82
Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
April 2013
Volume 16 Number 2
Editor-in-Chief
Official Research Journal of
Tommy
the American
Boone, PhD,
Society
MBA
of
Review
Board
Exercise
Physiologists
Todd Astorino, PhD
ISSN 1097-9751
Julien Baker,
PhD
Steve Brock, PhD
Lance Dalleck, PhD
Eric Goulet, PhD
Robert Gotshall, PhD
Alexander Hutchison, PhD
M. Knight-Maloney, PhD
Len Kravitz, PhD
James Laskin, PhD
Yit Aun Lim, PhD
Lonnie Lowery, PhD
Derek Marks, PhD
Cristine Mermier, PhD
Robert Robergs, PhD
Chantal Vella, PhD
Dale Wagner, PhD
Frank Wyatt, PhD
Ben Zhou, PhD
Official Research Journal
of the American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
JEPonline
Time to Exhaustion at VO2 Max Velocity in Basketball
and Soccer Athletes
Alex Harley Crisp1, Rozangela Verlengia1, Marcio Antonio Gonsalves
Sindorf1, Moíses Diego Germano1, Marcelo de Castro Cesar1, Charles
Ricardo Lopes1
1Human
Performance Research Group, Methodist University of
Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
ABSTRACT
Crisp AH, Verlengia R, Sindorf MAG, Germano MD, Cesar MC,
Lopes, CR. Time to Exhaustion at VO2 Max Velocity in Basketball and
Soccer Athletes. JEPonline 2013;16(3):82-91. The purpose of study
was to compare the maximum distance traveled (Dmax) and time to
exhaustion (Tlim) at the minimal velocity that elicits VO2 max (vVO2
max) in basketball and soccer athletes. Twenty-six basketball and 27
soccer players performed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test
(CPETmax) to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max), the first
ventilatory threshold (VT1), velocity of VT1 (vVT1) and vVO 2 max, the
time to exhaustion at vVO2 max to determine Tlim and Dmax, and the
kinetics of blood lactate removal at pre, 0 (immediate), 3, 6, 9, 15, and
20 min after time to exhaustion at vVO2 max test. The findings indicate
that the variables of CPETmax were significantly superior (P<0.05) for
soccer athletes. On the other hand, the Tlim was significantly higher
(P<0.05) for basketball athletes (318.0 ± 98.9 sec) versus the soccer
athletes (255.3 ± 86.6 sec). There was no significant difference for the
variable Dmax (basketball: 1344.7 ± 415.4 m; soccer: 1228.3 ± 369.6
m). There was no significant difference between the groups on the
kinetics of blood lactate removal and peak blood lactate value. There
was a moderate correlation of Tlim with VO2 max (r = -0.44), vVO2
max (r = -0.55), vLV1 (r = -0.43), and peak lactate (r = 0.47) only for
soccer athletes. The findings suggest that these differences are likely
to be due to physiological characteristics inherent in each sports
modality. Soccer athletes had superior physiological parameters of
aerobic metabolism while the basketball athletes had higher Tlim.
Key Words: Running Performance; VO2 Max Velocity, Exhaustion
83
INTRODUCTION
During physical exercise, the main function of the cardiorespiratory system is to supply a continuous
flow of oxygen and nutrients to the skeletal muscles and to remove metabolic products of cellular
respiration (22). These physiologic responses are very important for athletic endurance performance,
especially when running a long distance is an integral part of the sport.
Aside from being used as a prognostic tool for cardiac and/or respiratory limitations (1,19), maximal
oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is a commonly known physiological parameter that characterizes aerobic
(or cardiorespiratory) fitness. Yet, VO2 max by itself cannot discriminate in running performance
between athletes (15,18).
Other variables such as ventilatory threshold and running economy are used in conjunction with VO2
max to increase the prediction of endurance performance in athletes (1). Besides these variables, the
minimal velocity that elicits VO2 max (vVO2 max) has been extensively investigated due to the fact
that athletes who have similar VO2 max may have different values in vVO2 max. This explains in part
the difference in running performance among athletes (8).
