ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
ABM STANDARDS FOR LIVESTOCK TRANSPORT
INTRODUCTION
2.1.1
The standards are designed to ensure the safe, compassionate transport of animals and prevent
distress.
2.1.2
Compliance with these standards complements the Assured British Meat production standards to
ensure the transport and handling of animals is carried out to standards over and above existing legal
requirements including the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997, which together with relevant
codes of practice are listed in Appendix 1.
Compliance with the ABM Standard will be assessed by way of an inspection against the
following criteria.
ABM Standard
Identification and Traceability
2.2.1
Any person who transports livestock must
ensure that they have to hand all documents
relating to the identification of stock they
transport before a journey commences and
that they are in possession of an ABM
approved delivery note.
2.2.2
Animals must be loaded and segregated where
necessary to ensure animals of differing status
(e.g. farm assured v non-assured, clean v
dirty) can be easily identified on arrival at
their destination.
Ensure different species and animals of
differing status are kept separately on the
vehicle.
Drivers
2.3.1
Drivers must hold a statutory licence to drive
the type of goods vehicle to be used.
2.3.2
Drivers must be experienced in the handling
and welfare of animals under their care.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
Guidance
All stock must be accompanied by an approved
ABM delivery note (see Appendix 2). In addition,
cattle must be accompanied by the relevant
passport, Cattle Identification Document (CID), or
Cattle Certification Document (CCD).
Pigs must be accompanied by a movement licence.
Don’t contaminate clean animals (i.e. animals in
MHS scores 1 and 2) by loading them in the same
compartment as dirty animals (i.e. MHS scores 3, 4
and 5).
Keep farm assured animals and non-farm assured
animals segregated.
A valid licence must be produced within 7 days of
inspection.
A driver carrying animals on journeys of over 50
km must have a MAFF-recognised certificate of
competence. All drivers should be able to show that
they know how to look after the animals in their
care.
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
The driver must set up the facilities under his
control properly with partitions and gates properly
secured. Animals should be moved with proper
consideration for their welfare. Where necessary,
the driver needs access to a torch and, for pigs, a
pig board.
The vehicle’s access ramps/lifts must be suitable
for the species being carried. The maximum ramp
angles to the nearest degree are as follows.
ABM
Recommendation for all
Ramps
Where ramps are used, they must be
constructed in a way to prevent animals
slipping and have secure side guards with no
projections likely to cause injury. To minimise
stress when transporting animals, tail lifts,
ramps or complete lifting decks should be
installed where practicable. Ramp angles must
not exceed the legal requirements and should
comply with the ABM recommendations.
Drivers need to follow these essential elements of
good driving for livestock haulage at all times.
Legal
Requirement
External
Ramps
2.6.2
There should be either a training record or training
certificates. For farmers who undertake the
transportation of animals, compliance with the
relevant ABM approved farm assurance standard
(i.e. for beef, sheep or pigs) will be deemed
sufficient proof of their suitability to handle
animals in a proper manner during transport.
Legal
Requirement
Internal
Ramps
Training
2.4.1
Training of the driver is the responsibility of
the carrier and may be carried out in-house,
under the tutelage of an experienced driver, or
by full-time attendance at a course approved
by the Road Haulage and Distribution
Training Council (RHDTC); or by Lantra; or
by a mixture of practical, in-house, training
and attendance part-time at RHDTC or ATB
courses, or by other recognised means such as
an NVQ (Level II) course. Drivers must also
possess a MAFF-recognised Certificate of
Competence for all journeys over 50 km.
Driving
2.5.1
To reduce the likelihood of welfare problems
during transit drivers must pull away slowly
and smoothly, anticipate hazards; take corners
and roundabouts smoothly and gently.
Loading/Unloading
2.6.1
Animals must be loaded/unloaded quietly
from suitable facilities using minimum force
while ensuring stress is kept to a minimum.
Cattle
33
29
25
Sheep
33
29
29
Pigs
33
29
20
(See also Appendix 3)
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
2.6.3
All routes used by animals must be clear and,
as far as is practical, animals should be
allowed to move on and off the vehicle at their
own pace.
Electric goads must only be used when
absolutely necessary and then sparingly on the
hindquarters of cattle over six months of age
only.
When stock are being loaded and unloaded make
sure routes are clear and allow animals to move at
their own pace. Do not attempt to force animals
through exits blocked by other stock, objects or
personnel.
If goads are used, they must only be used according
to the Standard.
Sticks may only be used as an extension of the arm
to aid in the movement of sheep and cattle, but
never for pigs. Sticks must not be used to hit or beat
any animal.
Livestock Transport Vehicles
2.7.1
Livestock transport vehicles must be suitable
for the species being carried. Non-slip flooring
must be fitted which must be free from
projections or other hazards likely to cause
injury. Apertures and lighting for ease of
inspection must be available and must comply
with the Welfare of Animals (Transport)
Order 1997.
2.7.2
Partitions must be of at least the minimum
legal height. They must be provided according
to the species carried and set no greater than
the recommended intervals.
Vehicles must have adequate headroom for animals
to stand. The vehicle’s flooring must be non-slip
and free of projections and other hazards likely to
cause injury. It must be possible to inspect all
animals from outside the vehicle.
The top of partitions must be a minimum of 76 cm
from the floor for calves, sheep and pigs and 127
cm from the floor for cattle.
Partitions should be constructed to avoid injuring
the animals and of sufficiently strong build for the
species carried.
Pens must not exceed the following maximum
lengths:
•calves 2.5 metres;
•sheep and goats 3.1 metres;
•cattle 3.7 metres.
(see also Appendix 3)
Stocking Densities
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
Animals must be neither overcrowded nor too
