REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
Enabling Activity Proposal in Biodiversity
Country
Project Title
GEF Focal Area
Country Eligibility
GEF Financing
Government Contribution
GEF Implementing Agency
National Executing Agency
GEF Operational Focal Point
CBD Focal Point
Estimated Starting Date
Project Duration
Republic of Indonesia
Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan
(IBSAP)
Biological Diversity
Convention ratified 1993
US$438,600
In-kind
The World Bank
National Agency for Development Planning (BAPPENAS)
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Environment
March 2000
15 months
Background
When its terrestrial, freshwater and marine domains are considered together, Indonesia is
the world’s most biologically diverse country. It spans two of the world’s major biogeographic
regions, Australasia and Indo-Malaya, between which is a large transition zone called Wallacea
with a unique complement of animals.
Indonesia is the world’s fifteenth largest country (by land area), and so it would be
expected to have a great number of species. In fact, it is eighth in terms of number of species
relative to land area, but the one with the greatest number of endemic species, a fact which gives
considerable global responsibility to its government. The reasons for the country’s high
endemism are its archipelagic nature (it comprises 13,000 – 17,000 islands) and its complex
geological history. It is not just the vast area of Indonesia’s seas which make them important for
biodiversity, because the centre of diversity for corals is within its boundaries and it has
enormous numbers of fish and invertebrates associated with its coral reefs and other marine
ecosystems.
Indonesia covers 1.3% of the Earth’s land surface, but it has at least 25% of the world’s
fish species, 17% of the world’s bird species, 15% of the world’s flowering plants species, and
12% of the world’s mammals species.
Indonesia ranks first in the world for the number of mammal species (515 species, 39%
endemic), palm species (477 species, 47% endemic), swallowtail butterflies (121 species, 44 %
endemic), tiger beetle species (103 species, 46% endemic), and for parrots (75 species, 51%
endemic), fourth for reptiles (512 species, 29% endemic), fifth for birds (1531 species, 26%
endemic), sixth for amphibians (270 species, 37% endemic), and seventh for flowering plants
(about 37,000 species, about half endemic). Almost every biological expedition reveals new
species in almost all taxonomic groups.
The value of Indonesia’s biodiversity in economic terms has been, and still is,
considerable, especially among the plants such as many timber trees, black pepper, cloves,
nutmeg, sugar cane, citrus and many other fruits. Indeed, well over 6000 species of native plants
and animals are believed to be used on a day-to-day basis either directly from the wild or from
cultivation, for food, medicines, fuel, building materials, or other uses. Indeed, it has been
estimated that over 40 million people are directly dependent on biodiversity for subsistence. It is
typically the poorest rural or coastal people, including many ‘indigenous’ groups, who are most
dependent on biodiversity for their livelihoods, and it is they who suffer first and most when
those habitats are simplified, degraded or otherwise impoverished. It is often the same people
who grow an uncounted range of local genetic varieties of plants the knowledge of which is
threatened.
The biodiversity of Indonesia is severely threatened by a range of factors, primarily loss of
habitat – the annual rate of forest loss has increased from about 1 million ha to 1.5 million ha over
the last decade. It has the greatest number of threatened birds and mammals species according to
IUCN Red Lists, and the world’s highest number, 24, of Endemic Bird Areas, as identified by
BirdLife International, and 16 of these are considered ‘first priority’ conservation.
Indonesia has been experiencing major changes as a result of the Asian financial and
economic crisis, new democratic processes and actors, breakdown of law and order, as well as
decentralization and devolution policies. The decentralization, calls for more equitable access to
resources, and the shift in government policy towards increased community involvement in
management of natural resources have profound implications for natural resource management
and biodiversity conservation. It is very timely, therefore, to review the successes and weaknesses
of the first IBSAP, the effectiveness of previous and present national policies, laws and
institutions, and, building on that, to identify current challenges, options and priorities for
conservation and wise use of Indonesian biodiversity.
