Table of Cases Principal cases are in italics. Cases cited in excerpted materials are not listed here. Abbott v. American Cyanamid Co., 402 Abigail Alliance v. Jon Eschenbach, 166 Abney v. Amgen Inc., 266 Acara v. Banks, 181 Acosta v. Richter, 359 Adams v. Via Christi Regional Medical Center, 111 Adamski v. Tacoma Gen. Hosp., 459 Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 497 AHA v. Schweiker, 82 Albain v. Flower Hosp., 327 Anderson v. Houser, 120 Anderson v. Somberg, 364 Andrews-Clarke v. Travelers Ins. Co., 501 Anglin v. Kleeman, 379 Archie v. Racine, 84 Armstrong v. Morgan, 121 Aronoff v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 148 Arrington v. Wong, 93 Artiglio v. Superior Court, 400 Atlanta Obstetrics & Gynecology Group v. Abelson, 444 Austin v. American Ass'n of Neurological Surgeons, 338 Aves v. Shah, 328 Baber v. Hospital Corp. of Am. 3 Baby K, In re, 1, 92, 94 Baldor v. Rogers, 326 Balign v. Bd. of Licensure in Medicine, 184 Baptist Mem. Hosp. Sys. v. Sampson, 466 Baptist Memorial Hospital-Union County Johnson, 184 Bauman v. U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 501 Baylor Univ. Med. Ctr., United States v., 96 Beal v. Doe, 85 Bearfield v. Hauch, 364 Becker v. Janinski, 134 v. Behringer, Estate of, v. Medical Ctr. at Princeton, 180, 241 Bell v. Hart, 337 Berger v. Sonneland, 179 Bernard v. Char, 261 Biddle v. Warren General Hospital, 179 Bing v. Thunig, 459 Bleday v. OUM Group, 449 Board of Medicine Quality Assurance v. Andrews, 142 Boehm v. Mayo Clinic Rochester, 337 Booth v. Wiley, 419 Borja v. Phoenix General Hospital, 318 Boulanger v. Pol, 194 Boyd v. Albert Einstein Med. Ctr., 478 Bradberry v. Pinellas County, 76 Bradshaw v. Daniel, 190, 189 Bragdon v. Abbott, 102 Branch v. Willis-Knighton Med. Ctr., 521 Brandt v. Pelican, 360 Brody v. Overlook Hosp., 401 Broemmer v. Abortion Servs. of Phoenix, 433 Brook v. St. John's Hickey Mem. Hosp., 324 Brooker v. Desert Hosp. Corp., 92 Brooks v. MD General Hospital, 3 Brown v. Belinfante, 143 Brown v. Brower, 133 Brown v. Gardner, 459 Brown v. Shyne, 325 Brown v. Superior Court, 393 Bryan v. Rectors and Visitors of the Univ. of Virginia, 7, 126, 93, 94 Bryant v. Adventist Health Systems/West, 94 Buchanan v. Mayfield, 183 Buckman Co. v. Plaintiffs’ Legal Committee, 403 Buraczynski v. Eyring, 433 1 Burditt v. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Servs., 85 Burger v. Lutheran Gen. Hosp., 360 Burless v. West Virginia Univ. Hospitals, 465 Burns v. Wannemaker, 379 Burroughs v. Magee, 174 Cafazzo v. Central Med. Health Serv., 401 Calwell v. Hassan, 122 Campbell v. Mincey, 78 Canon v. Lane, 433 Canterbury v. Spence, 198 Carr v. Strode, 220 Carter, United States v., 166 Casarez v. NME Hosp., 194 Castillo v. Emergency Medicine Associates, 78 Chambers v. Conaway, 421 Chapel v. Allison, 320 Chase v. Independent Practice Ass'n, 490 Chase v. Mary Hitchcock Mem. Hosp., 337 Chase, U.S. v., 183 Cherukuri v. Shalala, 92 Chikovsky v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 345 Childs v. Weis, 80 Chizmar v. Mackie, 414 Choroszy v. Tso, 420 Chumbler v. McClure, 326 Cicio v. Does, 500 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, 403 Citizens for Health v. Leavitt, 182 City of __________. See name