools and a proving unit, which is a
gas monitor. We also use a multimeter and clamp adaptor for taking measurements
of amps, volts and ohms, and Martindale equipment for testing insulation
resistance, polarity and earth-faults. This is capable of handling some of the tests
required by the Wiring Regulations.
What was your route into this job?
After finishing college, I applied for various technician positions and Apprenticeships
in multi-national companies. I was looking in the papers, at the Jobcentre Plus office
and at my local Connexions centre when I saw the advert in the paper and applied.
Why did you choose this type of work?
I wanted a job that gave me the chance to earn money and progress with my
learning at the same time. I decided an Apprenticeship would be an ideal way. This
type of work is skilled and also practical, and I find I work better doing practical tasks.
What training have your received?
Before starting work, I went to the National Grid Transco training centre where I did
lots of training in areas such as safety, manual handling, first aid and fire operations.
I’m now doing on-the-job training, but will soon start my NVQ Level 3 in Engineering
and then a BTEC national certificate or city & Guilds award.
What do you like best about your job?
I like working in a team. I also really enjoy learning through doing things. I find it
easier to pick up information when I’m shown what to do, and by actually doing the
job myself.
What skills do you need?
You need good communication skills (both listening and speaking), and you need to
be relaxed and friendly in your working relationships.
Russell’s route
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GCSEs.
AVCE in Construction and the Built Environment.
NVQ Level 2 in Engineering.
Russell’s tips
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Try the Apprenticeship route, as it lets you earn while you learn.
Think about doing some work experience to find out what it’s really like.
Get the best GCSEs you can in science subjects and English.
Related jobs
Electricity distribution worker
Electricity generation worker
Engineering maintenance fitter
Engineering maintenance technician
Gas service technician
Salary information £
Whilst training, gas transmission and distribution workers typically earn about
£10,500. Experienced workers may earn between £15,000 and £20,000 a year.
Increased responsibility can lead to a salary of up to £25,000 a year. Workers may
receive bonus payments and overtime on top of these figures.
Getting in
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The most common route is to start work as an apprentice, often on an
Advanced Apprenticeship. Although there are no specific academic
requirements, employers will look for some formal qualifications. GCSEs/S
grades in maths, science, English and a practical or technical subject, such as
design and technology or ICT, are helpful.
Overall, the sector is growing, and over the next 30 years National Grid
Transco is planning a major pipeline replacement programme, which will
require more new apprentice gas transmission and distribution workers.
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Jobs are advertised on the National Grid Transco website at
www.nationalgrid.com where online applications for Apprenticeships can be
made, in the local press, Jobcentre Plus offices and Connexions centres.
Technical support engineer
jobs4u: Materials engineer
Ruth Walters came to work in the engineering field via the ‘Year in Industry’
programme that offers students a year-long, paid work placement. Ruth now has a
senior job in AstraZeneca, a global pharmaceutical company, as well as a Masters
degree.
What does your job involve?
I am a technical support engineer working in a tablets manufacturing facility. My role
is to provide support to the engineering team by carrying out specific projects to
benefit the pharmaceutical processing and packing plants.
What is involved on a daily basis?
I give technical support to the processing and packing plant engineers. They are
responsible for the safe and timely running of equipment and machinery in six
manufacturing plants. I am also responsible for plant maintenance, including
problem solving to ensure minimum disruption to plant production.
What is your working environment like?
I work in a clean manufacturing facility, which means I have to wear special
clothing for work to ensure the safety of the product. I also have to wear a mop cap
(a hygienic hat) and white safety shoes. When I am out in the plant, I have to wear a
hard hat and glasses and, in certain ‘potent’ areas, where exposure to chemicals
can occur, I have to wear special personal protective equipment, including a safety
suit, breathing apparatus, a face mask and gloves.
What was your route into this job?
After studying for A levels, I applied to the ‘Year in Industry’ scheme and obtained a
place at Zeneca Agrochemicals, who sponsored me through university whilst I
obtained my Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering. This meant I could work
for them in the summer in their manufacturing plants across the world. I was
fortunate to be offered a permanent job once I’d completed my placement.
What hours do you work?
Our normal working hours are from 8.00am to 4.00pm. AstraZeneca has a very
good policy on work-life balance and does not encourage working long hours, as
they know this is detrimental to performance.
What do you like best about your job?
I like the spontaneity of my job best – machines may break down all of a sudden, so
no two days are the same. I am a very lively and active person who gets bored
easily, so it suits me down to the ground.
What are the main challenges?
Engineering is traditionally a male-dominated environment and sometimes I feel I
have to prove myself as a young female engineer. However, this doesn’t hold me
back.
What skills and qualities do you need?
You have to be physically fit. Some days can be quite physically and mentally
exhilarating, but also tiring, as I spend a lot of time walking and climbing around
plant. To do this job you also have to be quite well organised, with the ability to
multi-task.
Ruth’s route
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GCSEs.
A levels.
Joined ‘Year in Industry’ scheme.
Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering.
Ruth’s tips
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Don’t think it is a boring field to work in – it can be really exciting!
If you are interested in engineering apply to the ‘Year in Industry’.
Engineering is an excellent career to choose if you want the chance to travel
or work abroad.
Related jobs
Design engineer
Electronics engineer
Manufacturing production planner
Mechanical engineer
Packaging technologist
Production engineer
Salary information ££
Starting salaries for graduate engineers in production are generally around £16,000
a year. Experienced engineers typically earn around £30,000 a year. This may rise
to over £40,000 for senior positions. Working overtime and shifts may add to these
figures.
Getting in

Entry to an engineering degree is usually with at least two A levels/three H
grades and five GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), or the equivalent. Candidates
should check entry requirements with individual institutions.