loosely stocked during carriage; correct use of
partitioning ensures the recommended
stocking density is achieved. Stocking
densities should be decreased and ventilation
increased in hot weather.
Separation
2.9.1
Legislative requirements with regard to
separation of animals, as laid out in the
Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997
must be complied with. Special care should be
taken with regard to horned and de-horned
stock, different sized animals and the gender
of stock being transported.
Animals with a Schedule 18 must be penned
separately. Horned animals must not be mixed with
unhorned. Different species must not be carried in
the same compartment (refer also to Appendix 5).
Fractious and excitable stock need special
consideration; some may respond to individual
penning, others may become calmer with
other animals. Drivers must be able to
demonstrate that suitable contingencies are
implemented when dealing with such animals.
All action taken with regard to fractious stock
must be recorded on the ABM approved
delivery note.
Fitness of Animals
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
Perforated
Floor
Bedding must be appropriate to the type of animals
being transported. The following rules apply (see
also Appendix 6):
Saw-dust
Provision of Bedding
2.10.1
Suitable and adequate bedding must be
provided at all times unless suitable
alternative systems are in place.
Straw
2.9.2
Stocking densities need to be appropriate to the
type of stock being carried, the prevailing weather
conditions and the duration of the journey being
undertaken. Animals must not be stocked in a
manner that could result in physical injury or
animal welfare being compromised. Animals
should not be too tightly loaded nor so loosely
stocked that injuries could result (see Appendix 4).
None-slip
floor only
2.8.1
Cattle
no
yes
yes
no
Calves
no
yes
no
no
Sheep
no
yes
yes
no
Pigs
(Adults)
no
yes
yes
yes
7kg weaner
no
yes
no
no
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
2.11.1
The carriage of an obviously unfit animal is
prohibited if, by its unfitness, it is likely to be
caused unnecessary suffering as set down in
the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order
1997 and the MAFF Guidance on the
Transport of Casualty Animals.
MHS Clean Livestock Policy
2.12.1
Hauliers and drivers must adhere to the MHS
Clean Livestock Policy as it applies to them.
Ventilation
2.13.1
Due consideration must be given to ensuring
the thermal comfort of animals. Vehicles must
at least comply with the legal minimum
ventilation requirements. The vehicle should
be kept moving as far as possible to facilitate
ventilation. If unscheduled stops are
unavoidable, ventilation and partitioning
should be adjusted as appropriate. If a stop has
to be made the vehicle should be parked in the
shade or in a sheltered position in extremes of
weather.
Roadside Checks
2.14.1
It is essential that the driver requests priority
over other vehicles in the event of a roadside
check in the interests of the welfare of animals
being carried.
Vehicle Operating Procedures
2.15.1
The driver should telephone ahead to confirm
time of arrival to ensure that arrangements
will be made to unload the consignment,
without undue delay.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
Do not transport animals that are injured, unwell or
likely to give birth during the journey (see also
Appendix 7).
See Appendix 8.
See Appendix 3.
Ventilation should be adjusted to the prevailing
climatic conditions and the type and number of
animals being transported.
If stopped at a roadside check ask to be treated as a
priority.
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
2.15.2
Animals suffering injury or becoming unfit
during transit must be delivered as soon as
possible to the nearest suitable place for
unloading or slaughter
2.15.3
All vehicles are required by ABM to be
cleansed and disinfected with a MAFF
approved disinfectant between loads.
The carrier is responsible for maintaining all
records required by ABM and such records as
required by law. These records must be
retained for 36 months and made available for
the authorities on request.
2.15.4
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
To avoid any unnecessary further distress, the
animal should be taken to the nearest suitable place
for treatment or slaughter. Ensure that the Animal
Welfare Officer is informed on arrival at an abattoir
or market and/or veterinary advice is sought (see
also Appendix 7).
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS (Published as an insert into the original standard)
Additional Standards for Hauliers who have Vehicles Used for Movement of Pigs –
Integration of ABM Transport Scheme, FABPigs Transport Scheme and Malton Code.
1.
ABM-approved or former FABPigs dispatch notes are approved by ABM and a separate movement
license is not required.
2.
Growing and finishing pigs collected from different farms must be kept in separate compartments of
the vehicle.
3.
Driving time (from when the first animal is loaded) is restricted to a maximum of 8 hours. The
exception to this is where pigs are moved in special high specification vehicles with continuous water
availability, then longer journeys in accordance with UK and EU law are acceptable.
4.
The use of electric goads on pigs is prohibited.
5.
It is recommended that a raised loading point should be used wherever possible.
6.
The slope of the tail ramp between the back of the vehicle or trailer and the unloading ramp must be no
steeper than 1 in 5 (20°).
7.
Finished pigs must not be transferred from one vehicle to another except in emergencies or where
transfer takes place in close proximity to the premises from which the pigs have been brought
immediately before transfer, and the transfer is from the vehicle which brought pigs from those
premises. Finished pigs must move directly from farm to abattoir unless sold via an ABM-approved
auction market.
8.
Pens used for carrying pigs must not exceed 3.1 metres in length.
9.
The stocking density should not exceed the guidelines of 235 kg/m² (+/- 10%) of vehicle floor space.
The maximum stocking density at any time during transport must not exceed 258 kg/m².
10. All vehicles must carry a written stocking density statement (which can be the Certificate of
Conformity). This statement must show the maximum number of pigs allowable at 90 kg and 100 kg
live weight.
11. Where possible, any interruptions causing a delay to the scheduled arrival time should be notified to
the receiving abattoir.
12. Records must be made by the haulier to include:

