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MAKERERE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
1. Course Name: Mineral Exploration and Mining Methods
2. Course Code:
GRM 2102
3. Course Description
The course introduces mineral exploration and mining methods. It focuses
on the exploration of ore deposits from desk studies up to harnessing of the
mineral deposit. The various methods of exploration are treated in detail.
Methods of sampling of ore, grade and tonnage calculations are also tackled,
culminating into the various mining methods and examples of classic ore
deposits world-over.
The major topics of this course are:
 Stages of Mineral Exploration
 Feasibility Studies
 Mineral Exploration Methods
 Sampling of Ore, Grade and Tonnage Calculations
 Mineral Economics
 Mining Methods and Effect on Environment
4. Course Objectives
The course objectives are:
 To inculcate knowledge of mineral exploration to the students
which is the mainstay of any Geologist searching for mineral
resources.
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 To acquire skills of carrying out feasibility studies which eliminate
unviable economic deposits and qualify viable ones.
 To learn to quantify the ore deposits.
 To introduce methods of projecting profitability in mining ventures
and search for mineral markets.
 To identify the different mining methods and their environmental
impacts.
5. Teaching and Assessment Pattern
Duration of Course
The course is taught to the second year students in one 15-week semester.
It is a 3 credit unit course. It involves 2 hours of lectures and 1 contact hour
for practicals per week.
Mode of Instruction
 By lectures and use of wall charts for the various ore minerals.
 Citation of case studies of exploration of some classical mineral
deposits.
 Lecturer asks questions or for students’ opinion during the lectures
in order to incite them into active participation.
 After the preliminary lectures, the students start embarking on the
practicals during the third week. These involve the various ore
mineral collections in the Department.
 Students are taken out of the lecture rooms to demonstrate the
various stages of mineral exploration.
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 Time is spent in the geochemistry laboratory to learn the assay
methods.
 The practicals and assay results are assessed.
 Students are given assignments after every major topic.
 Students sit a course test after the eighth and fifteenth weeks.
 The students spend 21/2 weeks in the field during the recess term.
Assessment Pattern
The students will be assessed a follows:
Requirements
No. of Units
a) Practicals
12
b) Assignments
4
c) Tests
2
Contribution
a-c 40%
d) Final Examination
60%
Total
100%
All the scores will then be converted to letter grades as follows:
Marks %
Letter Grade
80-100
75-79.9
70-74.9
65-69.9
60-64.9
55-59.9
50-54.9
45-49.9
40-44.9
35-39.9
Below 35
A
B+
B
BC+
C
CD+
D
DE
Grade Point
5
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
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6. Reading List
 Evans, A.M., 2000. Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals, An
Introduction; Blackwell Science.
 Kreiter, V.M., 1968. Geological Prospecting and Exploration; Mir
Publishers.
 Lacy, W.C. 1983. Mining Geology; Hutchinson Ross Publishing
Co.
 Peters, W.C. 1987. Exploration and Mining Geology, 2nd Edition;
John Wiley and Sons.
 Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. and Webb, J.S., 1979. Geochemistry in
Mineral Exploration, 2nd Edition; Academic Press.
 de Smeth, 1990.
Exploration Geochemistry, ITC, Delft, The
Netherlands.
 Thomas, L.J., 1979.
An introduction to Mining; Metheum of
Australia.
 Westerhof, A.B., 1992. An Introduction to Exploration Design and
Strategy, ITC, Delft, The Netherlands.
 Barifaijo, E. 2004. Lecturer Notes.
7. Course Outline
Stages of Mineral Exploration
History of mineral exploration, ore, gangue and industrial minerals,
sequential exploration model (desk studies, area selection, target generation,
prospect generation, sizing prospects, evaluation).
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Feasibility Studies
Planning (external factors and socio-economic controls), External factors
(mining method, transportation of mineral commodities, availability of
infrastructure, labour, environmental concerns and climate), socio-economic
factors (political stability, environmental pollution and Government controls
e.g. taxes, compensation etc., trade unions). Evaluation of reserves and
metallurgical tests, market studies and operating costs.
Mineral Exploration Methods
These will dwell essentially on geochemical methods as geophysical
methods will be covered in course GRM 2203.
Overview
of
geochemical
exploration,
geochemical
anomalies,
concentration factor, geochemical cycle, pathfinder elements, Clarke’s
average abundance of elements in the earth’s crust, lithogeochemical
surveys, soil geochemistry, biogeochemistry, geobotany, stream sediment
geochemistry,
heavy
minerals
in
exploration,
geochemical
maps,
hydrogeochemistry.
Sampling of Ore, Tonnage and Grade Calculations
Channel sampling, chip sampling, muck sampling, car sampling, pitting,
trenching, auger drilling, banka drilling and diamond drilling, Assaying,
grade, volume and tonnage calculations.
Mineral Economics
Ore values, recoverable value of a mineral commodity, estimating
profitability.
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Mining Methods
General terminologies used in mining, underground mining methods
(sublevel mining, longhole open stoping, shrinkage stoping, cut and fill
stoping, block caving, room and pillar mining), surface mining (open cast,
strip, solution, and in-situ leaching) mining methods, factors affecting the
selection of mining methods.
8. Suggested Teaching Programme
I.
Stages of Mineral Exploration
(3 weeks)
Assignment 1
 History of mineral exploration
 Ore, gangue and industrial minerals
 Sequential exploration model (desk studies, area selection, target
generation, prospect generation, sizing prospects, evaluation).
II.
Feasibility Studies
(2 weeks)
 Planning (external factors and socio-economic controls)
 External factors (mining method, transportation of mineral
commodities, availability of infrastructure, labour, environmental
concerns and climate)
 Socio-economic factors (political stability, environmental pollution
and Government controls e.g. taxes, compensation etc., trade
unions).
 Evaluation of reserves and metallurgical tests
 Market studies and operating costs
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III.
Mineral Exploration Methods
(3 weeks)
Assignment 2
 Overview of geochemical exploration
 Geochemical anomalies
 Concentration factor, geochemical cycle
 Pathfinder elements
 Clarke’s average abundance of elements in the earth’s crust
 Lithogeochemical surveys
 Soil geochemistry
 Biogeochemistry
 Geobotany
 Stream sediment geochemistry
 Heavy minerals in exploration
 Geochemical maps
 Hydrogeochemistry
IV.
Sampling of Ore, Grade and Tonnage Calculations
 Channel sampling
 Chip sampling
 Muck sampling
 Car sampling
 Pitting
 Trenching
 Auger drilling
 Banka drilling
 Diamond drilling
 Assaying
(2 weeks)
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 Grade, volume and tonnage calculations
V.
Mineral Economics
(2 weeks)
Assignment 3
 Ore values
 Recoverable value of a mineral commodity
 Estimating profitability
VI. Mining Methods and Effect on Environment (3 weeks) Assignment 4
 General terminologies used in mining
 Underground mining methods (sublevel mining, longhole open
stoping, shrinkage stoping, cut and fill stoping, block caving, room
and pillar mining)
 Surface mining (open cast, strip, solution, and in-situ leaching)
 Mining methods
 Factors affecting the selection of mining methods
Practicals will be continuous from week 3 up to week 15.
9. Responsibility of the Student
Regular attendance, do all the assignments, practicals, attend all the field
demonstrations participate in field excursions and write field reports.
10. Responsibility of the Course Lecturer
Constant and punctual teaching, guide students during practicals, accompany
and explain issues during field demonstrations and outer fieldwork, accurate
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and prompt grading of assignments, practicals, field reports, tests and
examinations. Assist students after formal lectures.