Several universities offer sandwich degrees in engineering, where students
spend a year in industry during their course. Different universities require
different grades.
The Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) offers a number of awards to
help women who are studying for Incorporated Engineer qualifications.
Information about ‘Year in Industry’ can be found at www.yini.org.uk.
Assistant nuclear training officer
jobs4u: Training instructor
Chris Fagan develops and delivers in-house nuclear training courses for BAE
Systems Submarines in Barrow in Furness. Nuclear submarines are vital to our
defence systems, and nuclear and radiation safety is a priority for people who
maintain and operate them.
What does your job involve?
I develop and deliver in-house courses in support of the build programme
for the nuclear submarines. This includes maintaining and updating the
training records for all people attending both in-house and external training
courses related to nuclear energy. The courses are generally for all staff
working on the reactor plant and associated equipment.
What is involved in a course?
It involves a level of basic, technical and sometimes sensitive information on the
nuclear propulsion plant.
What equipment do you use?
I mainly use computer-based training packages for the course presentation,
handouts and record keeping.
What was your route into this job?
I started as a sheet metal worker in shipbuilding, working onboard nuclear
submarines under construction. This gave me valuable experience and knowledge
of the processes involved in such a complex project. I became interested in training
and took my first NVQ course. I progressed to gain a Level 4 qualification in Training
and Development.
Why did you choose this type of work?
It seemed a natural progression to move from training and assessing craft
apprentices to the up-front delivery of courses.
What training have you received?
I have received extensive training in the field since starting in the job. I also worked
alongside the nuclear training officer who is an ex-submariner and reactor operator.
Observing his sessions allowed me to pick up some of the technical information prior
to starting an extensive period of nuclear-related courses, which were designed to
support and improve my own knowledge.
What skills do you need?
Patience and flexibility are prime requirements, together with an understanding of
learning styles. You need to be enthusiastic about your subject matter in order to
motivate other people. It’s also important to have good computer skills.
What do you like best about your job?
I enjoy the variety in my work. I meet people from all areas doing a mix of jobs.
Also, I find that I am always learning as well as teaching.
What are the main challenges?
I dislike having to work on occasions with people who are only attending a course
because they were instructed to do so, and who make it obvious that they don’t want
to be there!
What are your plans for the future?
Eventually, I would like to be able to take over the role of nuclear training officer.
Chris’s route
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Production worker and assessor.
NVQ Level 2 in Production Engineering and Using Information Technology.
NVQ Level 4 in Training and Development Assessment.
NVQ Level 4 in Advice and Guidance.
Chris’s tips
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
Listen to the experiences of others and learn from them.
Whatever you decide to do, try to do it to the best of your ability!
Related jobs
Adult education organiser
Further education lecturer
Higher education lecturer
NVQ/SVQ assessor
Training manager
Salary information ££
A new training instructor is likely to earn around £15,500 a year. This may rise to
£18,000 to £25,000 with more experience. A senior training instructor may earn
£26,000 or more. Trainers might earn more if they teach skills that are in high
demand.
Getting in
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
There are no set entry requirements for becoming a training instructor. The
main requirement is in-depth knowledge and a high level of skill in the area
being taught. In addition, applicants usually have academic or vocational
qualifications that are appropriate for the skill area they teach.
It is useful to have a recognised training qualification. The Chartered Institute
of Personnel Development (CIPD) awards the Certificate in Training Practice
(CTP).
Civil engineers plan, design and implement construction projects including
buildings, roads, railways, dams, ports, tunnels and bridges. This section also
includes environmental engineering, covering water supply, sewage treatment,
drainage, coastal protection, flood alleviation and pollution control.
Hydraulic engineer
jobs4u: Civil engineer
Frances Elwell works in Cambridge for Mott MacDonald, a worldwide engineering
and management consultancy business. She works as a hydraulic engineer,
involved in projects concerned with water.
What do hydraulic engineers do?
They are involved in projects such as the design of coastal defences, land drainage
(reclaiming land from the sea), river flood defences, the design of dams and
reservoirs, and the supply of drinking water.
What does your job involve?
I use computer software to model how water moves. This can be used in a variety of
ways, such as flood-risk mapping, modelling sewage outfalls and plotting natural
phenomena – like currents in coastal regions of the sea.
Why did you choose this sort of work?
When I applied to university, I didn’t know what sort of engineering I wanted to do.
Luckily, Cambridge teaches a general engineering course, so for the first two years
you get to try a bit of everything (civil, mechanical, electrical, electronic and
materials engineering). In the end, I found environmental fluid dynamics really
interesting, so I decided on this field of engineering after finishing my PhD. I also
have previous experience of the manufacturing industry and modelling fluid
dynamics in jet engines.
What training have you received?
There is an ongoing training scheme for graduates that leads to chartered status,
which I am currently doing with the Chartered Institute for Water and Environmental
Management (CIWEM).
What hours do you work?
I usually work from 9.00am to 5.30pm, with an hour for lunch. Sometimes I stay a bit
late, but overtime is not usually required.
What do you like best about your job?
It’s really interesting! I like the atmosphere – it is stimulating and friendly. The work
is only stressful when we have a big deadline approaching. I am learning a lot about
different areas of environmental science, which I haven’t done since my GCSEs, and
I am able to use aspects of my degree in my work.
What do you dislike about the job?
It’s not the best paid job, but the salary is respectable. Relocation may also be
necessary to boost your promotion prospects.
What skills do you need for this job?
You need to be a good team worker, to have good communication skills and a
thorough understanding of engineering principles. It’s important to feel comfortable
working with computers. It also helps to have an interest in the environment.
What are your plans for the future?
I want to become chartered and to gain more responsibility, such as project
managing. It’s also important for me to try and maintain a healthy work-life balance.
Frances’s route




A Levels.
Degree in Engineering.
Masters Degree in Engineering.
PhD.
Frances’s tips



Go on an Insight (women only) or Headstart course while doing you’re a
levels – these are taster courses in engineering.
Get some work experience during summer breaks at university, or take a year
out. Try the ‘Year in Industry’ scheme to find a year’s work placement.
Look at the engineering institutions’ websites for lots of information about
what jobs are available, and what they actually involve.
Related jobs
Civil engineering technician
Design engineer
Environmental scientist
Geologist
Rural surveyor
Town planner
Salary information £££
New engineering graduates earn from around £19,000 to £22,000 a year.
Experienced civil engineers may earn about £35,000. Senior Chartered Civil
Engineers can earn over £45,000 a year. Many salaries, particularly with site-based
work, come with extra benefits. These could include a bonus, a company car or care
allowance, life insurance, overtime pay and medical care.
Getting in



There are about 100,000 professional civil engineers in the UK and
opportunities in this job sector are growing. The usual qualification needed to
train as a civil engineer is a degree in a relevant subject.
Entry to an engineering degree is usually with at least two A levels/three H
grades and five GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), or the equivalent. Candidates
should check entry requirements with individual institutions.
Several universities offer sandwich degrees in engineering, where students
spend a year in industry during their course.
Command supervisor
jobs4u: Mining engineer
James Gower works for UK Coal Mining Ltd and is responsible for the mining
operations at Kellingley Colliery in Yorkshire. He works both on the surface and
underground to ensure that production targets are achieved on schedule.
What does your job involve?
It involves a number of duties. Apart from maintaining production targets, I must
ensure the health and safety of the underground workforce on my shift. I also have
to detect (using monitoring devices), note and record details, such as quantities of
methane and carbon monoxide detected, ventilation, any detected roof movement
and the condition of conveyors, fire-fighting equipment and first aid equipment.
I am also responsible for all blasting and ‘shotfiring’, where we use explosives to
extract the rock or coal when it becomes too hard to excavate. I count and carry
the detonators underground from the surface. The explosive is carried out by one
of the workmen.
Is the work dangerous?
It’s not dangerous if discipline is maintained and rules are strictly followed.
Obviously there is more risk of an accident than working in an office, but many other
construction and quarrying activities deal with explosives and face similar
problems. Risk assessments are carried out for all activities, especially those that
are not routine.
Kellingley is a deep mine – I can work at about 750 metres below sea level and
about four miles underground from the bottom of the shafts.
Do you have a typical day?
Every shift is different. Most shifts run according to plan and mining operations
continue as scheduled. Sometimes, there may be a long delay that is the result of a
problem somewhere else in the mine and out of our control, so we have to wait for
that to be fixed before carrying on.
What equipment do you use?
All command supervisors are trained in testing for methane gas using a range of
devices. The two common devices are a hand-held device reading 0 to 5 per cent
methane to air mix and a Davy Lamp, which shows the percentage of methane by
the size and shape of the ‘gas cap’ on top of the flame.
Why did you choose this type of work?
I knew it would interest me from an engineering point of view with so much to learn
that cannot be seen on the surface. It is also comparatively well paid.
What are the main challenges?
There aren’t many, other than the well-known ones – the long-term effect of
breathing in coal and stone dust, and the hot, humid conditions of this kind of
workplace.
What do you like best about your job?
I enjoy the teamwork aspects of my job, and the satisfaction gained when things are
running well. Having been interested in geology for many years, I’m fascinated by
seeing geological evidence first hand. Layers of coal underground supports a large
array of tree and fern fossils whose patterns and age are interesting.
James’s route