Project Objectives and Short Description
The principal project objective is to assist with activities for implementing Articles 6
(General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use) and 8 (In-situ Conservation) of the
Convention on Biological Diversity through the completion of an updated Indonesian
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. The first IBSAP was prepared in 1991 and was adopted as
part of the Government of Indonesia (GoI) 25-year Development Strategy for (1991-2015). Many
of the actions identified as priorities have been successfully implemented, including financing of
priority biodiversity conservation sites through GoI, GEF and other donor financing. This and the
many recent developments described above require the updating of priorities and strategies. The
purpose of the proposed exercise is to:
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undertake a stocktaking of the priority needs and actions identified under the first IBSAP
to determine what has been achieved, what is still outstanding, and to offer reasons as to
why required funding and/or motivation have not been realized;
identify new priority needs and actions and restructure an action plan in accordance with
the potential changes in the environmental policy of the new government;
determine what are the current opportunities and constraints for effective conservation
and sustainable use of the country’s rich biological diversity, including gaps in existing
knowledge and realistic goals and actions for closing these gaps;
propose a new, clear Strategy with a detailed Action Plan.
Using the latest mapping/assessments/analyses as starting points, a priority of the IBSAP
will be to identify land/water uses, proposed changes in land/water uses, and other threats that are
adversely impacting ecosystems and threatening species with extinction. These solutions may
include, but are not limited to
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influencing policy,
more effective enforcement of existing laws and regulations,
drafting of new laws and regulations,
mainstreaming biodiversity concerns in sectoral policies and practice,
community/NGO/private sector management and involvement in the various forms of
management and conservation of biodiversity,
creation of new protected areas, and expansion of existing protected areas,
possible degazetting of those existing protected areas which now have no conservation
value due to habitat loss, hunting, etc.,
innovative conservation funding (debt-for-nature, carbon offsets, private sector
involvement, etc.),
better land and habitat management to ensure a permanent forest estate,
greater attention to religious/moral reasons for biodiversity conservation,
clearer definition of institutional roles and responsibilities,
greater capacity building,
broader participation of interested and responsible governmental and non-governmental
organizations and citizens (including indigenous groups) in natural resources
management.
The mandate for biodiversity conservation lies with the Ministry of Environment (MoE)
but responsibility for management and protection of Indonesian biodiversity falls mainly under
the sectoral ministries:
 Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), responsible for agriculture and fisheries (see MocFi
below),
 Ministry of Forestry and Estate Crops (MoFEC), responsible for the forest estate and all
protected areas, both terrestrial and marine,
 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOcFi) whose scope and responsibilities are being
defined,
 Ministry of Justice (MoJ), responsible for enforcement and prosecuting existing laws
The State Planning Ministry, BAPPENAS, played a pivotal role in coordinating all stakeholders
(government line agencies, NGOs and academic institutions) for the development and
implementation of the first IBSAP and will play the same coordinating role in this proposed
exercise. The IBSAP activities will provide an important opportunity to further promote crosssectoral coordination at the local, regional and national levels. In particular it will be important to
involve other government agencies such as the Ministry of Mines whose activities are impacting
on natural habitats across the country.
Three important laws have been enacted since the last IBSAP: the 1992/No. 24 Law on
Spatial Planning Law; the 1999/No. 22 Law on Regional Autonomy and Decentralization Law,
and the 1999/No. 25 Law on Income Balance Between Regional and Central Government. The
first of these aims to integrate development interests through public participation in the planning
process for provinces and districts, and each plan specifies management of protection and
cultivation areas, management of rural, urban and special areas, development of rural and urban
settlements, infrastructure and urban transportation networks, the second provides for devolution
of authority over natural resources to district level although there has not been time for the
outworking of this to be fully seen and the third aims to provide equal opportunities between
regional and central government regarding the beneficiary of resources in relevant region. In
general Districts lack the capacity to address substantive problems of biodiversity protection.
The IBSAP will be the result of consultations among the Steering Committee, thematic
working groups, and a broad range of stakeholders, facilitated by the Organizing Committee.
BAPPENAS and MoE will identify the members of the Steering Committee, the Organizing
Committee, and thematic working groups based on the following criteria:
 governmental representation. The IBSAP will be an official governmental policy and
action plan document that identifies the relevant responsibilities of the various
departments and agencies (forestry, environment, agriculture, mining, justice, tourism,
finance, and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences) for its successful implementation. Each
of these departments and ministries will be invited to participate in the Steering
Committee and/or relevant working groups;
 non-governmental organization representation. There are a number of national and
international NGOs actively engaged in Indonesian biodiversity and sustainable
development issues. At least two national NGOs will be represented on the Steering
Committee, and have representation in each thematic working group; and other NGOs
(both national and international) will be part of a wider reviewing group
 technical expertise. Technical experts in biodiversity, forestry, agriculture, hydrology,
and other technical fields from universities and NGOs will be included in the appropriate
thematic working groups.