The vVO2 max is also used to determine time to exhaustion (Tlim) (8), which is a physiological
parameter correlated with lactate threshold expressed as percentage of VO2 max (5,6) and anaerobic
capacity (16,24). In addition, maximum strength training can be a very effective methodology for
improving Tlim in runners (26) and cyclists (28). This suggests that Tlim at vVO2 max may be related
to anaerobic metabolism and/or neuromuscular factors.
Studies report mean values between 2.5 min (9) and 10 min (14) for Tlim at vVO2 max, demonstrating
great variability even among trained individuals (6). Based on this principle, Billat et al. (9) evaluated
the Tlim at vVO2 max in different sports modalities (cycling, kayaking, swimming, and running) that
require aerobic adaptations, obtained different VO2 max values by using ergometers specialized for
each of the four types of athletes. They reported significant differences for Tlim at vVO2 max between
cyclist (222 sec) and kayak paddlers (376 sec), which confirms the results depend on sports modality
evaluated.
On the other hand, basketball and soccer are performed using intermittent movements that requires
metabolic interaction between the aerobic and anaerobic pathways, which may promote specific
responses on Tlim at vVO2 max. To our knowledge, no study has determined the maximum distance
traveled (Dmax) and Tlim at vVO2 max in basketball and soccer athletes. Such information should
provide a better understanding of the specific physiological adaptations and endurance capacity in
aerobic athletes, since running is an important physical activity for these sports modalities.
Investigation of variables related to endurance performance among sports modalities should provide
relevant information and insight for coaches to help them design physical training programs in
accordance to the requirements of the sport. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the
Dmax and Tlim at vVO2 max among basketball and soccer athletes. Additionally, the relationship of
Tlim with the variables VO2 max, vVO2 max, first ventilatory threshold (VT1), velocity of first ventilatory
threshold (vVT), and peak blood lactate were determined.
METHODS
Subjects
The subjects consisted of 26 basketball and 27 soccer players (goalkeepers were excluded) between
18 and 23 yrs of age. All subjects were athletes who were involved in regular physical training
84
sessions (5 to 10 sessions·wk-1). They participated in state-level competitions of which the inclusion /
exclusion criteria were: (a) at least 2 yrs of athletic experience in state-level competitions; (b)
familiarity with treadmill running; and (c) no injury for at least 1 mth prior to the study. All subjects
completed a questionnaire to assess health status and signed a free- and informed-consent form
after being informed about the research and experimental protocol. This study was approved by the
Research Ethics Committee of the Methodist University of Piracicaba (Protocol No: 86/12).
Procedures
This study was cross-sectional. Each subject visited the laboratory twice, with a minimum of 24 hrs
between visits. During the first visit, a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPETmax) was
conducted to determine the following parameters: VO 2 max, VT1, vVT1, vVO2 max, and maximum
heart rate (HR max). During the second visit, the athletes underwent a time to exhaustion at vVO 2
max test to determine Tlim and Dmax parameters. In addition, at the end of the time to exhaustion at
vVO2 max test, kinetics of blood lactate removal test was performed to determine the metabolic
response at the following times: 0 (immediate), 3, 6, 9, 15, and 20 min, with pre (baseline) blood
having been collected beforehand. During the experiments, training load on the subjects (athletes)
was reduced. The subjects were also asked to participate in the tests rested, fed, and hydrated. They
were verbally encouraged and motivated to make maximum efforts during the tests, which were
performed at the same time with variation of ±3 hrs.
Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPETmax)
The subjects performed the CPETmax on a motorized treadmill (ATL Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, Brazil)
at 1% incline using a continuous protocol that consisted of a warm-up of 8 km·h-1 for 3 min followed
by an incremental load of 1 km·h-1 every minute until voluntary exhaustion. The expired gases were
measured using a metabolic gas analyzer (VO2000 - Medical Graphics, St. Paul, MN, USA). The
highest value of oxygen consumption achieved during the CPETmax was considered to be VO2 max,
while VT1 was determined by the ventilatory method (20). The additional exhaustion criteria were
respiratory exchange ratio (RER) ≥ 1.1 and ≤ 10 beats·min-1 of age predicted maximum. Equipment
was calibrated for every evaluation according to the manufacturer´s recommendations. Heart rate
was measured every 60 sec with a heart rate monitoring (Polar Vantage NV, Kempele, Filand). The
vVO2 max was considered to be the minimal velocity that elicited VO2 max. If the velocity stage could
not be maintained for 1 min, the velocity of the previous stage was defined as vVO2 max (4).
