Chemistry of Living Things
2-1, 2-3
Atom: Basic unit of matter
Structure of an Atom
Proton(+): Positively charged particle
Electron(-): Negatively charged particle
Neutron: Carries no charge
Element: pure substance containing only one type of atom
Ex: N-Nitrogen, C-Carbon, H-Hydrogen, O-Oxygen
Atoms containing the same number of protons and
electrons have a neutral charge
Ion: a charged particle formed when an atom has gained or
lost and electron
Ex. Na+
Chemical Compounds
Compound: A substance formed by the chemical
combination of two or more elements
Ex. NaCl-salt H2O-Water
Bond Types
Ionic Bonds: Form when electrons are transferred from one
atom to another
Covalent Bonds: Form when electrons are shared between
atoms
Organic vs Inorganic Compounds
Organic compounds: contain the elements Carbon and
Hydrogen with Carbon-Carbon Bonds
Ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins
Inorganic compounds: Compounds that do not contain
Carbon and Hydrogen
Ex. NaCl-salt H2O-Water
Macromolecules: large molecules formed by the joining of
smaller compounds in a process known as polymerization.
Organic compounds 4 basic types
1. Carbohydrates: compounds composed of Carbon,
Hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Ex. Glucose C6H12O6
Monosaccharide: Simple sugar containing one glucose
molecule
Polysaccharide: Complex carbohydrate formed by joining
many monosaccharides
Dehydration Synthesis: the process by which
polysaccharides are formed
In dehydration synthesis water Is Removed and Monomers
are linked together
Why are carbohydrates important?
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of
energy
2. Lipids: Compounds composed of C,H,O that are
insoluble in water
Ex. Oils, fats
Lipids form when Glycerol combines with a Fatty Acid
Why are lipids important?
-Lipids store energy
-Lipids are important parts of biological membranes
3. Proteins: Compounds composed of C,H,O and N
Polymers of Amino Acids
Contain an Amino Group(NH2), Carboxyl group(-COOH),
R-group
R-groups vary and give proteins unique properties
20 different types of amino acids exist
Why are proteins important?
-Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions within the
body
4. Nucleic Acids: Compounds composed of C,H,O,N, Pphosphorus
Polymers of Nucleotides
Nucleotides contain 3 things:
1. A 5-carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
Why are nucleic acids important?
They store and transmit genetic information
DNA is composed of Nucleic Acids
Chemistry of Living Things
Atom:
Structure of an Atom
Proton(+): _________________ charged particle
Electron(-): ________________ charged particle
Neutron: Carries ______________
Element: pure substance containing only __________ type
of atom
Ex: N-_____________, C-_____________, H-__________,
O-_____________
Atoms containing the same number of protons and
electrons have a neutral charge
Ion: a _______________ ________________formed
when an atom has gained or lost and electron
Ex.
Chemical Compounds
Compound: A substance formed by the ______________
__________________ of two or more elements
Ex.
Bond Types
Ionic Bonds: Form when electrons are _______________
from one atom to another
Covalent Bonds: Form when electrons are
_____________between atoms
Organic vs Inorganic Compounds
Organic compounds:
Ex.
Inorganic compounds:
Ex.
Macromolecules: large molecules formed by the joining of
smaller compounds in a
process known as ____________________
Organic compounds 4 basic types
1. Carbohydrates: compounds composed of ___________
_______________ and
__________________ in a 1:2:1 ratio
Ex.
Monosaccharide:
Polysaccharide:
Dehydration Synthesis: the process by which
polysaccharides are formed
In dehydration synthesis Water __________________ and
_____________ are linked together
Why are carbohydrates important?
2. Lipids: Compounds composed of C,H,O that are
__________________ in water
Ex.
Lipids form when ________________ combines with a
_________________
Why are lipids important?
-
3. Proteins: Compounds composed of C,H,O and ______
Polymers of Amino Acids
Contain an __________________________(NH2),
___________________(-COOH), R-group
R-groups vary and give proteins unique properties
_______ different types of amino acids exist
Why are proteins important?
-
4. Nucleic Acids: Compounds composed of C,H,O,N, and
_________________
Polymers of Nucleotides
Nucleotides contain 3 things:
1.
2.
3.
Why are nucleic acids important?
_________________is composed of Nucleic Acids
Chemistry of living things quiz
Name______________________
1. The basic unit of matter is the
a. Cell
b. Atom
c. Nucleus
d. Electron
2. A proton has what type of charge
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. +1
d. No charge
3. An electron has what type of charge
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. +1
d. No charge
4. A neutron has what type of charge
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. +1
d. No charge
5. Define an element and give an example
6. An Ion can be defined as
a. A subatomic particle
b. A charged particle
c. An electron
d. A large proton
7. Define a compound and give an example
Chemistry of living things
2-2
Properties of water
Water-H2O is a neutral molecule
Contains 10 protons and 10 electrons
However the water molecule has a slight charge making it
Polar
Water has a slight (-) charge on the oxygen side and a slight
(+) charge on the hydrogen side
The polarity of water is due to unevenly distributed
electrons within the molecule
based on its shape
Hydrogen Bonding
Formed between the Hydrogen atom on one water molecule
and the Oxygen atom on another water molecule
Water molecules can form up to four hydrogen bonds
Cohesion: An attraction between molecules o the same
substance
Ex. Water’s surface tension
Adhesion: An attraction between molecules of different
substances
Ex. Water forming the meniscus in a graduated cylinder,
Capillary action
Solutions and Suspensions
Mixture: a material composed of two or more elements or
compounds that are physically mixed, but not chemically
combined
Ex. Salt and pepper, sand and gravel
Two types of mixtures can be made with water, a solution
and a suspension
Solution: A Homogeneous mixture where water is the
solvent
Homogeneous: The same throughout
Solvent: The substance in which a substance dissolves
Solute: The substance being dissolved
Solution example: Salt water
Solute________________
Solvent_______________
Suspension: A mixture in which undissolved materials are
so small tat they are suspended in the water
Ex. Blood
Acids, Bases, and PH
Water molecules react to form Ions
H2OH+(hydrogen) + OH-(Hydroxide)
PH: The hydrogen Ion concentration in a solution
The PH scale Goes from 0(acidic) to 14(basic)
H2O- PH 7(Neutral)
Buffer: A weak acids or bases that react with strong acids
or bases to prevent sharp changes in PH
Used in maintaining PH in the fluids of the cell
Chemistry of living things
2-2
Properties of water
WaterHowever the water molecule has a ___________
_____________ making _________
Water has a slight ( ) charge on the oxygen side and a
slight ( ) charge on the hydrogen side
The polarity of water is due to unevenly distributed
________________ within the molecule
based on its _______________
Hydrogen Bonding
Formed between the ____________ atom on one water
molecule and the ________________ atom on another
water molecule
Water molecules can form up to four hydrogen bonds
Cohesion:
Ex.
Adhesion:
Ex.
Solutions and Suspensions
Mixture:
Ex.
Two types of mixtures can be made with water, a solution
and a suspension
Solution:
Homogeneous:
Solvent:
Solute:
Solution example:
Solute________________
Solvent_______________
Suspension:
Ex.
Acids, Bases, and PH
Water molecules react to form Ions
H2OH+(
) + OH-(
)
PH:
The PH scale goes from 0(
H2O- PH 7(
) to 14(
)
Buffer:
Used in maintaining PH in the fluids of the cell
)