The role of the Organizing Committee Secretariat would be performed by an NGO, such
as the Indonesian Wildlife Society.
The thematic working groups will be organized around the themes of conservation, and
will include government staff, representatives of the private sector, and NGOs. Specific regional
working groups may also be formed.
Consultants within the Organizing Committee Secretariat, with assistance from the
thematic working groups, will undertake the stocktaking exercise and prepare a draft IBSAP
which aims to identify the options and to prepare the strategies and actions. This draft will then
form the basis for stakeholder discussions. The IBSAP will be prepared in Indonesian, with an
English version produced upon its completion.
The stocktaking exercise will build on the many and varied relevant reports of
government, NGOs and donors issued since the first IBSAP was published, detailing projects,
expenditures, root causes of biodiversity loss, and lessons learned. Initially the exercise will
concentrate on gathering what is easily available rather than on being exhaustive, recognizing that
improvements and amendments will be forthcoming during the stakeholder discussion phase.
To ensure broad participation, a number of workshops are planned. National Workshop I
will be attended by members of the unstructured but known Indonesian ‘biodiversity community’
and will brainstorm on biodiversity status, problems and necessary actions. This will help give
direction to the drafting group of consultants. National Workshop II will be held some weeks
after the draft IBSAP and related materials have been distributed to stakeholders and media. In
addition to the National Workshops, a series of locally-facilitated regional, provincial and district
workshops will be held. These will not necessarily try to achieve total coverage of the country but
will provide important guidance on how to achieve biodiversity conservation in the new
decentralized environment. The final IBSAP will specifically address the comments and
suggestions raised in the National Workshop II and regional workshops.
The IBSAP will comprise seven products: one national IBSAP in Indonesian and
English, and six Regional BSAPs in Indonesian. The local reports may cover a province, a
district, or for number of districts all of which have part of an important area for conservation. It
is possible that the means of choosing the six ‘regions’ will be based on open competition, the
precise means to be decided by the Steering Committee. In addition, each ministry represented on
the Steering Committee will provide a written commitment to the means that will be used to
benefit biodiversity through their own activities.
Time Plan and Sequencing
The IBSAP process will span 15 months, starting with a planning and consultative
process involving a number of national consultants and an international consultant. The
stocktaking phase will require up to 3 months to document and organize relevant information to
summarize progress and problems. The Steering Committee will be established, and this will
appoint the Organizing Committee, the Secretariat, the consultants, and the thematic working
groups, and prepare the working plan.
A preliminary schedule for completion of the various tasks is included below. The
sequence of project activities is consistent with the National Biodiversity Planning: Guidelines on
Early Experiences Around the World (WRI/UNEP/IUCN 1995), as well as the Operational
Criteria for Enabling Activities (GEF 1996).
Coverage Without Duplication
Conditions in Indonesia are so different now compared with the early 1990s when the
first IBSAP was being prepared, that a revision is both justified and urgent. Indonesia has had
dramatic political changes, and in addition to new Ministers in the new democratically-elected
government, many senior ministerial staff are being changed. Conservation NGOs, both
endogenous and exogenous, are now largely Indonesianized and all have greatly increased their
experience and understanding of biodiversity issues and their human implications through a wide
range of activities in the interim period. The breakdown of law and order during the political
changes has had many direct impacts on natural ecosystems, and the new policies on
decentralization and devolution will require major rethinking of conventional conservation
administration and practice. Meanwhile, deforestation has increased dramatically over the last
decade (from 1 million to 1.5 million ha lost annually) and the government has recently
committed itself to a series of significant goals in the forestry sector. Significant damage has also
been caused to coral reefs both through sea warming and through bombing and live food fish
trade. The first IBSAP will thus be a useful starting point but there will be very little duplication.