Time to Exhaustion at vVO2 Max Test
Prior to this test, the subjects performed a warm-up of 5-min at an intensity of 1 km·h-1 below vVT1.
After a 2-min rest, the time to exhaustion at vVO2 max test was started. From the moment that the
treadmill reached the vVO2 max speed (between 8 to 10 sec) a manual chronometer was activated
(Timex®, model 85103). The test was ended when the subject reached voluntary exhaustion (inability
to maintain the required velocity). The Tlim was considered to be the total time of effort maintained in
vVO2 max, expressed in sec. The Dmax was determined by the multiplication of vVO2 max (m·sec-1)
by Tlim (in sec) and was expressed in m.
Blood Lactate Analysis
Blood samples (25 µl) were collected from the fingertips into heparinized capillary tubes and
transferred to microtubes containing 50 µL of sodium fluoride at 1%. The lactate concentration was
analyzed via an electro-enzymatic method with a lactate analyzer (YSI 2300 Stat Analyzer, Yellow
Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH, USA). Lactate concentrations in blood are expressed in
mM.
85
Statistical Analysis
Data normality was assessed by Kolmorogorov-Smirnov test. All data showed normal distribution, so
the comparisons of means between the modalities (soccer and basketball) were performed by
independent t test. One-way, repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a
Turkey’s post-hoc test were used for comparisons in kinetics of blood lactate removal values. The
Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the level of correlation between selected
variables. The level of significance was set at 5%. Data are expressed as mean ± standard derivation
(SD). A study-power analysis suggested that a minimum of 18 subjects analyzed in each group and a
5% significance level (two-tailed) would yield at least 80% power for detecting differences for the
variable Tlim.
RESULTS
Anthropometric and Cardiopulmonary Values
The anthropometric and cardiopulmonary variables for soccer and basketball athletes are described
in Table 1. Age did not differ significantly (P>0.24) between groups, while significant differences were
observed in body mass (P<0.01) and height (P<0.01) of the basketball athletes. Analysis of
cardiopulmonary variables obtained by the CPETmax showed higher values in all parameters for
soccer athletes when compared to basketball athletes: VO2 max (P<0.01), vVO2 max (P<0.01), VT1
(P<0.01), and vVT1 (P<0.01). There was no significant difference (P>0.07) for HRmax.
Table 1. Anthropometric and Cardiopulmonary Data for Soccer and Basketball Athletes
Variables
Basketball (n = 26)
Soccer (n = 27)
Age (yrs)
18.9 ± 1.9
18.5 ± 0.9
Body mass (kg)
82.8 ± 10.9*
71.4 ± 5.9
Height (cm)
190.2 ± 7.4*
178.8 ± 6.7
VO2 max (mL·kg-1·min-1)
50.0 ± 3.1
58.3 ± 4.2*
vVO2 max (km·h-1)
15.3 ± 1.1
17.5 ± 1.1*
VT1 (mL·kg-1·min-1)
35.9 ± 4.1
41.3 ± 4.1*
vVT1 (km·h-1)
10.1 ± 1.1
12.1 ± 0.8*
190.6 ± 7.6
194.8 ± 8.3
HR max (beats·min-1)
Values are expressed as mean ± SD. VO2 max: maximal oxygen uptake; vVO2 max: velocity at maximal
oxygen uptake; VT1: first ventilatory threshold; vVT1: velocity at first ventilatory threshold; HR max: heart rate
maximum. *Significant difference between groups
Dmax and Tlim at vVO2 Max Test
Figure 1 shows the data obtained in the time to exhaustion at vVO2 max test, which includes time
(sec) and maximum distance (m) categorized according to the type of athlete. Tlim was significantly
86
higher (P<0.02) for the basketball athletes (318.0 ± 98.9 sec) compared with the soccer athletes
(255.3 ± 86.6 sec). However, no significant difference was observed (P>0.28) between groups for the
variable Dmax (basketball: 1344.7 ± 415.4 m; soccer: 1228.2 ± 369.6 m).