of city. Clanton v. Von Haam, 113 Clark v. Gibbons, 364 Clark v. Southview Hosp. & Family Health Ctr., 466 Cleland v. Bronson Health Care Group, Inc., 95 Cobo v. Raba, 427 Colton v. New York Hosp., 126 Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Ct., 361 Commonwealth v. __________. See name of defendant. Conboy v. Mogeloff, 122 Connecticut State Med. Soc'y v. Connecticut Bd. of Examiners of Podiatry, 143 Cooper v. Bd. of Prof'l Discipline of the Idaho St. Bd. of Med., 150 Copithorne v. Framingham Union Hosp., 478 Corbet v. McKinney, 119 Corcoran v. United Healthcare, Inc., 501 Corlett v. Caserta, 427 Correa v. Hosp. San Francisco, 95 Costpito v. Heckler, 156 Cram v. Howell, 121 Crisp Regional Hospital v. Oliver, 119 Crist v. Moffatt, 360 Crowden v. Dandurand, 183 Culpepper v. Arkansas Bd. of Chiropractic Examiners, 149 Cunningham v. Huffman, 416, 475 Dabdoub v. Ochsner Clinic, 122 Daly v. Aspen Center for Women’s Health, 464 Daly v. United States, 121 Damiano v. McDaniel, 420 Dardinger v. Athem, 493 Darke v. Estate of Isner, 240 Darling v. Charleston Community Mem. Hosp., 457, 467 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 355 Davis v. Davis, 500 Davis v. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 79 Davis v. Wyeth Labs, 395 De Leon Lopez v. Corporacion Insular de Seguros, 363 DeGennaro v. Tandon, 241 Delaney v. Cade, 414 DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept. of Soc. Servs., 84 Desnick v. Department of Professional Regulation, 149 Devous v. Wyoming State Bd. of Med. Examiners, 151 Dias v. Brigham Medical Associates, Inc., 464 DiFelice v. AETNA U.S. Healthcare, 500 Diggs v. Arizona Cardiologists, 120 2 Dingle v. Belin, 380 Doe v. City of New York, 178 Doe v. Colautti, 85 Doe v. Marselle, 175 Doerr v. Villate, 379 Domako v. Rowe, 360 Dornack v. Layfayette General Hospital, 121 Draper v. Chiapuzio, 521 Duffy v. Flagg, 241 Dukakis v. Massachusetts Med. Soc'y, 82 Dukes v. U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 496 Duquette v. Superior Court, 356 Duttry v. Patterson, 241 Dyer v. Trachtman, 121 Einaugler v. New York Supreme Court, 298 Ellis v. Patterson, 85 Ellis v. Peter, 192 Emory Univ. v. Porubiansky, 124 Engalla v. The Permanente Med. Group, 433 Estate of __________. See name of real party in interest. Fabio v. Bellomo, 413 Falco v. Institute of Living, 184 Falcon v. Cheung, 338 Falcone v. Middlesex County, 161 Fall v. White, 426 Fein v. Permanente Med. Group, 413, 436, 503, 517 Feres v. United States, 459 Ferlito v. Cecola, 379 Ferrara v. Galluchia, 414 Fisch v. Bd. Reg. in Med., 149 Fletcher v. South Peninsula Hospital, 467 Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc., 149 Flowers v. Torrance Mem. Hosp. Med. Ctr., 362 Food and Drug Administration v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, 170 Foster v. Traul, 214 Fox v. Health Net, 316 Franklin v. Gupta, 381 Freeman v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 400 Gafner v. Down East Community Hosp., 444 Gammill v. United States, 192 Garcia v. La Farge, 420 Garcia v. Wyeth-Ayerst Lab., 402 Garhart v. Columbia/Healhtone, 522 Garrett v. Detroit Med. Ctr., 95 Garvey v. O'Donoghue, 404 Gates v. Jensen, 369 Gatewood v. Washington Healthcare Corp., 92, 94 