No efforts that duplicate the IBSAP are being pursued in or planned for Indonesia. The
IBSAP will be based on existing capacity and make use of existing information. There are a
number of activities underway in Indonesia which complement the proposed IBSAP activity:
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The DG Inventory and Land Use of MoFEC is undertaking the mapping of remaining
forest using recent imagery and airphotos as part of the conditionalities specified under
the World Bank Second Policy Reform Support Loan;
The National Forest Inventory which is in its second phase, entirely financed by GoI;
Watershed Policy Guidance produced by the Regional Offices of DG. Land
Rehabilitation of MoFEC
Regional (spatial) Land Use Planning produced by Regional Planning Board
(BAPPEDA)
Indonesian Biodiversity Information System (IBIS) within the Biology Research and
Development Centre of LIPI,
National Conservation Information Center (NCIC) of DG PKA and National Institute
for Sciences (LIPI)
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Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project under the Ministry of Interior and
the Indonesian Institute of Sciences
National Park and Policy Initiative of USAID/NRM Indonesia
Activity/Month
1
2
Establish steering committee
and working groups
X
X
Prepare work plan
Finalize TORs for national
Consultants and international
consultant
Review of materials for
stocktaking, preparation of
stocktaking chapters,
Assess gaps
Conduct options
analysis/assessment,
including discussions with
Stakeholders in Workshop I
Convene National Workshop
I
Prepare draft IBSAP
X
3
4
5
6
7
8
X
X
9
10
11
12
X
X
X
X
14
15
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Convene National Workshop
II and local workshops to
present draft IBSAP
Prepare final IBSAP
Public awareness campaign
13
X
X
X
X
X
Best Practices
The IBSAP is designed in accordance with the guidelines for National Biodiversity
Planning prepared by WRI, UNEP, and IUCN as well as Indonesian documents related to
conservation activities such The National Conservation Plan and the Management Plan of
National Parks and the National Forest Inventory. The project will comply with all best practices
(including those outlined in the Operational Criteria for Enabling Activities: Biodiversity) and be
based on lessons learned from GEF projects in other countries. The IBSAP, particularly its goals,
objectives, and actions, will be developed almost entirely by Indonesians, will represent national
priorities, and be consistent with the Indonesian biological, geographic and historical setting. The
participation and consultation of different stakeholders will occur primarily through the
consultations of the steering committee and working groups, as well as through the National
Workshop and public awareness efforts.
X
The IBSAP will be integrated with other development programs. The IBSAP will identify
the mechanisms for achieving sectoral and cross-sectoral objectives, and ensure that consistent
principles of sustainable use are incorporated into the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, and
physical planning sectors. The IBSAP will address trans-boundary issues in Kalimantan and Irian
Jaya, mechanisms of information dissemination such as the clearinghouse, and include costed
prioritized investment actions.
Institutional Framework and Project Implementation
BAPPENAS will be take responsibility for preparation of the IBSAP products. NGOs
and other public participants will be given the opportunity during the IBSAP process to discuss
all aspects of biodiversity conservation with the relevant government officials. During the
National Workshop I, the responsibilities of the various departments regarding biodiversity
conservation will be a reviewed and discussed in order to educate the public about the respective
duties and responsibilities of land and water, and to provide input to the departments on the
concerns of the public and the need for coherent policies and practices.
Cost-Effectiveness
The IBSAP will make maximum use of the large amounts of existing information and
will take advantage of the dynamic new national awareness of community action and local
powers. The National and International consultants will assist BAPPENAS in all aspects of the
IBSAP process and products. The proposed budget reflects the large size of the country and the
costs of facilitating dialogue, as well as the many political, geographical and ecological regions.
Deviations from Criteria and Norms
The proposal does not deviate from the Operational Criteria for Enabling Activities:
Biodiversity.
Consistency of Approach and Procedures
This is the seventh GEF-financed biodiversity activity proposed for Indonesia after the
Kerinci Seblat, Biodiversity Collections, Elephant Landscapes MSP, and Coral Reef
Rehabilitation and Management projects which are under implementation, and the Maluku
Conservation and Natural Resources project, Sangihe-Talaud MSP which are under preparation.
The approach and procedures of the IBSAP will be consistent with other biodiversity activities
underway in Indonesia, as well as the Operational Criteria for Enabling Activities: Biodiversity.