GCSEs.
A levels.
Degree in Mining Engineering.
James’s tips



If you are interested in sciences and engineering, consider mining – the
biggest industry in the world.
Very few young people are becoming qualified in this industry, so there are
lots of opportunities.
Many areas, including Australia, South America and Africa, do not produce
enough mining engineers to meet the demand, so there is a possibility of
travelling once you are trained and qualified.
Related jobs
Civil engineer
Environmental scientist
Geologist
Mechanical engineer
Rural surveyor
Salary information £
Trainees or apprentices typically start on about £12,000 a year, which should
increase as they progress. Starting salaries for graduates are usually around
£20,000, but may rise to around £40,000 with bonuses.
Getting in

The routes available depend upon your initial qualifications. Graduates with
degrees in mining, mechanical or electrical engineering will start on a fasttrack routes covering all the mine operations. Entrants starting as apprentices

follow the British Coal Student Apprenticeship in Engineering scheme, or the
British Coal Apprenticeship Scheme for Mechanics.
Employment opportunities with UK COAL Group of Companies are managed
through the headquarters in Harworth, near Doncaster. The group offers
training to a high standard, which is provided in all disciplines.
CNC operator programmer
jobs4u: Engineering craft/CNC machinist
Jason Robinson works in a stone quarry in Huddersfield operated by Johnsons
Wellfield Quarries. He uses computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment to
process quarried stone. He also uses a selection of heavy-duty equipment, such as
overhead cranes.
What does your job involve?
I operate the CNC milling, rebate cutting machines (which cut grooves) and sawing
equipment to work on the quarried stone. I also load and unload the stone into the
machines using overhead equipment, and operate forklift trucks to move larger
pieces of stone.
I have also developed new CNC machining techniques and run trials and tests. Our
cutting machines use diamond tips and I interact with representatives of large
diamond tip producers to place orders for tooling.
Can you describe a typical day?
I don’t really have a typical day. My work is always varied and I operate different
machinery.
What was your route into this job?
I originally worked at car auctions, but felt the need for a career change. I had an
interest in the stone sawing process, and this gave me the opportunity for new
career prospects.
I started on a slab splitting machine before changing to a manual saw and a CNC
circular saw. I gained experience on this with CNC-based cutting and was given the
opportunity to run a small production line.
Why did you choose this type of work?
It is very challenging work. I have to design parts on a computer using 3D drawing
software. I can produce a greater range of products using the versatility of CNC
machining.
What training have you received?
I have mainly had on-the-job training. This includes overhead crane operation, the
correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and a lifting course with
reference to slings and straps. I also obtained a forklift operator licence. I receive
onsite training from machine suppliers in the operation of software and machine
capabilities.
What hours do you work?
I usually work 45 hours a week, including about nine hours overtime.
What do you like best about your job?
It is varied and creative, and allows me to complete my work using my own initiative.
I can use my imagination combined with machine knowledge to develop the best
ways to produce more complex pieces of stone.
What are the main challenges?
Working outside in the winter can be very cold!
What skills do you need?
Problem-solving skills and creativity are essential. The ability to work using your own
initiative, together with self-motivation and discipline, are necessary in a quarrying
environment.
Jason’s route




GCSEs.
Started as a CNC operator programmer.
On-the-job courses in computer building and fault finding.
Forklift operator licence.
Jason’s tips



An interest in stone working and masonry industries is essential.
Ensure you are computer literate with an interest in relevant software.
Be prepared to use your own initiative on a daily basis.
Related jobs
CAD draughtsperson
Crane operator
Engineering maintenance technician
Engineering operative
Quarry worker/Plant operative
Toolmaker/Machine setter
Salary information ££
Newly qualified craft machinists earn around £17,000 a year. Senior machinists may
earn over £25,000 a year. Production and shift bonuses mean that qualified
machinists can earn well above the figures quoted.
Getting in



The normal way to become an engineering craft machinist is by completing an
Apprenticeship in Engineering. Most apprentices enter between the ages of
16 and 18 years, but it is possible to enter up to the age of 25 years.
Apprentices can be either an apprentice machinist or a multi-skilled
apprentice.
Some schools in England and Wales are now offering the new GCSE in
engineering. A BTEC first diploma is an alternative to GCSEs and S grades.
Young people who do not have exam passes, or cannot find Apprenticeships,
could go to college for engineering-related NVQ/SVQ courses. They could
then apply for an Advanced Apprenticeship when they finish their course.
Manufacturing engineers operate the machinery that produces almost all of
the goods we use. They use maths and science to invent manufacturing
systems, such as computer-aided machines and robotics, to make production
processes more efficient and effective.
Crash analyst
Job4u: Design engineer
Melissa Odling is a crash analyst at Land Rover in Coventry, working to prevent
accidents. She works in crash simulation using computer-aided engineering (CAE)
to iron out problems on computers before changes are made to the main design.
Why do you simulate car crashes?
We need to understand how a car will respond in a crash. Before new models are
put into production, it is important to find out the weaknesses and strengths in
existing vehicles. These can then be highlighted and fed back to the design teams
before they start work on the next prototypes.
How do you do this?
Initially, we use computer-aided design (CAD). We create drawings to construct
models that we can use for simulation and to support physical testing. After testing,
we do correlations to understand how our models have behaved in the ‘real world’.
This allows us to improve them.
What equipment do you use?
I mostly use computers with specialist CAD and Finite Element Analysis software. I
attend all physical testing, which involves prototype vehicles being propelled using
hydraulic rams (for deceleration testing), or ‘hyge sleds’ (which are special
acceleration test devices). This equipment is controlled by the test engineers.
What was your route into this job?
With the support of a Royal Academy of Engineering Leadership Award, I elected to
do a summer break at Volvo in Sweden where I worked in crash simulation. I then
decided this was the area I wished to pursue.
What do you enjoy about your job?
I enjoy the opportunity to contribute to the complete design process, and I find the
simulation and analysis work challenging.
What training have you received?
My degree was my formal training. I started at Land Rover on the graduate scheme
and had nine months of placements in different departments before taking on my
current role. Subsequent training has been on the job, supported by a small amount
of classroom time to reinforce the learning.
What do you like best about your job?
I get to see the whole vehicle, and I enjoy the variety of supporting a number of
different design departments like restraints (seat belts), seats and ‘body in white’
(where prototype vehicles are made up).
What are the main challenges?
Working for such a large organisation, you really are a small cog in a big wheel, and
it can be difficult to influence processes and procedures on anything more than a
local level.
What skills do you need?
You need to have a good understanding of basic mechanics, and good
communication skills so that you can explain results and influence design changes.
You also need to be good at writing reports in order to record results with lessons
learnt at each design phase.
What are your plans for the future?
I would like to continue with CAE and qualify as a Chartered Engineer. I’m also
considering undertaking a PhD.
Melissa’s route




A levels.
Summer placement with Volvo, Sweden, whilst doing her degree.
Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering.
Current post at Land Rover.
Melissa’s tips



Get some good work experience – engineering is very diverse and it may help
you to decide which are to pursue.
Have a good career plan and keep updating it.
Find out and understand a company’s culture and how you might fit into it.
Related jobs
Aerospace engineer
CAD draughtsperson
Materials engineer
Measurement and control technician
Mechanical engineer
Product designer
Product engineer
Salary information ££
New design engineers typically start on around £18,000 a year. Experienced
engineers may be paid about £30,000 a year. Very senior design engineers earn up
to £45,000 a year, or more.
Getting in



