Citation guide:
Different citation styles are guides for writers to achieve a uniform format and to ensure
that all quotations are properly referenced. A list of references is supplied alphabetically
at the end of the research paper. All references appear twice, in this list and in the text
where the quotation is cited.
Here, the four most common citation styles are listed, the APA style, MLA style, the
Author-date style and the Notes-bibliography style.
APA style:
1. REFERENCES
BOOKS:
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of book. City and state abbreviation: Publisher.
Citing a book by one author:
Sims, L.S. (1998). The politics of fat: Food and nutrition policy in America. Armonk,
NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Two authors: use “&” not ”and”:
Vagelos, R. & Galambos, L. (2006). The moral corporation: Merck experiences. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Three to six authors:
Milton, J., Polmear, C. & Fabricius, J. (2004). A short introduction to psychoanalysis.
London: Sage.
For more than six authors, use “(et al.)” after the sixth’s author’s name to indicate the
remaining names.
Edited book (when citing the whole book): “(Ed.)” or (Eds.)” is used after the name(s).
Wiebe, K., Ballenger, N. & Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (Eds.). (2001). Who will be fed in the
21st century?: Challenges for science and policy. Washington, DC: International Food
Policy Research Institute.
Citing a chapter from an edited book:
Jenkins, H. (2007). Best contemporary mainstream superhero comics. In McKee, A. (Ed),
Beautiful things in popular culture (pp. 15-32). Malden, MA: Blackwell
PERIODICALS:
Author, A.A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number,
pages.
Nearchou-Ellinas, L. & Kountouris, I. S. (2004) Women entrepreneurs in Cyprus: A new
dynamic in Cyprus economy. Women in Management Review, 19(6), 325-332.
ONLINE DOCUMENTS:
Author, A.A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Retrieved month date, year, from
http://web address
If author is not available, start with the title. Use whatever is available. Date of
publication and pagination are often not accessible.
Electronic newspaper articles:
Sullivan, E. (2007, September 6). From tea-drinkers to terrorists. The Cleveland Plain
Dealer. Retrieved September 7, 2007, from http://www.commondreams.org
Document with author and date:
Pilger, J. (2004, October 4). Diego Garcia: Paradise cleansed. Retrieved September 7,
2007, from http://www.antiwar.com
2. QUOTATIONS IN THE TEXT
When using a source the author(s) must be citied, regardless of whether a direct quotation
is made or an idea stated by the author(s) is paraphrased or summarized. When quoting,
the surname of the author is followed by the year of publication and the page number(s).
e.g.: Any attempt to address the world’s food needs in the 21st century must begin with an
accounting of the challenge ahead. (Pinstrup-Anderson & Pandya-Lorch, 2001, p.3).
If you use an idea of the author, the same format applies without the page number(s):
e.g.: Research supports that there are five cultural dimensions in which nations differ.
(Hofstede, 2001)
Alternatively, you can phrase it differently, but the author and date must be mentioned:
e.g.: Hofstede (2001) mentions five cultural dimensions in which nations differ.
MLA style
1. REFERENCES
BOOKS:
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Title of book. City and state abbreviation:
Publisher, date
Citing a book by one author:
Sims, Laura S. The politics of fat: Food and nutrition policy in America. Armonk, NY:
M.E. Sharpe, 1998.
Two or more authors:
Only the first author’s name should be reversed. Use a comma between the names.:
Vagelos, Roy, and Louis Galambos. The moral corporation : Merck experiences. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
More than three authors:
Name the first author and add “et al.” or give all the names.
Edited book (when citing the whole book):
Wiebe, Keith, Nicole Ballenger, and Per Pinstrup-Andersen, eds. Who will be fed in the
21st century?: Challenges for science and policy. Washington, DC: International food
Policy Research Institute, 2001.
Citing a chapter from an edited book:
Jenkins, Henry. “Best contemporary mainstream superhero comics.” Beautiful things in
popular culture. Ed. Alan McKee. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. 15-32.
