Short Answer
Figure 18-1
1. Which grouping in Figure 18-1, A or B, shows the older, traditional, method of classifying the three animals
shown? What kind of evidence was used to support that classification?
2. Which system of grouping in Figure 18-1, A or B, provides information about the evolution of the three animals?
What is the name of the diagram used to show that information?
3. According to the cladogram in Figure 18-1, what two characteristics do crabs and barnacles share that limpets do
not?
4. In Figure 18-1, what does diagram B, which is based on more recent evidence, show about the classification of
animals shown in diagram A?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 18-2
5. Interpreting Graphs Which level of taxonomic category shown in Figure 18-2 contains the greatest number of
different organisms?
6. Classifying Do all organisms shown in Figure 18-2 that belong to the order Carnivora also belong to the phylum
Chordata? Explain.
7. Classifying Do all organisms shown in Figure 18-2 that belong to the class Mammalia also belong to the genus
Ursus? Explain.
8. Observing Based on the information in Figure 18-2, describe how the diversity at each level changes from species
to kingdom.
9. Inferring Considering the information in Figure 18-2, if you were given a species name and no other information
about an unfamiliar organism, what is the largest taxonomic category that you could assign it to?
Name _____________________________________
11/1/10
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
Bacteria
Archaea
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Period _________
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
CELL TYPE
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
CELL
STRUCTURES
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin; no
chloroplast
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell
walls or
chloroplasts
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most
unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia
coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects,
fishes,
mammals
Figure 18-3
10. Using Tables and Graphs According to Figure 18-3, what is the main difference between the domain Bacteria and
the domain Archaea?
11. Applying Concepts If you know an organism has a cell wall and is a multicellular autotroph, could you use Figure
18-3 to determine the kingdom to which it belongs? Why or why not?
12. Using Tables and Graphs Can you determine, by examining Figure 18-3, which kingdom contains the greatest
number of species? Why or why not?
13. Applying Concepts If you were told only that an organism is unicellular and has chloroplasts and a nucleus, could
you use Figure 18-3 to determine the kingdom to which it belongs? Why or why not?
14. Using Tables and Graphs Considering the data presented in Figure 18-3, which characteristic seems more
important in assigning an organism to a specific domain—the presence or absence of a nucleus or its mode of
nutrition? Why?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Classification of Four Organisms
Whale
Shark
Humpback
Whale
Spider
Monkey
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Kingdom
Corn
Plantae
Phylum
Anthophyta
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Monocotyledones
Chondrichthyes
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Commelinales
Squaliformes
Cetacea
Primates
Family
Poaceae
Rhincodontidae
Balaenopteridae
Atelidae
Genus
Zea
Rhincodon
Megaptera
Ateles
Species
Zea mays
Rhinacodon typus
Megaptera
novaeangilae
Ateles
paniscus
Figure 18-4
15. Using Tables and Graphs Which two organisms listed in Figure 18-4 are most closely related to each other?
Explain.
16. Using Tables and Graphs Which level of taxonomic category shown in Figure 18-4 indicates whether an
organism is a mammal or not?
17. Using Tables and Graphs How many different kingdoms are represented by the organisms listed in Figure 18-4?
What are they?
18. Inferring If you were adding a column to Figure 18-4 for the protist species Amoeba proteus, what taxonomic
category, if any, would be the same as for any of the organisms shown in Figure 18-4? Explain.
19. Inferring Consider the following statement: “Size and shape are NOT reliable indicators of how closely different
organisms are related.” What information shown in Figure 18-4 supports this statement?
BIOLOGY Chapter 18 WORKSHEET
Answer Section
SHORT ANSWER
1.
2.
3.
4.
A; comparisons of body structure
A; a cladogram
segmentation and a molted exoskeleton
Diagram B indicates that the traditional taxonomic grouping shown in diagram A classified less closely related
groups together while failing to show a close relationship within the groups.
OTHER
5. the kingdom
6. Yes; from the genus through the kingdom, each general category contains the categories shown beneath it.
7. No; the genus Ursus contains the species Ursus arctos and possibly other species, but it does not contain any of the
catagories above it.
8. The species has the least diversity. From genus upward, each category has more diversity than the one before it.
The kingdom shows the greatest diversity.
9. the genus
10. Bacteria have cell walls with peptidoglycan, while the cell walls of Archaea lack peptidoglycan.
11. No; it could belong to either Protista or Plantae.
12. No; the table gives no information about the number of species in each kingdom.
13. Yes; it could only be a protist because the protists are the only eukaryotic unicellular organisms that have
chloroplasts.
14. The presence or absence of a nucleus is more important. All three domains contain both autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
15. The humpback whale and the spider monkey are most closely related because they belong to the same class.
16. the class
17. two; Plantae and Animalia
18. None, since this species belongs to the kingdom Protista.
19. The whale and the shark look most alike, yet they belong to different classes. The monkey and the whale are more
closely related than any other pair here, yet they differ greatly in size and shape.