LectureTest42010
Biology 315: Lecture Test 4, Spring 2010
Directions: This is a multiple-choice test with only one correct
answer per question. Please write your answers on the answer sheet
provided. Do not write your lab time, just your name.
D.
of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1. Gross anatomy of the kidney: A renal pyramid occupies what part
the kidney?
sinus
pelvis
hilum
medulla
cortex
B. 2. In a nephron, where does the most reabsorbtion of sodium ions
occur?
A. renal corpuscle
B. proximal tubule
C. collecting tubule
D. thin segment
E. distal tubule
C. 3. This year Dr. Mallatt told you about new evidence for one part
of the renal filtration barrier being the main filter for holding back
proteins. What is this part?
A. endothelial pores in glomerulus capillary
B. basal lamina
C. filtration-slit diaphragms
D. plasmalemma of the podocytes
E. a network of actin filaments in the cytoplasm of the endothelial
cells.
A. 4. From what blood vessels come the molecules that are secreted
into the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney?
A. peritubular capillaries
B. the capillaries of the glomerulus
C. vasa recta
D. renal veins
E. efferent arterioles from glomeruli
D. 5. Comparing proximal and distal convoluted tubules: Choose the
FALSE statement.
A. Both are only in the renal cortex and are absent from the medulla.
B. The cells of both tubules resemble tree trunks with tree roots,
because their basal and lateral plasma membranes are abundant and
folded.
C. Proximal–tubule cells stain a darker pink (with eosin) than do
cells of distal tubules.
D. Distal-tubule cells have a larger volume of mitochondria.
E. Proximal-tubule cells have longer microvilli.
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B. 6. What stratified epithelium is specialized to stretch, so it
thins out and some of its cells flatten?
A. epithelium of the uterine tube, when the growing embryo pushes
along through this tube
B. epithelium of the ureter, when the ureter stretches with pulses of
urine
C. epithelium of the uterus, when the uterus fills with the growing
fetus
D. epithelium of the duct of the epididymis, when this duct fills with
sperm
E. epithelium of the glomeruli, when more blood is pumped into these
kidney vessels
E. 7. A hospitalized man got a urinary tract infection from a nonsterile catheter that was placed in his penile urethra to drain urine
from his bladder. The infection was not detected, so it spread far.
Trace the path of its spread through the urinary system, in the
correct order.
A. ureter to kidney to bladder to calices to adrenal gland
B. urethra to ureter to bladder to kidney to calices
C. bladder to urethra to calices to kidney
D. kidney to calices to ureter to bladder to urethra
E. urethra to bladder to ureter to calices to kidney
D. 8. Choose the parts of the uriniferous tubule, in order, from where
the filtrate first forms to where it enters the minor calyx as urine.
A. renal corpuscle to loop of the nephron to proximal tubule to distal
tubule to collecting duct.
B. proximal tubule to distal tubule to glomerular capsule to loop of
the nephon to collecting duct.
C. collecting duct to distal tubule to loop of the nephron to proximal
tubule to renal corpuscle.
D. glomerular capsule to proximal tubule to loop of the nephron to
distal tubule to collecting duct.
E. loop of the nephron to proximal tubule to distal tubule to
glomerular capsule to collecting duct.
E. 9. Which of these cells are targeted by antidiuretic hormone, the
hormone that helps our kidneys to conserve water when we are
dehydrated?
A. proximal convoluted tubule cells, so they reabsorb more water from
the renal filtrate.
B. smooth-muscle cells that constrict the afferent arterioles to the
glomerulus, so less blood reaches the glomeruli and less filtrate is
formed.
C. Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, so they can receive more
water from the surrounding tissue fluid.
D. thin segment of the loop of the nephron, so it pumps more sodium
and chloride ions into the tissue fluid of the renal medulla.
E. cells of the collecting ducts, so they become more permeable to the
water in the urine that is flowing within these ducts.
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A. 10. In an x-ray image called a pyelogram, how can you confirm that
you are seeing a ureter that has been filled with contrast medium?
A. It descends vertically through the abdomen, in the same sagittal
plane as the tips of the transverse proceses of the lumbar vertebrae.
B. The ureter descends from the neck of the bladder down to just below
the pubic bone.
C. All of the ureter is in the abdomen, none of it is in the pelvis of
the body.
D. Superiorly, the ureter exits the kidney at the level of the fourth
lumbar vertebra.
E. All of the above.
B. 11. A clinical test reveals that a boy’s right kidney is located in
his pelvis rather than in his posterior abdominal wall. What does
this likely mean?
A. This kidney is not functional, and it does not produce urine.
B. This kidney failed to ascend from its original, embryonic location,
and it functions normally.
C. This kidney descended too far from its place of origin, which was
in the upper abdomen.
