Table S1 Michaelis–Menten kinetics of N uptake from NO3–, NH4+, and various amino acids by
microorganisms, source publication for data in Table 3 and Figure 3.
Publications
Nitrogen form
Akpemado & Bracquart (1983)
Amino acid
Anderson et al. (2001)
Amino acid
Annuar et al. (2006)
Ammonium
Betlach & Tiedje (1981)
Nitrate
Boyaval et al. (1983)
Amino acid
Brownlee & Arst (1983)
Nitrate
Chalot & Brun. (1998)
Amino acid
Chalot et al. (1996)
Amino acid
D’Ambrosio et al. (1973)
Amino acid
Dubois & Grenson (1979)
Ammonium
Ghrist and Stauffer (1995)
Amino acid
Glover et al. (1975)
Amino acid
Gregory et al. (1982)
Amino acid
Gupta & Howard (1971)
Amino acid
Guroff & Bromwell (1970)
Amino acid
Guroff & Bromwell (1970)
Amino acid
Hackstadt and Williams (1983)
Amino acid
Hill et al. (2012)
Amino acid
Hoban & Lyric (1972)
Amino acid
Hunter & Segel (1971)
Ammonium
Hyman and Wood (1983)
Ammonium
Jones & Hodge (1999)
Amino acid
Jones & Kielland (2002)
Amino acid
Jongbloed et al. (1991)
Ammonium
Kay & Gronlund (1971)
Amino acid
Keenan et al. (1982)
Amino acid
Kersten et al. (1999)
Ammonium
Kleiner (1981)
Ammonium
Kleiner (1985)
Ammonium
Littke et al. (1984)
Nitrate
MacDonald & Coddington (1974)
Nitrate
Miller & Rodwell (1971)
Murray et al. (1989)
O'Neill & Wilkinson (1977)
Reay et al. (1999)
Roos (1989)
Schut et al. (1993)
Tang & Howard (1973)
Amino acid
Nitrate
Ammonium
Ammonium
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
1
Thayer & Huffaker (1982a)
Thayer & Huffaker (1982b)
Vinolas et al. (2001)
Wehrmann et al. (1995)
Wood (1975)
Nitrate
Nitrate
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
References
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Streptococcus thermophilus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45(1): 136–40.
Anderson IC, Chambers SM, Cairney JWG. 2001. Characteristics of glutamine uptake by two
Australian Pisolithus species. Mycological Research 105: 977–982.
Annuar MSM, Tan IKP, Ibrahim S, Ramachandran KB. 2006. Ammonium uptake and growth
kinetics of Pseudomonas putida PGA1. Asia Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology 14: 1–10.
Betlach MR, Tiedje JM. 1981. Kinetic explanation for accumulation of nitrite, nitric oxide, and
nitrous oxide during bacterial denitrification. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42:
1074–1084.
Boyaval P, Moreira E, Desmazeaud MJ. 1983. Transport of aromatic amino acids by
Brevibacterium linens. Journal of Bacteriology 155(3): 1123–1129.
Brownlee AG, Arst HN JR. 1983. Nitrate uptake in Aspergillus nidulans and involvement of the
third gene of the nitrate assimilation gene cluster. Journal of Bacteriology 55: 1138–1146.
Chalot M, Brun A. 1998. Physiology of nitrogen acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi and
ectomycorrhizas. FEMS Microbiology Review 22: 21–44.
Chalot M, Brun A, Botton B, Söderström B. 1996. Kinetics, energetics and specificity of a
general amino acid transporter from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus.
Microbiology 142: 1749–1756.
D'Ambrosio SM, Glover GI, Nelson SO, Jensen RA. 1973. Specificity of the
tyrosine-phenylalanine transport system in Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Bacteriology 115:
673–681.
Dubois E, Grenson M. 1979. Methylamine/ammonia uptake systems in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Multiplicity and regulation. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 175: 67–76.
Ghrist AC, Stauffer GV. 1995. The Escherichia coli glycine transport system and its role in the
regulation of the glycine cleavage enzyme system. Microbiology 141: 133–140.
Glover GE, D'Ambrosio SM, Jensen RA. 1975. Versatile properties of a nonsaturable,
homogeneous transport system in Bacillus subtilis: Genetic, kinetic, and affinity labeling
studies. Proceeding of National Academy of Science, USA 72: 814–818.