Most design engineers take a degree at university or college in an
engineering subject, such as materials, mechanical, electrical or civil
engineering. There are also some courses aimed specifically at design
engineers. These have titles such as engineering product design, computeraided design engineering, and engineering design and manufacture.
Entry requirements for a degree course vary, but generally a minimum of two
A levels/three H grades and five GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), normally
including maths and a science subject, or equivalent qualifications, are
required. Some design engineering degree courses may require A levels in
design and technology, and physics. Applicants should check with individual
universities and colleges.
Apprenticeships may also be available.
Manufacturing engineer
Jobs4u: Production engineer
Vicki Webb is a manufacturing engineer building the first new models at Jaguar
Cars in Birmingham. Working with a team of engineers, she enjoys seeing the cars
that she has helped to build out on the road.
What does your job involve?
As a ‘body in white’ engineer I work in a team building new vehicle models and
ensuring that the production line is correctly set up to make them. The design and
product engineers provide the panels and design, then we decide how to build the
metal shell of the car and what facilities are required.
On completion of the installation, the car is handed to the production team to look
after for the rest of its life, and we move onto the next new model.
What equipment do you use?
It depends on the project. On some days, I will use a Vernier gauge for measuring
exact distances. On other days, I will be using a rivet gun for fastening bolts to metal
sheets. A lot of my time is spent dealing with fixtures and robots, making sure parts
are clamped correctly and the robot is riveting in the correct position.
How did you get into this job?
I spent a year working in IT and engineering through the ‘Year in Industry’ scheme. I
was involved in problem solving shop floor issues, as well as dealing with IT
systems. I was keen to get back into industry, so changed my Masters degree to a
Degree in Mechanical Engineering and spent the summer working voluntarily for
Jaguar Cars at Castle Bromwich.
Why did you choose Jaguar?
Working here provides a real sense of achievement, especially now that I have
completed one car launch. I started work on the S Type 2004 model – it is very
fulfilling to see the cars on the road knowing that I played a part in the production
process!
What do you like best about your job?
I do enjoy spotting the cars when I’m out driving; it is a great reward for all your hard
work!
What are the main challenges?
The hours can be long sometimes, as I may have to work late in the week to make
sure the build is correct and then cover at weekends as well. As a result, during the
build phases I don’t have much spare time.
What skills are needed for this job?
Problem solving is probably the most important skill. If you like solving problems and
have an inquisitive mind, then this job is ideal. You also have to be willing to learn
new skills, be able to motivate yourself and to work well within a team. Obviously, an
interest in cars is helpful too.
Vicki’s route





A levels.
Worked in IT and engineering.
Work experience with Jaguar.
Degree in Mechanical Engineering.
Working towards becoming a Chartered Engineer.
Vicki’s tips



Use schemes such as the ‘Engineering Education Scheme’ and the ‘Year in
Industry’ scheme to help you gain first-hand experience.
Talk to university admissions tutors for information on A levels required.
Don’t think engineering is all about cars. There are a lot of other areas on
offer.
Related jobs
Design engineer
Manufacturing production manager
Manufacturing production planner
Mechanical engineer
Motor vehicle body repairer/refinisher/builder
Salary information £££
Starting salaries for newly qualified engineers are in the region of £20,000 a year.
Experienced production engineers may earn up to £35,000 a year. Senior
production engineers may earn £50,000. these rates might be increased by
overtime or additional payments for shift work.
Getting in


It is possible to begin apprentice training for craft or technician-level jobs in
manufacturing engineering straight from school, with three to five GCSEs/S
grades (A-E/1-5). Ideally, these should include English, maths, a science and
a practical subject. Alternative qualifications may be accepted.
An alternative route is through full-time university or college study to obtain a
first degree. An honours degree is required by most employers, and is
essential for professional (chartered) status. Graduates tend to be preferred,
but an HND with distinctions or merits is acceptable, although further training
will be required.
Marine engineers, technicians and craftspeople design, build, service and
repair boats, ships, underwater craft and offshore platforms. Some work at
sea as engineering officers on board ships. Others could be onshore, working
in a shipbuilding or ship repair yard.
Marine engineering officer
Jobs4u: Marine engineer
Andrew Cowie works for Stena Line UK and is a second engineer on the Stena
Explorer. This is a high-speed ferry operating on a regular schedule between
Holyhead and Dublin. It is the biggest catamaran that has ever been built and has a
service speed of 40 knots.
What does your job involve?
It involves the operation and maintenance of all mechanical and electrical equipment
onboard the vessel. The catamaran carries 375 cars and over 1,500 passengers at
a speed of almost 50mph, so it’s important to keep everything running efficiently. I
work on the engines, power transmission, onboard electrics, mechanical handling
equipment and automatic doors. I’m also responsible for all the administrative duties
involved in this work.
What type of engines are they?
The vessel is powered by four powerful gas turbines, which are marine versions of
the engines powering the DC 10 and Stealth aeroplanes. They produce just under
100,000 shaft horse power.
Is there an onboard ship routine?
The ship I work on operates to a ferry schedule, which provides a regular routine.
However, this may be affected by the weather, which can alter things considerably.
We may also have to deal with any incidents that occur, such as passengers falling
ill or machinery breakdowns. I’m happy to say that these don’t happen very often.
What equipment do you use?
I use computers, electrical diagnostic equipment, and a selection of engineering
tools and machines.
How did you get into this job?
I completed an engineering cadetship with the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, whose ships
provide support to the Royal Navy, at Warsash maritime College in Southampton.
This lasted four years, one of which I spent at sea. I obtained my professional
seafaring qualifications (as Class 1 Certificate of Competency) over an eight-year
period, and then transferred to the Stena Line.
What training have you received?
The cadetship covered mainly engineering subjects, such as maths, applied
thermodynamics, electrical principles, applied mechanics, instrumentation and
control systems. I also spent some time on legal and legislative studies, which was
an introduction to the regulatory framework under which the shipping industry
operates.
What hours do you work?
I work a week on/week off roster, which means that I work 12-hour days for seven
days and then have the next week off.
What do you like best about your job?
I enjoy the variety of work which is split between hands-on engineering work, and
administration and management. I also like the week on/week off pattern, as it gives
me a lot of freedom to organise my time.
What are the main challenges?
I'm happy with my job. However, engineers working ‘deep sea’ on other commercial
ships such as tankers, containerships, cruise ships and bulk carriers can spend three
to four months away from home. This may be a disadvantage, although the amount
of leave they get will compensate for it.
What skills do you need?
Leadership and management skills are important, together with an agreeable nature,
which is essential when working closely with others onboard a ship.
Andrew’s route



GCSEs.
Engineering cadetship with the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.
HND in Marine Engineering.
Andrew’s tips



A love of the sea is essential.
Try to get academic qualifications as you can use them later when
considering shore appointments.
Always keep an open mind and try to learn from others.
Related jobs
Electrical engineer
Electronics engineer
Marine craftsperson
Marine engineering technician
Mechanical engineer
Naval architect
Salary information £££
The starting salary for a newly qualified junior marine engineer officer is typically
around £22,000 a year. Senior engineer officers may earn around £33,000. the
average income for chief engineer officers is approximately £41,000 a year.
Getting in