(a)
(b)
*
440
1800
Dmax (meters)
Tlim (seconds)
1500
330
220
110
1200
900
600
300
0
0
Basketball
Basketball
Soccer
Soccer
Figure 1. (a) Values of time to exhaustion (Tlim) in seconds obtained by time to exhaustion at the velocity at
maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2 max) test for basketball and soccer groups; (b) Values of maximum distance
traveled (Dmax) in meters obtained by time to exhaustion at vVO2 max test for basketball and soccer groups.
*Significant difference between groups. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
*
*
*
Basketball
Soccer
*
*
20
m
in
15
m
in
in
9m
in
6m
in
3m
0m
P
in
*
re
Lactate (mM)
Blood Lactate
Analysis of kinetics of blood lactate removal showed significant changes (P<0.01) until 20 min after
the vVO2 max test compared to the pre-test values for both groups (Figure 2). However, no significant
interaction between groups was observed (P>0.05). In addition, the peak blood lactate concentration
did not differ significantly between groups (P>0.05), with mean values of 14.4 ± 4.1 mM and 13.8 ±
3.0 mM for basketball and soccer athletes, respectively.
Figure 2. Blood lactate concentrations (means ± SD) at times: pre (baseline), 0 (immediately), 3, 6, 9, 15, and
20 min after time to exhaustion at the velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO 2 max) test for the basketball
and soccer groups. *Significant difference (P<0.01) compared to pre values (basketball and soccer athletes).
87
Correlation with the Variable Tlim
Significant correlation was observed between Tlim and VO2 max, vVO2 max, vVT1, and peak blood
lactate in the soccer athletes. No significant correlation was observed among any of the variables in
the basketball athletes (Table 2).
Table 2. Pearson Correlation Coefficient Between Time Limit (Tlim) with Maximum Oxygen
Uptake (VO2 max), Velocity at Maximal Oxygen Uptake (vVO2 max), First Ventilatory Threshold
(VT1), Velocity at First Ventilatory Threshold (vVT1), and Lactate Peak.
Variables
Basketball (n = 26)
Soccer (n = 27)
Tlim x VO2 max (mL·kg-1·min-1)
r = -0.27
P = 0.18
r = -0.44
P = 0.02*
Tlim x vVO2 max (km·h-1)
r = -0.29
P = 0.15
r = -0.55
P = 0.01*
Tlim x VT1 (mL·kg-1·min-1)
r = -0.59
P = 0.77
r = -0.24
P = 0.23
Tlim x vVT1 (km·h-1)
r = 0.14
P = 0.51
r = -0.43
P = 0.02*
Tlim x Lactate Peak (mM)
r = 0.17
P = 0.41
r = 0.47
P = 0.01*
VO2 max: maximum oxygen uptake; vVO2 max: velocity at maximal oxygen uptake; VT1: first ventilatory
threshold; vVT1: velocity at ventilatory threshold. *Significant correlation.
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study was to compare cardiopulmonary variables and performance on time to
exhaustion of vVO2 max tests among basketball and soccer athletes. The main findings were: (a) all
cardiopulmonary variables analyzed in CPETmax were superior for soccer athletes; (b) the Tlim in
vVO2 max was higher for basketball athletes; (c) there was no significant difference in Dmax in vVO2
max between sports modalities; and (d) the variables VO2 max, vVO2 max, vVT1, and blood lactate
peak were moderately associated with Tlim for soccer athletes.
Aerobic power represents the maximum uptake rate of molecular oxygen from the environment and
its transport and use by the mitochondria for cellular respiration during physical exercise (20,23). The
VO2 max values obtained in this study were in agreement with the values reported by da Silva et al.
(13) for soccer athletes (between 55 to 68 mL·kg-1·min-1) and with those reported by Ziv and Lidor
(29) for basketball athletes (between 50 to 60 mL·kg-1·min-1). However, when the groups in this study
were compared to each other, the values of VO2 max were 14% higher for the soccer athletes (Table
1). These findings are consistent with the training adaptations that are necessary to accommodate
different levels of metabolic demand between sports modalities.