Gregory ME, Keenan MHJ, Rose AH. 1982. Accumulation of L-Asparagine by Saccharomyces
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Gupta RK, Howard DH. 1971. Comparative physiological status of the yeast and mycelial forms
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Guroff G, Bromwell KE. 1970. Phenylalanine uptake and phenyl-alanine-binding material in
Comamonas sp. (ATCC 11299a). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 137: 379–387.
Hackstadt T, Williams JC. 1983. pH Dependence of the Coxiella burnetii Glutamate Transport
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Hoban DJ, Lyric RM. 1977. Glutamate uptake in Thiobacillus novellus. Canadian Journal of
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Hunter DR, Segel IH. 1971. Acidic and basic amino acid transport systems of Penicillium
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2
Hyman MR, Wood PM. 1983. Methane oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea. Biochemistry
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Jones DL, Hodge A. 1999. Biodegradation kinetics and sorption reactions of three differently
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Jones DL, Kielland K. 2002. Soil amino acid turnover dominates the nitrogen flux in
permafrost-dominated taiga forest soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 34: 209–219.
Jongbloed RH, Clement JMAM, Borst-Pauwels GWFH. 1991. Kinetics of NH4+ and K+ uptake
by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Effect of NH4+ on K+ uptake. Physiology Plantarum 83: 427-432.
Kay WW, Gronlund AF. 1971. Transport of aromatic amino acids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Keenan MHJ, Rose AH, Silvermab NW. 1982. Effect of plasma-membrane phospholipid
unsaturation on solute transport into Saccharomyces cereuisiae NCYC 366. Journal of
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Kersten MASH, Arninkhof MJC, Op den Camp HJM, van Griensven LJLD, van der Drift
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Kleiner D. 1981. The transport of NH3 and NH4+ across biological membranes. Biochimica et
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Kleiner D. 1985. Bacterial ammonium transport. FEMS Microbiology Review 32: 87–100.
Littke WR, Bledsoe CS, Edmonds RL. 1984. Nitrogen uptake and growth in vitro by Hebeloma
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MacDonald DW, Coddlngton A. 1974. Properties of the assimilatory nitrate reductase from
Aspergillus nidulans. European Journal of Biochemistry 46: 169–178.
Miller DL, Rodwell VW. 1971. Metabolism of basic amino acids in Pseudomonas putida.
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Murray RE, Parsons LL, Smith MS. 1989. Kinetics of nitrate utilization by mixed populations
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O'Neill JG, Willkinson F. 1977. Oxidation of ammonia by methane-oxidizing bacteria and the
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Reay DS, Nedwell DB, Priddle J, Ellis-Evans JC. 1999. Temperature Dependence of Inorganic
Nitrogen Uptake: Reduced Affinity for Nitrate at Suboptimal Temperatures in Both Algae
and Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 2577–2584.
Roos W. 1989. Kinetic properties, nutrient-dependent regulation and energy coupling of
amino-acid transport systems in Penicillium cyclopium. Biochemical and Biophysical Acta
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Schut F, de Vries EJ, Gottschal JC, Robertson BR, Harder W, Prins RA, Button DK. 1993.
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Tang SL, Howard DH. 1973. Uptake and utilization of glutamic acid by Cryptococcus albidus.
Journal of Bacteriology 115: 98–106.
Thayer JR, Huffaker RC. 1982a. Kinetic evaluation, using 13N, reveals two assimilatory nitrate
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Thayer JR, Huffaker RC. 1982b. Use of 13N-Nitrate to Study Nitrate Transport in Klebsiella
pneumonia. In: Short-Lived Radionuclides in Chemistry and Biology, American Chemical
Society 197: 341–349.
Vinolas LC, Healey JR, Jones DL. 200l. Kinetics of soil microbial uptake of free amino acids.
Biology and Fertility of Soils 33: 67–74.
Wehrmann A, Morakkabati S, Kramer R, Sahm H, Eggeling L. 1995. Functional analysis of
sequences adjacent to dapE of Corynebacterium glutamicum reveals the presence of aroP,
which encodes the aromatic amino acid transporter. Journal of Bacteriology 177: 5991–5993.
3
Wood JM. 1975. Leucine transport in Escherichia coli. The resolution of multiple transport
systems and their coupling to metabolic energy. Journal of Biology and Chemistry 250(12):
4477–4485.