The usual entry route for engineering officers in the merchant navy is through
an officer cadet training programme, which is sponsored by shipping
companies and related organisations. Training involves college-based
education integrated with periods of training at sea.
From September 2006 the main cadet entry route will be through a
Foundation degree programme, requiring AS/A level qualifications, or the
equivalent.
Alternative routes incorporating HND and NVQ/SVQ qualifications are also
available for those with at least four GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), including
maths, English, physics or combined science (or the equivalent). Degree
courses are also available for those with the required A levels/H grades.
Marine engineering apprentice craftsperson
jobs4u: Marine craftsperson
Ben Mackinnon is an engineering apprentice working for BD Marine, a company
that fabricates and repairs yachts and small ships at a boatyard in Southampton. UK
shipbuilding is now a growing industry, with new orders reversing many years of
decline.
What sort of vessels do you work on?
I work on any vessel that comes into the yard for building, maintenance or repair.
The vessels we work on are 22 feet in length or more, and can range from large
ocean-going yachts for pleasure cruising, to racing yachts or small power boats.
What type of work do you do?
I work on the engines, transmission systems and propellers. The engines may be
diesel or petrol and can be of many different types. They may have minor problems,
or require a complete overhaul or replacement. The propeller shafts and the
propellers themselves may be worn or damaged and in need of servicing. At this
stage in my Apprenticeship, I am learning machining, milling and fitting.
What equipment do you use?
In a typical day, I use spanners, sockets and screwdrivers for dismantling and reassembling machinery. We then use lathes, milling machines and grinders for
repairs – building up or grinding down the engines, propellers or shafts. During
maintenance on a larger scale, chain blocks are used.
How did you enter this type of work?
I have always lived near the sea and been interested in the marine industry, so it
seemed a natural choice. I also have some experience in seamanship. After my
GCSEs, I went to college for a year on a marine engineering course and obtained an
NVQ Level 2 in Marine Engineering.
What hours do you work?
I work from 8.00am to 4.30pm, from Monday to Friday. When we have an urgent
job, overtime may include evening or weekend work, but this doesn’t happen on a
regular basis.
What do you enjoy about your job?
I enjoy the responsibility and the variety in my work. Although I am still in the early
stages of my Apprenticeship, I feel that I'm contributing towards an efficient
operation.
What are the main challenges?
There is nothing serious. Occasionally having to work outside in bad weather or in
cramped conditions inside a small engine room may be difficult, but I wouldn’t call it
a major disadvantage.
What skills and qualities do you need?
An interest in engineering is essential as is the ability to solve problems and correct
them quickly. It’s also important to be able to get on well with people and to work
effectively as part of a team.
What are your plans for the future?
I hope to learn the trade well, become a skilled craftsperson and eventually have my
own business.
Ben’s route



GCSEs.
NVQ Level 2 in Marine Engineering.
Apprenticeship at BD Marine.
Ben’s tips



Try to gain an Apprenticeship with a good company.
Be prepared to work hard and apply yourself.
Don’t be afraid to ask lots of questions – it’s a good way to learn.
Related jobs
Engineering craft/CNC machinist
Engineering maintenance technician
Marine engineer
Marine engineer technician
Naval architect
Welder
Salary information £
Trainees or apprentices under the age of 18 years start on around £5,000 a year.
This may rise to around £10,000 after gaining NVQ/SVQ Level 3. The basic rate for
a qualified craftsperson is around £18,000 a year. With overtime and bonuses, they
may earn up to £25,000 a year.
Getting in

In shipbuilding, many entrants are 16 or 17 years of age. Minimum entry
requirements are normally GCSEs/S grades (A-G/1-7) in English, maths and


a science or technology subjects, or the equivalent. Some employers require
higher grades, and may set an aptitude test.
In small ship repair or boat building companies, entry requirements vary
depending on the employer. Entrants usually join a firm of shipbuilders, ship
repairers or boat builders and train on the job, often through Apprenticeships.
An alternative route is to enter after taking a full-time college course.
Apprentice maintenance fitter
Jobs4u: Engineering maintenance fitter
Rasim Redzic is an apprentice with Rolls-Royce in Derby, working on engine testing
and development. He is involved in building the Trent 900 engine that will be used
on the new Airbus A380.
What does your job involve?
I work in the area where aero engines for our civil aerospace business are built. My
team assembles a wide variety of parts for the engine such as the compressor,
turbine and the whole combustion module. I also work on in-service engines that
undergo modifications. Replacement engines also need to be tested for flight
certification.
I do tasks such as stripping and rebuilding engines, as well as inspection. There is
also a lot of electrical work to be carried out on the engines, which is necessary to
check their performance.
Do you have a typical day?
There is such wide variety of parts in an aero engine that I could be working on
something new every day. However, during my training, I tend to be allocated one
specific part for at least a week to gain as much knowledge as possible of how to
assemble it. My training has always been interesting because there is such a wide
range of skills to learn.
What equipment do you use?
We have to use a lot of Rolls-Royce specialist tools, cranes, hand tools and a wide
variety of air tools. The hardware we work with is worth millions of pounds.
What training have you completed?
I have completed my NVQ Level 2 in Engineering, which I studied at the company’s
learning and development centre in Derby. I’ve also completed my BTEC National
Certificate in Engineering on a day-release programme at Derby College. At the
moment, I’m working towards an NVQ Level 3 in Engineering and I’ll start my
Foundation degree course next September.
What do you like best about your job?
I enjoy all the practical work and the satisfaction of seeing the end product. I also
like meeting a lot of people. There are lots of social events and out-of-work activities
organised by the company, including a wide range of community projects.
Are there any disadvantages?
The only disadvantage I can think of is that some people don’t like working shifts.
I’ve got used to the working pattern though, and you do get paid extra for shift work.
What skills do you need for this job?
You need to have a genuine interest in engineering, and be good at maths so that
you don’t struggle at college. I think that doing an engineering GCSE or a similar
subject helps a great deal. It prepares you well for the working environment.
Rasim’s route




GCSEs.
NVQ Level 2 in Engineering.
BTEC National Certificate in Engineering.
Working towards NVQ Level 3.
Rasim’s tips



You must have an interest in engineering.
Good grades at GCSE (above grade D) – especially in maths – are essential.
Apprenticeships are a good entry route.
Related jobs
Engineering craft/CNC machinist
Engineering maintenance technician
Engineering operative
Mechanical engineering technician
Toolmaker/Machine setter
Salary information £
Starting salaries for apprentices are usually between £9,000 and £12,000 a year,
depending on the employer. The average pay for maintenance fitters is usually
around £20,000 a year. Highly skilled and experienced maintenance fitters may earn
as much as £30,000 a year. Overtime and shift work payments may increase
earnings.
Getting in


