Midterm Exam Study Guide
Ecology Chapter 18
Symbiosis
A relationship between two or more organisms
Parasitism
A relationship between organisms in which the parasite benefits, and the host is harmed.
Commensalism
A relationship between organisms in which one benefits and one is not affected.
Mutualism
A relationship between organisms in which both organisms are benefited.
Host
Host is the organism being harmed in a parasitic relationship.
Predator
An organism that hunts and kills its prey.
Prey
The organism that is hunted and killed by a predator.
Producers
Organisms that make their own food using sunlight.
Consumers
Organisms that eat other organisms.
Herbivores
Consumers that eat plants only.
Carnivores/omnivore
Organisms that eat meat only. / Organisms that eat meat and plants.
Decomposers
PlantHerbivoreCarnivore/OmnivoreScavenger
(Primary
(Secondary Consumer) (Tertiary Consumer)
Consumer)
Consumers that absorb nutrients from dead, decaying matter.
Ecology
The study of the interactions between living organisms and their non-living environment.
Biology
The study of living things.
Biotic
Living organisms- plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria
Abiotic
Non- living things- rocks, soil, sunlight, water
Scavenger
Omnivores eat dead plants or animals
Levels of organization in an ecosystem
Carrying capacity
OrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystemBiosphere
The total number of organisms an environment can support.
Limiting factor
Something that limits the number of organisms an environment can support.
Correct order of a food chain
Biomes Chapter 20
Rainforest
Hot year round, Lots of rain, Large amount of biodiversity
Biodiversity
Tundra
The number of different plants and animals in an ecosystem
Cold, low amount of rainfall, Low amount of biodiversity, treeless plain
Coniferous forest
(Taiga)
Cold winters, warm summers, Trees that have pine needles, moose, lynx
Desert
Hot and dry, Low amount of biodiversity, cacti
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Change of seasons, Trees that have leaves that change color and fall off at same time
each year- Georgia is a temperate deciduous forest
Hot summers, harsh winters, mainly grasses, prairie dogs
Grassland
What determines the type of biome found in a
region?
How do deciduous trees conserve water in the
winter?
Climate, plants, and animals
Leaves change color, and fall off at same time each year.
Describe the soil in a tropical rainforest.
Estuary
Nutrient poor
An area where a river meets and ocean and freshwater and saltwater mix
Which biomes have the largest and lowest amount
of rainfall?
Tropical Rainforest- Greatest amount of biodiversity
Desert, Tundra- Lowest amount of biodiversity
Permafrost
Permantly frozen soil found in the tundra
Cell Structures
Robert Hooke
Cell wall
Discovered the first cell in a slice of cork
Outer layer of plant cell provides structure and support for the cell
Cell membrane
Protective layer of cell and controls what goes into and out of the cell
Prokaryote
Chlorophyll
Single celled organism, have no nucleus, have no membrane- covered organelles, circular
DNA EX/ Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Multi-cellular organism, have a nucleus, have membrane-covered organelles, linear DNA
EX/ Protists, Fungi, Plant, Animal
Green pigment inside the chloroplast
chloroplasts
Large Water vacuole
Organelle where photosynthesis takes place in a plant cell
Organelle in a plant cell where water is stored
Ribosomes
Organelle where proteins are produced
Eukaryote
Cell Processes
Diffusion
Active transport/Passive transport
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Molecules moving from areas of higher concentration across the cell membrane to areas
of lower concentration
Transport across the cell membrane using energy/ Transport across the cell membrane
without the use of energy
Water only molecules moving from areas of higher concentration across the cell
membrane to areas of lower concentration
Large particles move into cell when cell uses energy to wrap itself around the particles
Mitochondria
Large particles move out of cell when cell uses energy to unwrap and release particle
from the cell
Organelle that takes food and makes energy in a cell
Chloroplast
Organelle in a plant cell only that performs photosynthesis to make food
Formula for photosynthesis
Sunlight+ CO2 + H2O------C6H12O6 + O2
Formula for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + O2--------- CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
ATP
Energy that is not used right away, gets stored in molecules of Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)
Photosynthesis releases O2 that cellular respiration needs and Cellular Respiration
releases CO2 that Photosynthesis needs
Fermentation – during cellular respiration cells use CO2 instead of O2 which causes a
buildup of lactic acid in muscles and muscle fatigue
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration
dependent on each other?
What happens when your muscles become tired?
Classification
Carolus Linnaeus
The 7 levels of classification
What are the Kingdoms of living things?
Who developed the system of
classification we use today?
What is a dichotomous key?
“Father of Taxonomy”
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, Genus, species
Plant, animal, fungi, protist, archaebacteria, bacteria
Linnaeus
A chart used to name organisms. ( 2 choices)