General Electric Co. v. Joiner, George Washington Univ. v. Waas, 427 German v. Nichopoulos, 362 Gettman v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 166 Gilbert v. Sycamore Mun. Hosp., 426, 465 Giordano v. Ramirez, 380 Givens v. Mullikin ex rel. Estate of McElwaney, 179 Glanz v. Vernick, 104 Gonzales v. Raich, 171 Green v. Walker, 120 Greenberg v. Miami Children’s Hospital Research Inst. Inc., 268 Greenberg v. Perkins, 121 Greenwood v. Harris, 309 Gregory v. Heritage Hosp., 360 Grimes v. Green, 327 Gruidl v. Schell, 426 Gubler v. Boe, 338 Guerrero v. Copper Queen Hosp., 79 Guess, In re, 148, 325 Guilbeau v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 363 Halter v. State Dep't of Commerce and Economic Dev., Med. Bd., 148 Hand v. Tavera, 79, 80 Hardee v. Biomedical Applications of SC, 122 Harden by Harden v. Allstate Ins. Co., 194 Hardy v. Brantley, 465 Harlow v. Chin, 426 Harris v. Groth, 372 Harris v. McRae, 76, 85 Harry v. Marchment, 91 3 Havens v. Hoffman, 221 Hayes v. State, 187 Heinmiller v. Department of Health, 148 Heinrich v. Sweet, 419 Heller v. Mutual Ins. Co., 360 Helling v. Carey, 365, 369, 388 Henning v. Thomas, 327, 338 Hernandez v. Starr County Hosp., 93 Herrera v. Roessing, 379 Herridge v. Board of Registration in Med., 152 Herskovits v. Group Health Coop. of Puget Sound, 406 Hickey v. Travelers Ins. Co., 121 Hidding v. Williams, 240 Higdon v. Carlebach, 308 Hiser v. Randolph, 80 Hoffman v. Wells, 464 Holcomb v. Monahan, 95 Holton v. Mem. Hosp., 416 Hood v. Phillips, 314, 323 Hotz v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Mass., 500 Howe v. Hull, 109 Howes v. United States, 179 Hufft v. Horowitz, 400 Humana Health Ins. Co. v. Chipps, 493 Hurley v. Eddingfield, 70 Hutchinson v. Patel, 521 In re __________. See name of real party in interest. In the Matter of __________. See name of real party in interest. Incollingo v. Ewing, 405 Insinga v. LaBella, 478 Irvin v. Smith, 119 Jackson v. Power, 466 Jaffee v. Redmond, 183 James v. Sunrise Hospital, 94 Jennings v. Burgess, 420 Jistarri v. Nappi, 328 JKB v. Armour Pharm. Co., 420 Johnson v. Kokemoor, 267 Johnson v. Misericordia Community Hosp., 469 Johnson v. Price, 338 Johnson v. Thompson, 108 Johnson v. University of Chicago Hosps., 93 Joiner v. Gonzales, 477 Jones v. Chidester, 317 Jones v. Harrisburg Polyclinic Hosp., 363 Jones v. McDonald, 420 Jones v. Stanko, 192 Jones v. U.S. Healthcare, 490 Joy v. Eastern Maine Med. Ctr., 122 Joyner v. Alton Ochsner Med. Found., 91 Karp v. Cooley, 221, 325 Kashishian v. Port, 465 Keene v. Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 458 Kenyon v. Hammer, 420 Kirbens v. Wyoming State Bd. of Med., 148 Kirk v. Michael Reese Hosp., 122 Kitzmiller v. Henning, 360 Konstantikiks v. Kassipidis, 421 Kramer v. Lewisville Mem. Hosp., 413 Krane v. St. Anthony Hosp. Sys., 387 Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 343 Lange-Kessler v. Department of Educ. of N.Y., 142 Laughridge v. Moss, 326 Laznovsky v. Laznovsky, 184 Leach v. Drummond Med. Group, 82 Lee v. Alleghany Regional Hosp. Corp., 94 Lesley v. Chie, 109 Lester ex rel. Mavrogenis v. Hall, 122 Lloyd v. Sutfin, 149 Locke v. Pachtman, 303, 328, 361, 364 , 401 Lockett v. Goodill, 174 Lopez-Soto v. Hawayek, 93 