Most apprentices begin at 16 to 18 years of age, but it is possible to join up to
the age of 25. Apprentices are either an engineer apprentice or a multi-skilled
apprentice. Technician Apprenticeships are also available.
Employers want to be sure entrants can cope with the college and theory
aspects of the course, so they may require three to five GCSEs/S grades (AE/1-5), particularly in English, maths, science and technology.
Aeronautical engineers design, construct and maintain aircraft, missiles and
satellites. They work for aircraft manufacturers, airlines, the Armed Forces or
the Ministry of Defence. Others use their knowledge of aerodynamics in the
manufacture of motor vehicles, trains and hovercraft, or in the design of
satellites.
Airworthiness engineer
Jobs4u: Design engineer
Louise Rush works with BAE Systems at Warton Aerodrome in Lancashire. Her job
is to ensure that aircraft are fit to fly. The projects she has been involved with
include the Tornado aircraft.
What does your job involve?
Airworthiness is all about assessing whether an aircraft is fit for flight. This involves
examining evidence, such as drawings, design certificates and test reports provided
by BAE Systems specialists and equipment suppliers. I then work as part of a team
to compile a detailed set of documentation to certify an aircraft formally for its
intended use, imposing any necessary limitations.
What does this involve?
Being a senior airworthiness engineer requires a broad understanding of aircraft
systems, their interfaces and operation, as well as general design, structures,
aerodynamics and control. You also need to know about systems safety.
Do you have a typical day?
The tasks I perform differ from day to day, and require a variety of skills. I may be
doing a range of jobs from simple wiring changes to the clearance of entirely new
systems, which vary from software releases to new weapons configurations.
How did you get into this job?
After doing an industrial placement as part of my degree, I began work as a
qualification engineer. From there, I moved into the area of design certification and
airworthiness on the Merlin Helicopter Programme, before moving to my current
post.
Why did you choose this type of work?
I thoroughly enjoy the variety and challenges airworthiness provides, and generally
find engineering quite exciting. I like working on aircraft too. There are always
problems that need solving.
What training have you received?
I learnt a lot through working on the Merlin Helicopter Programme – many of the
processes in this role are similar and involve following guidelines set out in Defence
Standards (government guidelines). I have learnt about the Tornado aircraft on the
job and with the support of my colleagues.
What do you like best about your job?
I enjoy the team approach and good humour of my colleagues. I also like the daily
challenges of this field of engineering.
What are the main challenges?
It can be quite demanding and stressful, especially when nearing deadlines for flight
clearances or deliveries, although this can be seen as part of the challenge.
What skills do you need?
You must be able to pay attention to detail. It’s also important to be confident,
assertive, an effective communicator and a strong team player. You have to be
organised and able to meet strict deadlines.
What are your plans for the future?
I’d like to continue working with this division, but look into areas of safety and
investigation. In the longer term, I’ll maybe look towards a career in engineering
project management.
Louise’s route





A levels.
Diploma in Professional Studies.
Degree in Aeronautical Systems Engineering.
Airworthiness engineer on the Merlin Helicopter Programme.
Senior airworthiness engineer at BAE Systems.
Louise’s tips



Engineering develops a strong personality and requires a good sense of
humour.
Believe in your own abilities and be confident – then others will believe in you.
Be assertive and never be afraid to ask lots of questions.
Related jobs
Aerospace engineering technician
Design engineer
Electrical engineer
Electronics engineer
Materials engineer
Mechanical engineer
Salary information ££
Starting salaries for graduates are usually around £17,000 a year. With experience,
aerospace engineers may earn around £35,000 a year. The average income for a
qualified engineer is £45,000 or more.
Getting in



Studying for an aeronautical engineering degree is the usual entry route.
There are more than 32 universities in the UK offering aeronautical
engineering-based courses. Entry is usually with at least two A levels/three H
grades and five GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), or the equivalent. Candidates
should check entry requirements with individual institutions.
At many universities, students without the necessary background in science
and maths can take a one-year foundation course before applying for a
degree.
Some organisations, such as British Aerospace, British Airways, the RAF and
the Ministry of Defence, may offer sponsorship to students on degree
courses.
Design engineer
Jobs4u: Design engineer
Jaspal Johal works for Rolls-Royce and is a design engineer, designing pipes and
cables for aero engines. Having originally trained as an apprentice, he is now
studying for a degree on a part-time basis at Derby University.
What does your job involve?
My job involves designing all the pipes and harness cables that make up the external
parts of an aero engine. These are mounted on brackets and clips, which we also
have to design and position. I do all my design work on a 3D-modelling tool and, on
completion, I have to create a paper copy of every scheme to confirm that I have
defined and designed the appropriate pipes before they can be manufactured.
What equipment do you use?
The main piece of equipment I use is a PC. The software we use to route the pipes,
harnesses, brackets and clipstacks is called Unigraphix, which is an extremely
precise 3D-modelling programme, accurate to 0.000000001 mm.
What was your route into this job?
I began working at Rolls-Royce as an apprentices shortly after leaving school. My
Apprenticeship was a three-year programme, and my first year was spent at the
company’s learning and development centre, working on milling and turning
machines as well as doing some electrical work.
Why did you choose this type of work?
I am interested in engineering and particularly in design engineering. I work on an
engine project right from the very start, so I see how the engine is built from initial
ideas to the final product, which gives me great job satisfaction. Much of the work is
office based, which is a surprise for many people considering careers in this area.
What training have you received?
During my Apprenticeship I received Cadds5 training, which lasted for three weeks
and is an advanced computer-aided design (CAD) programme for the design of
aircraft wings. I also completed a three-month manual drawing course.
More recently I have been trained on Unigraphix (which lasted for three to four
weeks). I am now studying for a degree on a part-time basis at Derby University. All
of the courses have been funded by my employer.
What do you like most about your job?
The best thing about my work is interacting with colleagues from different
departments and backgrounds, which makes it more interesting. I also like the
challenge of meeting deadlines. I really enjoy my job!
What are the main challenges?
I have to spend most of my working day at my desk in front of a computer.
What skills and qualities do you need?
As well as the qualifications – you’ll need an HNC in an engineering subject as a
minimum – you need a real willingness to learn. The ability to be a team player is
essential, as are good communication and problem-solving skills.
Jaspal’s route





GCSEs.
BTEC National in Engineering.
HNC in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering.
HND in Product Design, Marketing and Innovation.
Degree in Product Design, Marketing and Innovation.
Jaspal’s tips



Send in your Apprenticeship application form before the deadline gets too
close.
Go to any open evenings organised by employers and take your parents
along.
Decide if you would like to work in an office or a shop floor environment.
Related jobs
Aerospace engineer
CAD draughtsperson
Design engineer
Engineering maintenance technician
Mechanical engineering technician
Salary information £
Apprentices typically earn around £10,000 to £14,000 a year. With experience and
qualifications this may rise to around £20,000 a year. Senior technicians may earn
up to £30,000 a year, and engineers up to £45,000.
Getting in