4
Table S2 Michaelis–Menten kinetics of N uptake from NO3–, NH4+, and various amino acids by
plants, source publication for data in Table 3 and Figure 3.
Publications
Plant functional type
Nitrogen forms
Aslam et al. (1992)
grass
nitrate
Bassirirad et al. (1996a)
tree
ammonium/nitrate
Bassirirad et al. (1996b)
tree
ammonium
Bassirirad et al. (1999)
tree/forb
ammonium/nitrate
Chalot & Brun (1998)
tree
amino-N
Chapin et al. (1993)
grass
methylamine
Cruz et al. (1993a)
tree
ammonium/nitrate
Cruz et al. (1993b)
tree
ammonium/nitrate
Eltrop & Marschner (1996)
tree
ammonium/nitrate
Hogh-Jensen et al. (1997)
grass/forb
ammonium/nitrate
Hole et al. (1997)
grass
ammonium
Jones & Darrah (1993)
grass
amino-N
Kamminga-van Wijk & Prins (1993)
tree
ammonium/nitrate
Kielland (1994)
tree/forb/grass
ammonium/amino-N
Koch et al. (1991)
grass
ammonium/nitrate
Kronzucker et al. (1995)
tree
nitrate
Kronzucker et al. (1996)
tree
ammonium
Kreuzwieser et al. (1997)
tree
nitrate
Kronzucker et al. (1998)
grass
ammonium
Kronzucker et al. (2000)
grass
ammonium/nitrate
Laine et al. (1993)
forb/grass
nitrate
Louahlia et al. (2000)
grass
ammonium/nitrate
Min et al. (2000)
tree
ammonium/nitrate
Person & Näsholm (2003)
tree
amino-N
Plassard et al. (1994)
tree
nitrate
Raab et al. (1996)
grass
nitrate/amino-N
Rao et al. (1993)
forb/grass
ammonium/nitrate
Rao et al. (1997)
grass
nitrate
Schiller et al. (1998)
forb
amino-N
Schobert & Komor (1987)
forb
ammonium/amino-N
Smart & Bloom (1988)
forb
ammonium/nitrate
Soldal & Nissen (1978)
grass
amino-N
Wallenda & Read (1999)
tree
ammonium/amino-N
Wang et al. (1993)
grass
ammonium
Zerihun & Bassirirad (2001)
tree
ammonium/nitrate
References:
Aslam M, Travis RL, Huffaker RC. 1992. Comparative kinetics and reciproca1 inhibition of
nitrate and nitrite uptake in roots of uninduced and induced barley seedlings. Plant
Physiology 99: 1124–1133.
BassiriRad H, Thomas RB, Reynolds JF, Strain BR. 1996a. Differential responses of root
uptake kinetics of NH4+ and NO3- to enriched atmospheric CO2 concentration in field-grown
loblolly pine. Plant, Cell and Environments 19: 367–371.
5
BassiriRad H, Griffin KL, Strain BR, Reynolds JF. 1996b. Effects of CO2 enrichment on root
15
NH4+ uptake kinetics and growth in seedlings of loblolly and ponderosa pine. Tree
Physiology 16: 957–962.
BassiriRad H, Prior SA, Norby RJ, Rogers HH. 1999. A field method of determining NH4+ and
NO3- uptake kinetics in intact roots: effects of CO2 enrichment on trees and crop species.
Plant and Soil 217: 195–204.
Chalot M, Brun A. 1998. Physiology of organic acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi and
ectomycorrhizas. FEMS Microbiology Review 22: 21–44.
Chapin FS III, Moilanen L, Kielland K. 1993. Preferential use of organic nitrogen for growth by
a non-mycorrhizal arctic sedge. Nature 361: 150–153.
Cruz C, Lips SH, Martins-Loucao MA. 1993a. Uptake of ammonium and nitrate by carob
(Ceratonia siliqua) as affected by root temperature and inhibitors. Physiology Plantarum 89:
532– 543.
Cruz C, Lips SH, Martins-Loucao MA. 1993b. Interactions between nitrate and ammonium
during uptake by carob seedlings and the effect of the form of earlier nitrogen nutrition.
Physiology Plantarum 89: 544–551.