PERIODICALS:
Author’s last name, author’s first name. “Title of the article.” Journal title. Volume
number (Year of publication): page range.
Smith, Paul. “Drugs, morality and the law.” Journal of Applied Philosophy. 19 (2002):
233-244.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES:
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Title of the article.” Newspaper. Date.
Tran, Mark. “Second quake hits Indonesia.” Guardian. 13 September 2007.
ONLINE DOCUMENTS:
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Title of the web page.” Title of Publication.
Date of Access <URL>
If you cannot find some of the information, use what is available.
Pilger, John. “Diego Garcia: Paradise cleansed.” 4 October 2004
http://www.antiwar.com
2. QUOTATIONS IN THE TEXT
When quoting, the author and the date must be mentioned. There are several ways of
doing this. The author(s) names can be place in the text, followed by the page numbers:
e.g.: Tannen has argued this point (178-85).
Or placed in reference at the end of the sentence:
e.g.: This point has already been argued (Tannen 178-85).
Chicago Manual of style:
The Chicago manual of style is made up of two styles, the author-date style which is
also known as the Harvard style and the notes-bibliography style. The author-date style
is recommended for natural sciences and the notes-bibliography style for fine arts,
history, literature, etc. The two styles can also compliment each other.
Author-date style or Harvard style (recommended for natural sciences)
BOOKS:
Author, A. A., year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Citing books by one author:
Rabil, R. G., 2006. Syria, the United States, and the war on terror in the Middle East.
Westport, CT: Praeger.
Initials are often used; full names can also be used.
More than one author:
List all authors:
Milton, Jane, Caroline Polmear and Julia Fabricius. 2004. A short introduction to
psychoanalysis. London: Sage.
Edited books (when citing the whole book):
Mckee, Alan, ed. 2006. Beautiful things in popular culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Edited books (when citing a chapter from the book):
Brennan, M., 2007. The best pop princess: Kylie Minogue. In: A. McKee, ed. Beautiful
things in popular culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 178-192.
PERIODICALS:
Author, A.A. Date. Title of article. Journal volume:pages
Terborgh, J. 1974, Preservation of natural diversity: The problem of extinction-prone
species. BioScience 24:715-22.
ONLINE RESOURCES:
Web sites:
Author’s name. Date. Title of the article. Web site (date of accession)
Roach, John. 2005. Journal ranks top 25 unanswered science questions.
http://newsnationalgeographic.com (accessed July 7, 2005).
Electronic journal article:
Lovins, Amory B., L. Hunter Lovins, and Paul Hawken. May 1999. A road map for
natural capitalism. Harvard Business review 77, no. 3: 145. Expanded Academic ASAP.
Gale. Intercollege (accessed Sept. 30, 2007)
QUOTATIONS IN THE TEXT:
Author and date are mentioned in the text:
e.g.: Hofstede (2001) mentions five cultural dimensions in which nations differ.
Or: An influential study (Hofstede 2001) mentions the importance of cultural differences.
For a quotation from the page the page number is added:
e.g.: As Harvey (1992, p.21) said, “good practices must be taught” and so we…
Notes-bibliography style (recommended for fine arts, history, literature, etc.)
This style uses footnotes. Footnotes appear at the end of the page where the reference is
made. As in the reference list at the end of the paper, they should contain all relevant
and available information. For example, when quoting a book, the author (or editor), the
title, date of publication and the place and publishers have to be mentioned. The formats
may be modified as long as consistency is preserved with the work.
In a footnote, the author(s)’ names are not inverted, for example instead of “McKee,
Alan” the normal order “Alan McKee” is used. Also, the year of publication does not
appear after the author, but after the publisher or the journal name. An example of how
they differ:
NOTE:
Douglas D. Heckathorn, “Collective Sanctions and Compliance Norms: A Formal theory
of Group-Mediated Social Control,” American Sociological Review 55 (1990): 370.
REFERENCE:
Heckathorn, D. D. (1990). Collective sanctions and compliance norms: A formal theory
of group-mediated social control. American Sociological Review 55: 366-84.