D. The boy will not go through puberty and will be sterile.
E. This kidney is more likely to push out into the inguinal region as
a hernia, bulging the skin above the front of the thigh.
C. 12. What structure lies anterior to the urinary bladder in the
pelvis?
A. vagina (female) or seminal vesicles (male)
B. rectum
C. pubic symphysis
D. round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)
E. sacrum
C. 13. How does a surgeon identify the ductus deferens in the upper
scrotum, in order to cut it in a vasectomy?
A. The surgeon cuts vessels in the spermatic cord until finding a
hollow one that does not bleed.
B. It is the only twisty tube in the spermatic cord.
C. Feels for its thick, muscular walls that make it feel hard, like a
wire.
D. Nicks the best candidate and then uses ultraviolet light on the
fluid that leaks out, to identify if this is semen.
E. Injects dye into the urethra, so that it will flow back into the
ductus deferens and color that duct.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
14. Which of these is NOT part of the spermatic cord?
testicular artery
nerves to the testes
ductus deferens
seminal vesicle
countercurrent heat exchanger
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A. 15. Which of these germ cells in the wall of the seminiferous
tubule lie outside the blood-testes barrier (external to it), and are
therefore not protected by this barrier?
A. spermatogonia
B. spermatocytes after the first meiotic division
C. early spermatids
D. sperm (spermatozoa)
E. late spermatids
D. 16. Choose the correct statement about the interstitial cells of
Leydig.
A. They are part of the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.
B. They form the blood-testis barrier.
C. They secrete testicular fluid.
D. They are endocrine-gland cells.
E. They secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) in response to FSH from the
anterior pituitary.
C. 17. All these things happen when an early spermatid changes into a
late spermatid, except: That is, choose the thing that does NOT
happen.
A. lots of cytoplasm is shed.
B. a flagellum (long cilium) grows to become the sperm tail.
C. in this stage, the cell gains its ability to swim, so sperm can
reach and fertilize an oocyte.
D. the acrosome appears.
E. the chromatin in the nucleus condenses, so the nucleus takes on the
shape of a sunflower seed.
A. 18. Male secretions: Choose the correct statement.
A. A logical name for the secretion product of the bulbourethral
glands would be the “pre-ejaculate.”
B. The duct of the epididymis secretes substances that cause
ejaculated semen to clot.
C. Most of the fructose sugar in semen comes from the prostate gland.
D. The prostate gland’s secretions are so abundant that they make up
most of the volume of the semen (ejaculate).
E. The seminal vesicle is an unusual sex gland, because it
(unexpectedly) does not secrete during ejaculation, but several
minutes afterward.
B. 19. A blood sample reveals that a patient has high levels of “PSA.”
What does this mean?
A. A distressed patient’s panic attack after orgasm is finally calming
down, as the sympathetic response is followed by parasympathetic
activity (PSA = Parasympathetic activity).
B. A man may have prostate cancer.
C. A person could have hot flashes before her menstrual phase.
D. The woman is pregnant; this is the pregnancy test.
E. The woman will produce milk soon so her hungry newborn does not
have too long to wait for its first meal.
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B. 20. What is the mechanism of erection of the penis in men?
A. Sympathetic input signals erectile bodies to dilate, which actively
sucks in blood from the arteries that supply these bodies.
B. Parasympathetic input signals the arteries to the erectile bodies
to dilate.
C. A hinged bone (os penis) straightens out, like the opening of a
jackknife.
D. The penile urethra takes in air to inflate the whole penis.
E. The first wave of ejaculating semen fills up the spaces in the
erectile bodies so these bodies swell and become stiff.
A. 21. Choose the correct association between the hollow organ and the
epithelium that lines it.
A. uterine tube: simple columnar
B. glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule: stratified columnar
C. duct of the epididymis: simple squamous
D. simple columnar: vagina
E. stratified squamous: uterus
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
22. What is the homologue in the male of the female clitoris?
scrotum
lumen of the spongy (penile) urethra
walls of the spongy (penile) urethra
penis
urethra
B. 23. What are stereocilia?
A. the glue-like material in the thyroid follicles
B. groups of long microvilli in the epididymis and ductus deferens
C. the cilia that line the uterine tube
D. that is the name of degenerating follicles that do not reach
ovulation
E. abundant cilia on the proximal-convoluted tubule cells
A. 24. When the follicular cells in the ovarian follicles multiply,
they are given a new name. That name is
A. granulosa cells
B. theca interna cells
C. theca externa cells
D. zona pellucida cells
E. oocytes
B. 25. What phase is experienced by the endometrium of the uterus
during the time the growing follicles are secreting estrogens in the
ovaries?