Eltrop L, Marschner H. 1996. Growth and mineral nutrition of nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal
Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings grown in semi-hydroponic sand culture. I. Growth and
mineral nutrient uptake in plants supplied with different forms of nitrogen. New Phytologist
133: 469–478
Høgh-Jensen H, Wollenweber B, Schjoerring JK. 1997. Kinetics of nitrate and ammonium
absorption and accompanying H+ fluxes in roots of Lolium perenne L. and N2 fixing Trifolium
repens L. Plant. Cell and Environment 20: 1184–1192.
Hole DJ, Emran AM, Drew MC. 1997. Influx and efflux kinetics of ammonium transport in
maze roots. Maydica 42: 347–354.
Jones DL, Darrah PR. 1993. Influx and efflux of amino acids from Zea mays L. roots and their
implications for N nutrition and the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil 155-156: 87–90.
Kamminga-van Wijk C, Prins HBA. 1993. The kinetics of NH4+ and NO3- uptake by Douglas fir
from single N-solutions and from solutions containing both NH4+ and NO3-. Plant and Soil
151: 91–96.
Kielland K. 1994. Amino acid absorption by arctic plants: implications for plant nutrition and
nitrogen cycling. Ecology 75: 2373–2383.
Koch GW, Bloom AJ, Chapin FS III. 1991. Ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources in two
Eriophorum species. Oecologia 88: 570–573.
Kreuzwieser J, Herschbach C, Stulen I, Wiersema P, Vaalburg W, Rennenberg H. 1997.
Interactions of NH4+ and L-glutamate with NO3- transport processes of non-mycorrhizal
Fagus sylvatica roots. Journal of Experimental Botany 48: 1431–1438.
Kreuzwieser HJ, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM. 1995. Kinetics of NO3- influx in spruce. Plant
Physiology 109: 319–326.
Kreuzwieser HJ, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM. 1996. Kinetics of NH4+ influx in spruce. Plant
Physiology 109: 319–326.
Kreuzwieser HJ, Schjorerring JK, Erner Y, Kirk GJD, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM. 1998.
Dynamic interactions between root NH4+ influx and long-distance N transformation in rice:
insights into feedback processes. Plant and Cell Physiology 39: 1287–1293.
Kreuzwieser HJ, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM, Kirk GJD. 2000. Comparative kinetic analysis of
ammonium and nitrate acquisition by tropical lowland rice: implications for rice cultivation
and yield potential. New Phytologist 145: 471–476.
Laine P, Ourry A, Macduff J, Boucaud J, Salette J. 1993. Kinetic parameters of nitrate uptake
by different catch crop species—effects of low temperatures or previous nitrate starvation.
Physiology Plantarum 88: 85–92.
Louahlia S, Laine P, Thornton B, Ourry A, Boucaud J. 2000. The role of N-remobilisation and
the uptake of NH4+ and NO3- by Lolium perenne L. in laminae growth following defoliation
under field conditions. Plant and Soil 220: 175–187.
6
Min XJ, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM, Guy RD, Kronzucker HJ. 2000. A kinetic analysis of nitrate
and ammonium influx in two early-successional tree species of temperate and boreal
ecosystems. Plant, Cell and Environment 23: 321–328.
Persson J, Näsholm T. 2003. Regulation of amino acid uptake by carbon and nitrogen in Pinus
sylvestris. Planta 217: 309–315.
Plassard C, Barry D, Eltrop L, Mousain D. 1994. Nitrate uptake in maritime pine (Pinus
pinaster) and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum: effect of
ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Canadian Journal of Botany 72: 189–197.
Raab TK, Lipson DA, Monson RK. 1996. Non-mycorrhizal uptake of amino acids by roots of
the alpine sedge Kobresia myosuroides: implications for the alpine nitrogen cycle. Oecologia
108: 488–494.
Rao TP, Ito O, Matsunga R. 1993. Differences in uptake kinetics of ammonium and nitrate in
legumes and cereals. Plant and Soil 154: 67–72.
Rao TP, Ito O, Matsunga R, Yoneyama T. 1997. Kinetics of 15N-labelled nitrate uptake by
maize (Zea mays L.) root segments. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 43(3): 491–498.
Schiller P, Heilmeier H, Hartung W. 1998. Uptake of amino acids by the aquatic resurrection
plant Chamaegigas intrepidus and its implication for N nutrition. Oecologia 117: 63–69.
Schobert C, Komor E. 1987. Amino acid uptake by Ricinus communis roots: characterization and
physiological significance. Plant, Cell and Environment 10: 493–500.
Soldal T, Nissen P. 1978. Multiphasic uptake of amino acids by barley roots. Physiology
Plantarum 43: 181–188.