Most apprentices start aged 16 to 18 years of age, but entry is possible up to
the age of 25. To get onto an Apprenticeship, applicants usually need four
GCSEs/S grades (A-C/1-3), including English, maths and science or
technology.
Another route is to take a full-time course leading to a BTEC national
certificate or diploma, or an SQA national certificate group award in
engineering. Applicants then apply to an employer for a trainee technician
post.
Mechanical engineers build machinery and other equipment for a wide variety
of sectors and industries. They are also responsible for keeping the machines
and components working efficiently.
Commercial implementation engineer
jobs4u: Mechanical engineer
Mark Bannister works for Umgeni Water in South Africa, providing sanitation for
schools and homes in the north-east of the country. This is an extremely dry area
where water is a scarce commodity.
What does your job involve?
I co-ordinate project teams to make sure that water services are delivered as
efficiently as possible. This involves everything from general engineering and
business management, to keeping in contact with government departments and
other customers in order to understand what they want.
Does your job involve much travelling?
I spend about 90 per cent of my time in the office managing the water programmes
we’re working on, managing the staff who are working on them, and developing new
business plans and proposals for future work.
A lot of my time is spent sitting at my desk approving drawings, writing reports and
dealing with staff management issues. Away from the office, I attend meetings at the
Department of Water Affairs, and carry out site visits to check on the work we are
doing.
What equipment do you use?
I use Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and Geographical Information Systems
(GIS), which is a mobile mapping system combining full GIS data collection and
navigation software in a handheld GPS receiver. This is supported by laptops with
various programmes and the normal office equipment.
How did you get into this work?
I started out as a graduate mechanical engineer with water utilities companies in the
UK. I then moved to South Africa to work for a non-governmental organisation
(NGO), which is a kind of charity organisation, to work on projects installing water
systems to bring water to local communities. I then took up my current job with
Umgeni Water, an engineering company, managing teams of people installing water
systems.
Why did you choose this type of work?
Job satisfaction is better than any wage packet! I love development work and
helping those who are less advantaged than me.
What hours do you work?
My hours depend on the workload in any given week. I normally work 37.5 hours a
week. Additional hours may sometimes be required.
What skills do you need?
As well as the right qualifications for the kind of work you want to do, you need to
have sensitivity and respect for the local people and culture. You’ve also got to be
able to communicate clearly to people who do not speak very good English.
Managing a team requires strong organisational skills and good people skills.
What are your plans for the future?
I’d like to continue doing this kind of work and maybe return to working on water
installation projects for a charity organisation again. The ability to make as large an
impact as possible is very important to me.
Mark’s route




A levels.
HND in Mechanical Engineering.
Degree in Mechanical Engineering.
Chartered Mechanical Engineer.
Mark’s tips



Create many opportunities and say ‘yes’ to as many as you can.
Do what you believe in – don’t allow money to be the motivating factor.
Never give up on what you want. As a wheelchair user I have achieved more
in my life than many able-bodied people!
Related jobs
Design engineer
Engineering construction technician
Engineering maintenance technician
Production engineer
Project manager
Salary information ££
Graduate salaries typically start at around £17,000 a year. Experienced mechanical
engineers may earn around £30,000. The average income for a qualified Chartered
Mechanical Engineer may be around £45,000 a year.
Getting in

The normal way to train as an engineer is to study full time at university or
college for a first degree. However, it is possible to begin training for craft or

technician-level jobs straight from school as an apprentice with good
GCSEs/S grades in English, maths and science. It is then possible to work
towards degree-level qualifications such as NVQs/SVQs at Level 4.
Graduate Apprenticeships in engineering may be available for young people
in England. These bring together study at degree or diploma level with
structured work-based learning.
Materials project manager
jobs4u: Mechanical engineer
Caroline Westall works for GKN in Italy on their International Leadership
Development Programme. This allows graduates to develop their professional skills
and international exposure through a variety of six-month placements in various job
roles.
What does your present job involve?
I have to reduce the cost of materials for the GKN axles factory in Italy, in order to
increase the profit margin. I negotiate lower costs from existing suppliers and look for
new suppliers in low-cost countries. At the moment, we use lots of machining
subcontractors and I’m looking at investing in new equipment to bring the machinery
work in-house.
Do you speak Italian?
As I am working in Italy, I’ve had to learn Italian for this role. I’m the only native
English speaker in the business unit, so I often proofread marketing documents and
press releases, and I spend a lot of time on the factory floor getting to know the
products, manufacturing processes and the operators.
Can you describe a typical day?
Each day is different. One of the benefits of working for this small business unit is
that I often get involved in lots of different projects.
What equipment do you use?
I use my laptop computer for financial and analytical work. Although I don’t operate
any processing machinery, I need to know what our machines do for my cost
calculations, so I spend a fair amount of time finding out about equipment.
Why did you choose this type of work?
I wanted to get an overall view of the way businesses work, so I chose a placementbased graduate scheme to get the varied experience required for general
management. I love learning languages and travelling, so the international aspect of
this programme really appealed to me.
What training have you received?
I did a ‘Year in Industry’ placement before university. I worked every summer
holiday up until my graduation, which included working abroad in Switzerland and
America. After university, I deferred starting with GKN for a year in order to spend
some time in Japan learning Japanese, and in Uganda teaching primary school
children.
What do you like best about your job?
I enjoy the variety, the international aspect, and the people I work with. The axles
business unit is a young and dynamic team.
What are the main challenges?
The main disadvantage of a placement-based graduate programme is the fact that
you move on every six months. However, that gives you just enough time to make
lots of good friends and local contacts before you have to leave.
What skills and qualities do you need?
You need to be able to adapt to foreign cultures and work places. You also need to
be a good team worker in order to integrate well with the rest of your business unit.
Analytical and financial skills are needed to put together business proposals.
Caroline’s route





Degree in Manufacturing Engineering.
Masters Degree in Manufacturing Engineering.
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) Diploma in Financial
Management.
National Examination Board in Supervisory Management (NEBSM) Business
Studies and Management.
City & Guilds CAD Level 2.
Caroline’s tips



Study as many languages as you can.
Be flexible and willing to gain as much varied work experience as possible.
Spend lots of time in the factory so you know the reality behind the theory.
Related jobs
Manufacturing production manager
Manufacturing production planner
Materials engineer
Production engineer
Project manager
Salary information ££
Graduate salaries are usually between £17,000 and £28,000 a year. Experienced
mechanical engineers may earn around £40,000 a year, and the average income for
a qualified Chartered Mechanical Engineer may be around £45,000.
Getting in



One way to train as an engineer is to study full time at university or college for
a first degree.
An Apprenticeship leads to a technician-level qualification and eventual
progression to Incorporated Engineer or chartered Engineer status.
Mechanical engineers can work across a wide range of industries and
sectors, which provides good scope for employment and progression.
Machine setter
jobs4u: Toolmaker/Machine setter
Danny Wilson is a machine setter working for L&N Scotland Ltd in Aberdeen, which
provides specialised welding solutions and precision-engineered components for the
oil and gas industry.
What type of machines do you work on?
I use lathes and drills, milling machines and grinding machines. My job is to set,
programme and maintain production on conventional, manual and computercontrolled CNC machines. I work from engineering drawings that detail how the
finished item should look.
What product are you currently making?
At the moment, I am machining new valves for the oil and gas industry. We buy the
old valves from suppliers and, using the appropriate machines, I cut them to the
shape specified by the drawings. Sometimes they need to be finished with hand
tools such as files. I then use precision measuring and inspection equipment to
check my work.
What training have you received?
I completed an Apprenticeship in England before coming to Aberdeen to carry out
work for the offshore oil and gas industry. My Apprenticeship included NVQ Levels 3
and 4 in Manufacturing Engineering.
What hours do you work?
I work around 40 hours a week, eight hours a day, from Monday to Friday.
What do you like about your job?
I like the variety of work in this industry. There are many different types and parts of
valves, and they present all sorts of problems. It is a job where I am constantly
learning and gaining experience that will help me in the future.
What are the main challenges?
The job can be difficult and dirty at times, but that is not really a problem.
What are your plans for the future?
As I gain more experience I will look for promotion to supervisory positions, and
ultimately to management.
Danny’s route

GCSEs.



