Organic Macro-Molecules
--Carbon based molecules
--Organic=
--great structural (back-bone)
molecule.
--has e- for 4 covalent bonds to form.
-Natural forms of Carbon
--Macro-molecule
--Monomer=
--Polymer=
4 Classes of Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
-Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)
=for each monomer bonded to a
polymer, one water molecule is
removed.
--Hydroloysis=for each monomer
removed from a polymer, a
water molecule is added.
Carbohydrates (CHO)
-most abundant organic molecule
--composed of Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen.
--primarily serves as an energy
source molecule.
--Quick-use or short-term energy
--Storage or long-term energy
--some forms serve structural functions
--contains many C-H bonds =
Types of Carbohydrates:
Short-term
--Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
-shape of chain or ring
composed of 3 - 9 carbon atoms.
-ex: Glucose (C6H12O6)=6 carbon
ring or chain molecule.
-ex: Ribose & Deoxyribose
-5 carbon ring sugars
-components of RNA & DNA
--Disaccharides=2 monosaccharides
bonded together by a Glycosidic bond.
-ex: Sucrose
=1glucose+1 fructose
-used for…
-ex: Maltose (Sugar used in alcohol)
=1 glucose+1 glucose
--used for…
-ex: Lactose (Milk sugar)
=1 glucose+1galactose
-produced by animals
Long term Energy Storage Molecules
Starch=primary storage form of
energy in plants
--polysaccharide =
--shape is a long highly branched chain.
--ex: Amylopectin=most common
starch in
--Glycogen=“animal starch”
Structural Carbohydrates:
--Function in support of cells
--large, highly branched
polysaccharides with complex bonding
arrangements .
-found in…
--ex: Cellulose=polysaccharide of
plant cell walls
--ex: Chitin=polysaccharide of
arthropod exoskeletons
Lipids
--fatty, greasy, oily, waxy
compounds.
--insoluble in water=Nonpolar
Types of Lipids:
1. Fats
--contain more C-H bonds than
carbohydrates.
--composed of 2 subunits:
1. Glycerol
2. Fatty Acid (3)
--Fat=Triglyceride
--Fats are Saturated or Unsaturated
-Saturated with what?
-Characteristics of Fats:
--Polyunsaturated fat=
--Oil=“liquid fat” liquid @ room temp.
--Hydrogenation=
--fats yield twice as much energy per
gram than carbohydrates.
2. Steroids such as Cholesterol.
-important precursor to many hormones.
-major component of cell membranes.
3. Hormones
4. Wax such as the cuticle of
leaves & fruits.
5. Terpenes=some pigments in
plants & animals.
6. Phospholipids=form the cell
membrane.
Proteins
--most diverse molecule type in life.
(Humans =50,000-100,000 diff. Proteins)
-Important Groups of Proteins:
1. Enzymes=proteins that start or
speed-up (catalyze) chemical rxns.
-Biological Catalysts
2. Structural proteins
-Compose:
cartilage, bone, muscle, horn, claw,
hooves, nails, scutes, scales, fins,
teeth, and feathers.
--Collagen=common structural
protein in mammals.
Protein Structure:
--composed of long chains of
amino acids.
--20 different amino acids in proteins.
--Polypeptide bonds link amino acids
into a polypeptide chain=protein.
4 characteristics of Shape:
-primary =
-secondary =
-tertiary =
-quaternary =
-the role of a protein is determined by its
shape, which is determined by its
amino acid sequence.
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
--Nucleotide composed of:
1. Phosphate group
2. Nitrogenous base
-5 types of bases:
-2 Purines = Adenine & Guanine
-3 Pyrimidines = Thymine,
Cytosine and Uracil
deoxyribose)
Roles of Nucleotides:
--function in the packaging of energy.
--ex: ATP
--linked into nucleic acids
--Nucleic Acid=long chain of
nucleotides.
--ex: DNA & RNA
--Phosphodiester bonds link
nucleotides into long chains.
--nucleic acids determine hereditary
information.
3. 5-carbon sugar(ribose /