Smart DR, Bloom AJ. 1988. Kinetics of ammonium and nitrate uptake among wild and cultivated
tomatoes. Oecologia 76: 336–340
Wallenda T, Read DJ. 1999. Kinetics of amino acid uptake by ectomycorrhizal roots. Plant, Cell
Environment 22: 179–187.
Wang MY, Siddiqi MY, Ruth TJ, Glass ADM. 1993. Ammonium uptake by rice roots. I. Fluxes
and subcellular distribution of 13NH4+. Plant Physiology 103: 1249–1258
Zerihun A, BassiriRad H. 2001. Interspecies variation in nitrogen uptake kinetic responses of
temperate forest species to elevated CO2: potential causes and consequences. Global Change
Biology 7: 211–222.
7
Table S3 Publications of 15N-labeling experiments used in this study to evaluate the competition for N
between plants and microorganisms.
Publication
Plants
Approach
Andresen et al. (2008)
shrub
field
Andresen et al. (2009)
heath
field
Andresen et al. (2011)
heath
field
Ashton et al. (2008)
tundra
field
Bardgett et al. (2003)
grass
field
Barnard et al. (2006)
grass
microcosm
Bloor et al. (2009)
tree-grass mixture
pot experiment
Cheng & Bledsoe (2004)
tree-grass mixture
pot experiment
Cheng & Bledsoe (2005)
tree-grass mixture
pot experiment
Clark (1977)
grass
field
Clemmensen et al. (2008)
heath
field
Dunn et al. (2006)
grass
greenhouse
Grogan & Jonasson (2003)
forest
field
Harrison et al. (2007)
grass
field
Harrison et al. (2008)
grass
field
Hart et al. (1993)
grass
field
Henry & Jefferies (2003a)
marsh
field
Henry & Jefferies (2003b)
marsh
field
Hodge et al. (2000)
grass
microcosm
Inselsbacher et al. (2010)
crop
field
Jackson et al. (1989)
grass
field
Jaeger et al. (1999)
grass
field
James & Richards (2006)
shrub
field
Kastovska & Santruckova (2011)
grass
pot experiment
Lipson & Monson (1998)
tundra
field
Lipson et al. (1999)
grass
field
McFarland et al. (2010)
tree
field
Miller et al. (2009)
heath
field
Nannipieri et al. (1985)
grass
field
Nordin et al. (2004)
tundra
field
Schimel & Chapin (1996)
tundra
field
Sorensen et al. (2008a)
heath
field
Sorensen et al. (2008b)
tundra
field
Templer et al. (2008)
tree
field
Vitousek & Matson (1984)
shrub
field
Wu et al. (2011)
grass
field
Xu et al. (2003)
grass
field
Xu et al. (2004)
grass
field
Xu et al. (2011)
grass
field
Zak et al. (1990)
tree
field
Zogg et al. (2000)
tree
field
References
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plants and soil microbes responds to elevated temperature, CO2 and drought. Acta Oecologia
35(6): 786–796.
8
Andresen LC, Michelsen A, Jonasson S, Ström L. 2011. Seasonal changes in nitrogen
availability, and root and microbial uptake of 15N13C9-phenylalanine and 15N-ammonium in
situ at a temperate heath. Applied Soil Ecology 51: 94–101.
Andresen L, Jonasson S, Ström L, Michelsen A. 2008. Uptake of pulse injected nitrogen by soil
microbes and mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants in a species-diverse subarctic heath
ecosystem. Plant and Soil 313(1): 283–295.
Ashton I, Miller A, Bowman WD, Suding KN. 2008. Nitrogen preferences and plant-soil
feedbacks as influenced by neighbors in the alpine tundra. Oecologia 156(3): 625–636.
Bardgett RD, Streeter TC, Bol R. 2003. Soil microbes compete effectively with plants for
organic-nitrogen inputs to temperate grasslands. Ecology 84(5): 1277–1287.
Barnard R, Barthes L, Leadley PW. 2006. Short-term uptake of 15N by a grass and soil
micro-organisms after long-term exposure to elevated CO2. Plant and Soil 280: 91–99.
Bloor JMG, Niboyet A, Leadley PW, Barthes L. 2009. CO2 and inorganic N supply modify
competition for N between co-occurring grass plants, tree seedlings and soil microorganisms.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 544–52.