Apprenticeship.
NVQ Level 3 in Engineering.
NVQ Level 4 in Engineering.
Danny’s tips



Go for an Apprenticeship. It is the best route to become skilled and valued.
Enjoy yourself whilst you’re learning, but make sure you do the work.
Don’t wait for things to happen – make them happen.
Related jobs
Engineering craft/CNC machinist
Engineering maintenance fitter
Engineering maintenance technician
Engineering operative
Production engineer
Salary information ££
The starting salary for a toolmaker or machine setter is around £14,000 a year. With
more experience, this can rise to £18,000. Senior craftspeople can earn around
£25,000 a year.
Getting in



Most people start as an engineering apprentice straight from school or college
and train on the job. To join an Apprenticeship, applicants need GCSEs/S
grades (A-E/1-5), particularly in engineering or manufacturing, maths, science
and technology subjects, or an equivalent qualification, such as a BTEC/SQA
national certificate or a city & Guilds award. There are different
Apprenticeship entry levels available for people with higher grades.
Apprentices normally spend a foundation year away from the workplace,
learning engineering workshop skills at a training centre, with day or block
release at a college. They can spend two or three years working on the shop
floor of their company, continuing to attend college part time.
Many companies aim to train multi-skilled craftspeople rather than specialists,
so individuals may learn fabrication skills (welding and metalwork), as well as
machining and fitting. Only trainees with a high level of ability are likely to be
encouraged to specialise in toolmaking.
Further reading
(Some may be priced)
Earning and Learning in Engineering – ECIS
Engineering Casebook – CRAC/Hobsons
Engineering in Scotland – ECIS
Getting a Degree in Engineering – ECIS
It All Adds Up to Engineering – ECIS
Working in the armed forces – Connexions
Working in building & construction – Connexions
Working in computers & IT – Connexions
Working in electrical & electronic engineering – Connexions
Working in energy & utilities – Connexions
Working in manufacturing – Connexions
Science, Industry and Technology Library – scenta (via www.scenta.co.uk – an
online catalogue showing the educational material that is available from the different
engineering institutions, the Sector Skills Councils and other associations involved in
raising awareness of careers in engineering and science fields).
Magazines/journals:
Spark – Women into Science and Engineering, ECIS and the Department of Trade
and Industry
For further details on careers look on the Connexions job4u website:
www.connexions-direct.com/jobs4u
Starting
Qualifications
A levels
A/S levels,
Scottish
Highers/Advanced
highers/A levels in
applied
subjects/BTEC
national diploma in
an appropriate
Learning
Degree
Foundation degree
Higher National
Certificate/Diploma
(HNC/HND)
Training
NVQ/SVQ
Professional
4-5
development
Graduate
4-5
Apprenticeship
Status
Chartered
Engineer
Incorporated
Engineer
Starting
Qualifications
subject
Four GCSEs/S
grades (A-C/1-3)
including maths,
science and
technology
BTEC first diploma
GCSEs/S grades
SQA
units/modules in
engineering
subjects
Learning
Training
NVQ/SVQ
Status
BTEC national
certificate or
diploma A levels in
applied subjects
Advanced
3-4
Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship 2-3
Engineering
Technician
Craftsperson
City & Guilds
certificate/GCSEs
in applied subjects
Young
1-2
Apprenticeship
Operator
Useful addresses
Careers in science, engineering and technology (scenta Limited)
10 Maltravers Street
London WC2R 3ER
020 7557 6411
www.scenta.co.uk
The Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD)
151 The Broadway
London SW10 1JQ
020 8612 6200
www.cipd.co.uk
Chartered Institute for Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)
15 John Street
London WC1N 2EB
020 7831 3110
www.ciwem.org
The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology (IMarEST)
80 Coleman Street
London EC2R 5BJ
020 7382 2600
www.imarest.org
Institute of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)
1 Birdcage Walk
Westminster
London SW1H 9JJ
020 7222 7899
www.imeche.org.uk
Institution of Chemical Engineers
165-189 Railway Terrace
Rugby CV21 3HQ
01788 578214
www.icheme.org.uk
The Institute of Civil Engineers
1 Great George Street
Westminster
London SW1P 3AA
020 7222 7722
www.ice.org.uk
The Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE)
Savoy Place
London WC2R 0BL
020 7240 1871
www.iee.org.uk
The Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE)
Savoy Hill House
Savoy Hill
London WC2R 0BS
020 7836 3357
www.iie.org.uk
The Institute of Nuclear Engineers
Allan House
1 Penerley Road
London SE6 2LQ
020 8698 1500
www.inuce.org.uk
The Institution of Structural Engineers
11 Upper Belgrave Street
London SW1X 8BH
020 7235 4535
www.istruct.org.uk
Royal Aeronautical Society
4 Hamilton Place
London W1J 7BQ
020 7670 4300
www.raes.org.uk
Scottish Engineering
105 West George Street
Glasgow G2 1QL
0141 221 3181
www.scottishengineering.org.uk
SEMTA (Science, Engineering and Manufacturing Technologies Alliance)
14 Upton Road
Watford WD18 0JT
0800 282167
www.semta.org.uk
www.enginuity.org.uk
UK Resource Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology
Listerhills Park of Science and commerce
40-42 Campus Road
Bradford BD7 1HR
01274 436485
www.setwomenresource.org.uk
WISE (Women into Science, Engineering and Construction)
22 Old Queen Street
London SW1H 9HP
020 7227 8421
www.wisecampaign.org.uk
Women’s Engineering Society
Michael Faraday House
Six Hills Way
Stevenage
Hertfordshire SG1 2AY
01438 765506
www.wes.org.uk
Working in engineering was researched and written by Camlee Associates. With
thanks to all interviewees and consultant organisations.
Apprenticeships
Apprentices learn on the job, building up knowledge and skills, gaining qualifications
and earning money all at the same time. It is important to bear in mind that pay rates
for Apprenticeships do vary from area to area and between industry sectors.
There are different levels of Apprenticeship available, but they all lead to National
Vocational Qualifications (NVQs), Key Skills qualifications and, in most cases, a
technical certificate such as Edexcel, BTEC or City & Guilds, in subjects such as
Business, Design, IT, Media & Printing, Public Services, Sport, Sport & Exercise
Science, and Travel & Tourism.
There are different arrangements for Apprenticeships in Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland. Check out more details at:
www.apprenticeships.org.uk
(England)
www.careers-scotland.org.uk
(Scotland
www.careers-wales.com
(Wales)
www.delni.gov.uk
(Northern Ireland)
Other jobs which may interest you in engineering can be found at:
www.connexions-direct.com/jobs4u
They include:
Aerospace engineering technician
Agricultural/horticultural technician
CAD draughtsperson
Chemical engineer
Clinical engineer
Energy and environmental engineer
Engineering maintenance technician
Engineering operative
Marine engineering technician
Mechanical engineering technician
Naval architect
NDT technician/specialist
Nuclear engineer
Oil drilling roustabout/roughneck
Quarry worker/Plant operative
Traction and rolling stock engineer
Vehicle breakdown engineer
Welder
Feedback
This publication has been produced by VT Careers Management for Connexions. If
you have any thoughts on the content or presentation, please email
vtcm.publications@vtplc.com.
Extracts from this document may be reproduced for non-commercial education or
training purposes, on condition that the source is acknowledged.
Other formats
This publication is available in Braille and on audio cassette.
Please telephone DfES publications on: 0845 602 2260 or email
connexions@prolog.uk.com to order copies.
A pdf and text only version is available online at www.connexionsdirect.com/wiengineering
You will be able to use your PC to enlarge the text.
INVESTOR IN PEOPLE
ISBN: 0-86110-911-2
Crown copyright 2006