Advantage has also been taken of the Interim Assessment of Biodiversity Enabling Activities
(Wells et al., 1998)
Project Financing
(product costs are the cost related to the actual plan or report, and process costs are the
costs of stakeholder consultation and other measures to obtain broad ownership).
Product
Process
Total
8,900
-
8,900
8,100
-
8,100
800
-
800
Identification of options
35,000
50,500
85,500
National consultants
5,000
5,000
10,000
30,000
15,000
45,000
National Workshop I
-
7,500
7,500
Travel, misc.
-
23,000
23,000
24,800
264,200
289,000
4,800
4,800
9,600
20,000
10,000
30,000
-
33,000
33,000
12,000
12,000
64,400
64,400
10,000
10,000
-
130,000
130,000
46,300
8,900
55,200
Steering Committee honoraria/expenses
17,800
8,900
26,700
Organizing Committee honoraria/expenses
24,000
24,000
Bilingual secretary
4,500
4,500
Computers etc
3,000
-
3,000
Communications and office supplies
2,000
2,000
4,000
Report editing
1,750
1,750
3,500
115,000
323,600
438,600
Stocktaking and Inventory
National consultants
Documentation
International consultant
Strategy and Action Plan
National consultants
International consultant
National Workshop II
Travel for consultants/staff
Regional etc Workshops
-
Dissemination and public awareness
Translation and publication
Administration
Total
Annex: Activity Matrix, Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
Enabling Activity
Output
Commitment
Planning,
Execution
Capacity Building
Institutional
Strength
Public
Participation
Comments
Training
Stocktaking and Assessment, based on Existing Information
Biodiversity and biological resources
X
1
Cross-sectoral issues
X
1
Policy and regulatory framework
X
1, 2
Institutional and human capacity
X
1
Analysis of root causes of biodiversity
loss
X
1
Technologies for conservation and
sustainable use
X
1
Activities with adverse impacts
X
1, 3
Existing measures and programs
X
1
Preliminary statement of objectives
X
1, 4
Identification of gaps
X
1
Assessment of existing needs
X
Identification and Analysis of Options to Meet the Objectives of the CBD
Strategies for conservation
X
X
X
X
5, 6
Strategies for sustainable use
X
X
X
X
5, 6
Strategies for benefit sharing
X
X
X
X
5, 6
Planning and Preparation of a Strategy and Plan
National strategy
X
X
X
X
National action plan
X
X
X
X
Activity Matrix comments
1
BAPPENAS will contract experts from governmental institutions, private sector or NGOs to
gather/review materials on Indonesia emphasizing changes/progress since the first IBSAP.
Representatives from relevant ministries will be engaged to help with cross-sectoral issues
and technologies for conservation and sustainable use.
2
The IBSAP will identify gaps and insufficiencies of the Indonesian system and capacity for
biodiversity-related policies. The actions and implementation schedule will identify how
these gaps and insufficiencies will be remedied. The role that public involvement will play in
development of the policy and regulatory framework will be addressed, but is not expected
to be formalized during the project.
3
Activities with adverse impacts will be enumerated and measures and programs to mitigate
these will be described. These issues are to be included in the workshops, which will serve
as the platform for consensus building among the public and governmental departments.
4
The international consultant and national consultants will assist in the preparation of the
preliminary statement of objectives. BAPPENAS possesses the institutional strength to guide
this process, with focused support and training from an international consultant, especially in
regards to the strategies for conservation, sustainable use, and benefit sharing.
5
Preparation of the IBSAP is important now because of the rapid and major changes
occurring in politics, governance, and economic policy. The Enabling Activity is needed to
define the strategies for conservation, sustainable use and benefit sharing, and to improve
cooperation among the government departments with environmental management
responsibilities such as the Environment, Agriculture, Mining, Justice, and Forestry.
6
NGOs and the public will be given full opportunities during the IBSAP process to discuss
these aspects of biodiversity conservation.
Proposed Composition of the Steering Committee
Chairman :
National Development Planning Agency
Members :
Government :
National Development Planning Agency
Ministry of Forestry and Estate Crops
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries
Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of Tourism
Ministry of Justice
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Universities :
University of Indonesia
Bogor Agriculture Institute
Institute of Technology Bandung
NGOs:
Telapak
Skephi
Konphalindo
Private Sector: Kaltim Prima Coal ( KPC )
British Petroleum