Cheng X, Bledsoe CS. 2004. Competition for inorganic and organic N by blue oak (Quercus
douglasii) seedlings, an annual grass, and soil microorganisms in a pot study. Soil Biology
and Biochemistry 36(1): 135–144.
Cheng X, Bledsoe CS. 2005. Effects of annual grass senescence on 15NH4+ and 15N-glycine uptake
by blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings and soil microorganisms in California oak
woodland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37: 551–559.
Clark FE. 1977. Internal cycling of 15N in shortgrass prairie. Ecology 73: 1148–1156.
Clemmensen KP, Sorensen PL, Michelesen A, Ström L. 2008. Site-dependent N uptake from
N-form mixtures by arctic plants, soil microbes and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia 155(4):
771–783.
Dunn RM, Mikola J, Bol R, Bardgett RD. 2006. Influence of microbial activity on
plant–microbial competition for organic and inorganic nitrogen. Plant and Soil 289(1):
321–334.
Grogan P, Jonasson S. 2003. Controls on annual nitrogen cycling in the understory of a subarctic
birch forest. Ecology 84: 202–218
Harrison KA, Bol R, Bardgett RD. 2007. Preferences for different nitrogen forms by coexisting
plant species and soil microbes. Ecology 88(4): 989–999.
Harrison KA, Bol R, Bardgett RD. 2008. Do plant species with different growth strategies vary
in their ability to compete with soil microbes for chemical forms of nitrogen? Soil Biology &
Biochemistry 40(1): 228–237.
Hart SC, Firestone MK, Paul EA, Smith JL. 1993. Flow and fate of soil nitrogen in annual
grassland and a young mixed conifer forest. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 25: 432–442.
Henry HAL, Jefferies RL. 2003a. Plant amino acid uptake, soluble N turnover and microbial N
capture in soils of a grazed Arctic salt marsh. Journal of Ecology 91(4): 627–636.
Henry, H.A.L, Jefferies, R.L. 2003b. Interactions in the uptake of amino acids, ammonium and
nitrate ions in the Arctic salt-marsh grass, Puccinellia phryganodes. Plant, Cell and
Environment 26(3), 419–428.
Hodge A, Stewart J, Robinson D, Griffiths BS, Fitter AH. 2000. Competition between roots
and soil microorganisms for nutrients from nitrogen-rich patches of varying complexity.
Journal of Ecology 88: 150–164.
Inselsbacher E, Hinko-Najera Umana N, Stange CF, Gorfer M, Schüller E, Ripka K,
Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Hood-Novotny R, Strauss J, Wanek W. 2010. Short-term
competition between crop plants and soil microbes for inorganic N fertilizer. Soil Biology and
Biochemistry 42: 360–372.
Jackson LE, Schimel JP, Firestone MK. 1989. Short-term partitioning of ammonium and nitrate
between plants and microbes in an annual grassland. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 21:
409–415.
9
Jaeger CH, Monson RK, Fisk MC, Schmidt SK. 1999. Seasonal partitioning of nitrogen by
plants and soil microorganisms in an alpine ecosystem. Ecology 80: 1883–1891.
James JJ, Richards JH. 2006. Plant nitrogen capture in pulse-driven systems: interactions
between root responses and soil processes. Journal of Ecology 94: 765–777.
Kastovska E, Santruckova H. 2011. Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil
microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: A pot study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43:
1285–1291.
Lipson DA, Monson RK. 1998. Plant-microbe competition for soil amino acids in the alpine
tundra: effects of freeze-thaw and dry-rewet events. Oecologia 113: 406–414.
Lipson DA, Schmidt SK, Monson RK. 1999. Links between microbial population dynamics and
nitrogen availability in an alpine ecosystem. Ecology 80: 1623–1631.
McFarland JW, Ruess RW, Kielland K, Pregitzer K, Hendrick R, Allen M. 2010.
Cross-Ecosystem Comparisons of In Situ Plant Uptake of Amino Acid-N and NH4+.
Ecosystems 13: 177–193
Miller AE, Schimel JP, Sickman JO, Skeen K, Meixner T, Melack JM. 2009. Seasonal
variation in nitrogen uptake and turnover in two high-elevation soils: mineralization
responses are site-dependent. Biogeochemistry 93: 253–270.
Nannipieri P, Ciardi C, Palazzi M. 1985. Plant uptake, microbial immobilization in residual soil
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