Lopez, United States v., 166 Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 170 Lownsbury v. Van Buren, 120 Lugenbuhl v. Dowling, 214 Lyness v. State Bd. of Medicine, 151 Lyons v. Grether, 117 4 Madden v. Kaiser Found. Hosps., 125, 428 Madsen v. Park Nicollet Med. Ctr., 330 Maher v. Roe, 76, 85 Mahoney v. Lensink, 178 Malik v. William Beaumont Hospital, 122 Managed Care Litigation, In re, 495 Marcelletti v. Bathani, 187 Marchiniak v. Lundborg, 445 Marler v. Missouri State Bd. of Optometry, 151 Marshall v. Medical Assoc. of R.I., 337 Martin v. Medtronic, Inc., 403 Martin v. Richards, 223 Martin v. Richey, 420 Massengale v. Okla. Bd. of Examiners in Optometry, 148 Maxwell v. Women’s Clinic, 309 McBride v. United States, 409 McCall v. Pacificare of Cal., Inc., 503 McCarty v. Mladineo, 313 McClellan v. Health Maintenance Org. of Penn., 380, 490 McCourt v. Abernathy, 300, 348, 447 McDonald v. Hampton Training School for Nurses, 464 McDougald v. Garber, 443 McGeshick v. Choucair, 223 McKeesport v. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Ed, 160 McKinney v. Schlatter, 120 McMahon v. Young, 412 McMillan v. Durant, 337 McNamara v. Emmons, 126 McNulty v. NY, 192 Medical Licensing Bd. of Indiana, 150 Medical Society of N.J. v. New Jersey Dept. of Law and Public Safety, 143 Medtronic Inc. v. Lohr, 403 Meiman v. Rehabilitation Ctr., Inc., 125 Memorial Hosp. v. Maricopa County, 85 Mercer v. Vanderbilt Univ., 427 Michael v. Hahnemann Med. College and Hosp. of Philadelphia, 458 Millard v. Corrado, 119 Miller v. Jacoby, 364 Miller v. Medical Ctr. of Southwest La., 93 Miller, State v., 138 Milliron v. Francke, 465 Miranda v. National Emergency Servs., Inc., 338 Mitchell v. Clayton, 142 Modi v. West Virginia Bd. of Medicine, 145 Mohn v. Hahnemann Medical College, 338 Molloy v. Meier, 123 Moon Ho Huh v. N.Y. State Dep't of Health, Board for Prof'l Medical Conduct, 147 Moore v. Ashland Chemical Inc., 344 Moore v. Regents of the Univ. of California, 226, 265 Moore v. Shah, 122 Morgan v. North Mississippi Medical Center, 94 Morgan, Estates of, v. Fairfield Family Counseling Ctr., 193 Moser v. Heistand, 458 Moss v. Miller, 330 Mower, People v., 171 Mozingo v. Pitt County Mem. Hosp., 120 Munstermann v. Alegent Health-Immanuel Medical Center, 193 Murphy v. Blum, 120 Muse v. Charter Hosp., 316 Nasser v. Parker, 193 National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis v. Cal. Bd. Of Neade v. Portes, 316 Nelson v. Harrington, 425 New Mexico Ass'n for Retarded Citizens v. New Mexico, 109 New v. Armour Pharm. Co., 420 Newmark v. Gimbel's Inc., 390 Nishi v. Hartwell, 220 North Coast Women’s Care Medical Gropu, Inc. V. Superior Court, 96 North Dallas Diagnostic Ctr. v. Dewberry, 344 O'Gilvie v. International Playtex Inc., 400 O’Connor v. Donaldson, 84 5 Oakland Cannabis Buyers Cooperative, United States v., 166 Oja v. Kin, 120 Oliver v. Brock, 77, 119 Olmstead v. L.C., 84 Olson v. Molzen, 125 Onishea v. Hopper, 110 Ornelas v. Fry, 122 Orozco v. Henry Ford Hospital, 307 Ortiz v. Shah, 113 Pacificare of Oklahoma v. Burrage, 502 Painter v. Abels, 150 Paris v. Kreitz, 337 Parmalee, State v., 170 party in interest. Pate v. Threlkel, 192, 194 Patrick v. Burget, 135 Payne v. Sherrer, 120 Payton v. Weaver, 81, 129 