A. secretory phase
B. proliferative phase
C. menopausal phase
D. menstrual phase
E. resting phase
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D. 26. Choose the FALSE statement about a corpus luteum.
A. It is present after ovulation, but not present right before
ovulation.
B. It is made from theca and granulosa cells.
C. It is the remains of a big follicle, with no oocyte in it.
D. It is in the ovarian medulla, not in the cortex.
E. It secretes progesterone.
D. 27. When, in a female’s menstrual cycle, does ovulation typically
occur?
A. Because it is a monthly cycle, ovulation occurs whenever the moon
is full.
B. Day 1 (at the beginning)
C. Day 28 (at the end)
D. Day 14 (middle)
E. Varies so much from month to month that there is no specific time.
E. 28. Ovulation occurs directly into (= the ovulated oocyte goes
first into) the . . .
A. infundibulum of the uterine tube
B. ampulla of the uterine tube
C. uterus
D. urethra
E. peritoneal cavity
E. 29. Use logic to deduce the most common cause of ectopic
pregnancies in humans.
A. embryos working their way out of the uterine tube to develop in the
peritoneal cavity.
B. conceving an embryo after a hysterectomy (no uterus).
C. new embryos travel too far inferiorly and implant in the vagina
wall.
D. fertilization of the oocyte while it is still in the ovary.
E. Some twisting, scarring, or partial blockage of the uterine tube.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
30. The mucous membrane of the wall of the uterus is the
perimetrium
parametrium
myometrium
endometrium
mesometrium
A. 31. How much of the endometrium layer is shed during menstruation?
A. The inner 80% of the endometrium is shed.
B. Its full thickness is shed.
C. None is actually shed, because the menstrual flow is just blood
leaking from tears in the otherwise-intact endometrium.
D. None, because the cramping musculature of the myometrium is what
bleeds, not the endometrium.
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E. Its full thickness, but only from the inferior fourth of the uterus
(cervix).
D. 32. Female reproductive organs: Choose the FALSE statement.
A. The three parts of the broad ligament are mesometrium, mesovarium,
and mesosalpinx.
B. The mesosalpinx is a part of the broad ligament.
C. The mesovarium is more horizontal and the mesometrium is more
vertical, in orientation.
D. The mesometrium is the smallest part of the broad ligament.
E. The mesosalpinx is the mesentary of the uterine tube.
D. 33. In this course, what function did we propose for the cervical
glands of the uterus?
A. Secrete products that make the sperm swim and fertilize even better
(this is called capacitation of sperm).
B. Nourish the growing fetus.
C. Nourish the entering sperm.
D. Keep bacteria from the vagina out of the uterus.
E. To smooth and lubricate the passage of the baby through the cervix
during childbirth.
A. 34. What is the name of the ring-shaped cleft around the inferior
part of the cervix in the vagina?
A. fornix
B. ostium
C. rectouterine pouch
D. fundus
E. vaginal canal
E. 35. In lecture, did we mention any advantages of bottle-feeding a
baby with modern formulas over naturally breast-feeding the baby?
A. Modern formulas are better at stimulating the activation of the
baby’s immune system.
B. Modern formulas are better at protecting the baby from intestinal
infections.
C. Modern formulas are designed to lessen the chance of childhood
obesity.
D. Modern formulas are better at preventing the jaundice (yellow
coloring) that harms some newborn babies.
E. Dr. Mallatt did not mention any negative thing about breast milk
and he implied that breast feeding is better in every way.
D. 36. Use logic to figure out the answer to this question: The
artery whose branches supply blood to the medial part of the breast
was formerly called the “internal mammary artery.” What is the
modern, official name of this artery?
A. vertebral artery
B. subclavian
C. posterior intercostal (the second to the sixth ones)
D. internal thoracic
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E. lateral thoracic
E. 37. Placenta: In the second half of a pregnancy the placental
barrier of the villus thins from four layers to two. This thinning
allows more efficient passage of substances across this barrier. The
two middle layers that are lost are:
A. capillary endothelium and syncytiotrophoblast
B. capillary endothelium and cytotrophoblast
C. syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
D. syncytiotrophoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm
E. cytotrophoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm
E. 38. One layer of the placenta performs many functions, such as
secreting hormones that signal the events of pregnancy, and
transporting antibodies and amino-acid nutrients from the mother to
the fetus. This active layer is the
A. the capillary endothelium
B. decidua
C. extra-embryonic mesoderm
D. cytotrophoblast
E. syncytiotrophoblast
D. 39. Precisely where are the hormones of the neurohypophysis
secreted into the bloodstream?
A. pars distalis
B. median eminence
C. infundibular stalk
D. pars nervosa
E. tuber cinereum
D. 40. The pituitary contains several important beds of capillaries.
Choose the FALSE statement.