88
Despite both soccer and basketball requiring intermittent cardiovascular effort, with decisive muscle
actions being supplied by anaerobic metabolism (2,29), aerobic power is a variable that promotes
better physiological recovery between high-intensity muscle actions and maintenance of sports
performance (27). Therefore, higher values of VO2 max for soccer athletes were expected, due to the
fact that distance covered during a match is higher for soccer players (10000 to 12000 m) (25)
compared with basketball players (4404 to 7558 m) (3,16).
In addition, the major requirement of aerobic metabolism for soccer athletes was also confirmed by
the data on ventilatory threshold (Table 1). The table shows its highest values at VT1 and vVT1 with
the value for oxygen consumption at VT1, which represented 71% of VO2 max for soccer athletes and
72% for basketball athletes. VT1, also described as the aerobic threshold, represents increased
participation of glycolytic anaerobic metabolism during exercise while aerobic metabolism is still the
primary source of energy (10,21).
The vVO2 max is described as a variable that integrates VO2 max and running economy in a single
factor, thus explaining in part the difference in running performance among athletes (8). In this study,
the data for vVO2 max were higher for soccer athletes and were in agreement with those obtained by
da Silva et al. (12). We found no data in the literature regarding basketball athletes.
As indicated by their Tlim scores, the soccer athletes had lower length of performance for the same
relative intensity (vVO2 max) compared to basketball athletes. However, no significant difference was
observed for the variable Dmax. These data can be explained due to the fact that soccer athletes
performed the test with higher velocity; a fact that allowed them to travel the same distance in a
shorter time (Figure 4).
Similarly, Billat et al. (5) reported an inverse correlation between both VO2 max and vVO2 max and
Tlim at vVO2 max in elite half-marathon runners. In addition, bioenergetic analysis of long-distance
recreational runners demonstrated that aerobic energy represents approximately 83% of total energy
expenditure during the Tlim at vVO2 max (4). Therefore, despite the metabolic prevalence during the
time to exhaustion at vVO2 max test, the aerobic metabolism does not seem to be a determining
factor for improved Tlim performance for soccer athletes.
Likewise, we observe that the variables VO2 max, vVO2 max, and vVT1 were inversely correlated with
Tlim for soccer athletes (Table 2). These data indicate that athletes who had better results in the
CPETmax did not achieve better performance in the time to exhaustion at vVO2 max test. On the
other hand, the peak blood lactate concentration was positively associated with Tlim, thereby
demonstrating that soccer athletes who had a greater magnitude of activation of glycolytic anaerobic
metabolism were the subjects with better performance on the time to exhaustion at vVO2 max test.
Similarly, Renoux et al. (24) demonstrated that the Tlim was positively correlated with determination
in runners of the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), methodology considered the gold
standard for determining anaerobic capacity.
In contrast, although the basketball athletes scored better in the time to exhaustion during vVO2 max
test, the peak values and kinetics of blood lactate removal did not differ significantly when compared
with soccer athletes (Figure 2). In addition, studies have reported that maximal strength training was
effective for improving time to exhaustion at vVO2 max in runners (26) and cyclists (28). Thus, these
data suggest greater tolerance for efforts with high glycolytic demand and the neuromuscular
performance required of basketball athletes, possibly a characteristic of the sports modality.
89
Conversely, no correlation analyses were significantly associated with Tlim for basketball athletes.
Likewise, other studies have found no significant correlation between VO2 max and vVO2 max and
Tlim (6,7,11). The literature has reported that Tlim has good reproducibility, but it exhibits a high
coefficient of variation (6). Therefore, the difference between the studies may be explained due to the
large variability between individuals in determining Tlim at vVO2 max.
CONCLUSIONS
Soccer athletes had higher values in the parameters associated with aerobic metabolism (VO2 max,
vVO2 max, VT1, and vVT1). However, determination of Tlim in vVO2 max was higher for basketball
athletes, and there was no significant difference for the variable Dmax. Therefore, these differences
are due to physiological characteristics relevant to each sports modality. In addition, Tlim was
moderately correlated with VO2 max, vVO2 max, VT1, and peak blood lactate, but only for the soccer
athletes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank CAPES for the financial support and the master’s scholarships.
Address for correspondence: Rozangela Verlengia (PhD), Master in Physical Education – FACIS UNIMEP - Campus Taquaral Rodovia do Açúcar, Km 156, s/n, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil.
e-mail: rverleng@unimep.br
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