Pederson v. Dumouchel, 366 Pediatric Neurosurgery v. Russell, 388 Pedroza v. Bryant, 478 Pegram v. Herdrich, 502 People v. __________. See name of defendant. Perez v. Wyeth Laboratories, 403 Petition of Smith, 150 Petrovich v. Share Health Plan, 490 Phillips, People v., 381 Pickle v. Curns, 444 Pierce v. Caday, 179 Pietrelli v. Peacock, 433 Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 501 Pinsker v. Pacific Coast Society of Orthopedics, 161 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Penn. v. Casey, 241 Pope v. Winter Park Healthcare Group, 467 Powell v. Catholic Medical Cntr, 193 Pratt v. Stein, 337 President of Georgetown College v. Hughes, 458 Preston v. Meriter Hosp., 93 Priest v. Lindig, 365 Privitera, People v., 170 Prosise v. Foster, 120 Psychology, 141 Public Citizen v. Young, 346 Pulliam v. Coastal Emergency Services Richmond, 521 Pulvers v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, 330, 380 of R.J. v. Humana of Florida, 414 R.K. v. Ramirez, 359 Reda v. Advocate Health Care, 183 Reed v. Bojarski, 120 Reese v. Stroh, 344 Rehm v. Lenz, 521 Reisner v. Regents of the Univ. of California, 194 Renslow v. Mennonite Hosp., 122 Repp v. Anadarko Mun. Hosp., 95 Reyes v. Wyeth Labs, 403 Reynolds v. Decatur Mem. Hosp., 115 Rhodenhouse v. Stutts, 338 Rice v. Panchal, 502 Ricks v. Budge, 127, 133 RIH Medical Foundation v. Nolan, 158 Riser v. American Med. Int'l, 375 Rizzo v. Schiller, 217 Roberts v. Cox, 221 Roberts v. Galen of Virginia, Inc., 92, 95 Roberts v. Stevens Clinic Hosp., 497 Robertson v. LaCroiz, 309 Robins v. Katz, 427 Rodgers v. Adams, 338 Roe v. Wade, 76 Roes v. FHP, Inc., 414 Rogers v. Robson, Masters, Ryan, Brumund & Belon, 452 Rogers, People v., 141 Rosen v. Montgomery Surgical Center, 180 Rudenauer v. Zafiropoulos, 419 Runyan v. Smith, 187 Rush v. Parham, 85 Rust v. Sullivan, 126 Rutherford v. United States, 161 6 Rx Depot, Inc., U.S. v., 172 Saari v. Litman, 120 Safer v. Estate of Pack, 192 Salgo v. Leland Stanford Jr. Univ. Bd. of Trustees, 364, 404 Samaritan Found. v. Goodfarb, 361 Samms v. District Court, 360 Sander v. Geib, Elseton, Frost P.A., 421 Santa Rosa Health Care Corp. v. Garcia, 192 Saunders, State v., 140 Schleier v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, 489 Schloendorff v. Society of N.Y. Hosp., 425, 455 Schneider v. Revici, 222, 325, 381, 422, 425 Schroeder v. Perkel, 123 Schroeder, In the Matter of, 187 Schuster v. Altenberg, 194 Schwartz v. Brownlee, 521 Scott v. Bradford, 217 Scott v. Flynt, 360 Scripps Clinic v. Superior Court, 376 Seavers v. Methodist Medical Center, 363 Seeley v. Washington State, 167 Seider v. Board of Examiners of Psychologists, 179 Sermchief v. Gonzales, 143 Shalala v. Whitecotton, 402 Shannon v. McNulty, 491 Shea v. Esensten, 316 Sheffield v. Runner, 309 Sherman v. Cryns, 142 Shorter v. Drury, 126 Simmons v. Parkinson, 465 Sisson v. Elkins, 364 Skillings v. Allen, 192 Slater v. Optical Radiation Corp., 325 Sloan v. Metropolitan Health Council of Indianapolis, 464 Small v. Howard, 326 Smith v. American Home Products Corp., 183 Smith v. Department of Ins., 522 Smith v. Heckler, 154 Smith v. Hull, 222 Smith v. Menet, 313 Smith v. Richmond Mem. Hosp., 94 Smith, State v., 150 Sosa v. Paulos, 433 South Carolina