A. The primary capillary bed in the median eminence receives hormones
from axon terminals.
B. The secondary capillary bed in the pars distalis delivers releasing
hormones to the endocrine cells of the pars distalis.
C. The secondary capillary bed in the pars distalis receives
adenohypophyseal hormones, such as ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin.
D. The secondary capillary bed lies upstream of (= drains into) the
hypophyseal portal veins.
E. Releasing hormones first enter the primary capillary plexus.
E. 41. Choose the WRONG statement about the hormone.
A. Calcitonin targets osteoclasts.
B. Luteinizing hormone is secreted in large quantity to trigger
ovulation.
C. Thyroid hormone increases our metabolic rate to make us more
active.
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D. ACTH signals the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland to secrete
cortisol.
E. Growth hormone, contrary to its name, does not signal children to
grow.
C.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
42. Where are releasing hormones made?
in the large endocrine glands: thyroid, parathyroids, and gonads
in axon terminals in the pars nervosa
in cell bodies in the hypothalamus
pars distalis
in axon terminals in the median eminence
B. 43. In the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and in the
parathyroid gland, the endocrine cells are arranged in:
A. spherical clusters
B. branching networks
C. parallel cords
D. round follicles
E. a randomly distributed manner
B. 44. Thyroid gland: Choose the correct statement.
A. Thyroid hormone prepares us for danger by signalling the “fight,
fright, or flight” response.
B. The colloid in this gland mainly consists of thyroglobulin.
C. Located in the region of the larynx, the thyroid gland is the same
as the thyroid cartilage.
D. The follicle cells secrete thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH), which
is a steroid.
E. Parafollicular cells secrete parathyroid hormone.
A. 45. What is the special function of the abundant smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (SER) in endocrine cells that secrete steroid hormones?
A. Most of the steps in the manufacture of the steroids take place in
the SER.
B. SER stores and releases calcium ions that signal these cells to
contract to expel their hormone.
C. SER detoxifies the poisonous by-products of steroid manufacture.
D. SER makes the lipid droplets in these cells.
E. SER makes the abundant, tubular cristae for the special
mitochondria in these cells.
C. 46. Use logic to choose the only hormone in this list that is made
and secreted by a basophil cell in the pars distalis.
A. aldosterone
B. adrenaline
C. melanocyte-stimulating hormone
D. gonadotropin releasing hormone
E. oxytocin
B. 47. Endocrine glands.
Choose the correct statement.
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A. Endocrine glands sometimes have ducts.
B. They have a rich blood supply, with many capillaries, so they can
quickly secrete many hormones into the blood.
C. They often have lumens, to receive their secretions.
D. Endocrine glands only develop from epithelia, not from neurons,
muscle, or connective-tissue cells.
E. Their hormones signal some rapid reflexes because hormones can work
even faster than nerve impulses (action potentials) can.
C. 48. What is NOT a function of oxytocin?
A. signals contraction of the musculature of ductus deferens during
orgasm.
B. makes us want to cuddle.
C. signals absorption of more calcium by the intestine, especially in
a baby who has had a meal of milk or colostrum.
D. helps signal uterine contractions when giving birth.
E. signals expulsion of milk from the breast during breastfeeding.
C. 49. Dr. Mallatt said that the in-class demonstration, in which a
student represented the internal female organs, was special or unusual
this year. Why?
A. because the student moved so gracefully, creatively showing that a
uterus may be bent forward (anteflexed) on the vagina.
B. He praised the student for being able to hold up the balloons for a
long time without getting tired.
C. The student was the only female ever called to do this
demonstration in the entire history of this course, over 30 years.
D. The student got claustrophobic under the sheet and started to
wimper and panic, but then gained courage and finished the
demonstration, to a big ovation of clapping from the class.
E. The student had especially long fingers and could demonstrate the
fimbriae of the uterine tube especially well.
E. 50. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt told you this old philosophical
quote from medieval times: “Between urine and feces, we are born.”
What point was he making?
A. We urinate before we are born, because the embryo and fetus urinate
into the amniotic sac to control the volume of the amniotic fluid, but
we do not defecate until a day or so after birth when we pass our
first feces (called meconium).
B. When we are young and toilet-training, we are more likely to be
incontinent for defecation than we are for urination (bed wetting).
C. He wanted to discourage negative philosophies that say life is bad
and smeared in body wastes, saying allied-health students should have
a more optimistic view of life’s meaning.
D. The strains of giving birth can make a mother incontinent during
the delivery, so it is very important to wash this urine and feces off
the newborn to keep it clean, and to keep its nostrils free for
breathing.
E. It was to help you to remember the arrangement of the external
urethral opening, external vaginal opening, and the anus in the
perineum region of the female.
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