Medical Assoc. v. Thompson, 182 Spensieri v. Lasky, 404 St. Agnes Hospital v. Riddick, 161 St. Charles v. Kender, 80 Stang-Starr v. Byington, 349 Stanley v. McCarver, 120 Stanturf v. Sipes, 78 Starozytnyk v. Reich, 237 State Bd. of Nursing v. Ruebke, 142 State ex rel. __________. See name of real party in interest. State v. __________. See name of defendant. States v. Samuelson, 119 Sterling Drug, Inc. v. Yarrow, 404 Stogsdill v. Healthmark Partners, 316 Stover v. Ass'n of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons, 221 Strubhart v. Perry Mem. Hosp., 444 Suesbury v. Caceres, 184 Sullivan v. Edward Hospital, 337 Sullivan v. O'Connor, 376, 493, 500 Sullivan v. Russell, 308 Summers v. Baptist Med. Ctr., 92, 95 Surgical Consultants, P.C. v. Ball, 134 Suthers v. Amgen Inc., 266 Sutphin v. Platt, 347 Sutton v. St. Jude Med. S.C., 414 Sutton v. United Air Lines, 108 Sword v. NKC Hospitals, 465 Syracuse v. Diao, 465 Tansy v. Dacomed Corp., 400 Tarasoff v. Regents of Univ. of California, 189, 193 Testin v. Dryer Medical Clinic, 359 Texas State Board of Examiners v. Burzynski, 149, 170 Thapar v. Zezulka, 191, 194 The T.J. Hooper, 367 7 Thomas S. v. Morrow, 84 Thompson v. Carter, 333 Thompson v. Nason Hosp., 444 Thompson v. Sun City Community Hosp., 81, 91 Thompson v. Western States Medical Center, 149 Thornton v. Southwest Detroit Hosp., 94 Tighe v. Ginsberg, 179 Tobia v. Cooper Hosp. Univ. Med. Ctr., 426 Tonsic v. Wagner, 464 Toppino v. Herhahn, 363 Travers v. District of Columbia, 315 Trower v. Jones, 334 Tunkl v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 123, 426, 430 Turpin v. Sortini, 444 U.S. Nursing Corp. v. St. Joseph Medical Cntr.,158 United Blood Servs. v. Quintana, 372 United States ex rel. __________ See name of real United States v. __________. See name of defendant. University Hosp., United States v., 97 University of Alabama v. Garrett, 133 Vickers v. Nash Gen. Hosp., Inc., 94 Vicksburg Partners v. Stephens, 433 Villazon v. Prudential Health Care, 490 Virginia State Bd. of Pharm. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 149 White, State v., 140 Wickline v. State, 8, 330, 482 Wickoff v. James, 301 Wideman v. Shallowford Community Hosp., 75 Wilk v. American Med. Ass'n,, 264 Williams v. Good Health Plus, Inc., 489 Williams v. Spring Hill Mem. Hosp., 416 Williams v. St. Joseph Hosp., 376 Williams v. Wadsworth, 337 Williamson v. Lee Optical, 141 Wilmington Gen. Hosp. v. Manlove, 71 Wilschinsky v. Medina, 122 Wilson v. Blue Cross of S. Cal., 491 Wilson v. Stilwell, 338 Withers v. Univ. of Kentucky, 458 Wlosinski v. Cohn, 241 Wright v. Jeckle, 237 Wyatt v. Stickney, 84 Ybarra v. Spangard, 364 York v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, 465 Youngberg v. Romeo, 76 Zalazar v. Vercimak, 315 Zamstein v. Marvasti, 187 Zeier v. Zimmer, 522 Wade-Greaux v. Whitehall Lab., 345 Walker v. Pierce, 105 Washburn v. Rite Aid Corp., 179 Washington Physicians Service Association v. Gregoire, 500 Washington v. Washington Hosp. Ctr., 373 Watkins v. Fromm, 420 Weaver v. University of Mich. Bd. of Regents, 118 Webb v. T.D., 121 Wecker v. Amend, 223 Welgold v. Patel, 194 Welke v. Kuzilla, 121 Wendland v. Sparks, 416 Whalen v. Roe, 179 Wharton Transport Corp. v. Bridges, 189 8