Date of movement.

Description of consignment.

Place of despatch.

Destination.

Place and date of vehicle cleansing.
These records must be retained for 3 years and made available to the authorities on request. Copies of
the Approved Dispatch note can be used for this.
13. All mortalities during transport must be recorded.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
ADDITIONAL STANARDS
14. The transporting of pigs from farm to abattoir must be planned to ensure the minimum delay between
arrival at the abattoir and unloading.
15. Unloading of pigs should normally commence within 30 minutes of arrival at the lairage. The carrier
should normally arrive at the abattoir within 30 minutes of the planned arrival time.
16. Producers, abattoirs and processors using their own transport must confirm that they comply with all the
standards, and register with the Transport Scheme.
17. Abattoirs’ animal welfare officers will monitor incoming loads against the transport standards. Regular
suppliers will be inspected at least once in each six-month period. Abattoirs will inform the Scheme of
any non-compliances.
18. The Scheme will carry out regular spot checks of transporters’ vehicles and members/hauliers must
allow access to operating premises for this purpose.
Please note that it is intended that these additional standards be incorporated directly into the ABM standards
when they are next reviewed.
ERRATUM
ABM Standard
Guidance
Livestock Transport Vehicles, page 11
2.7.2
Partitions must be of at least the minimum
legal height. They must be provided
according to the species carried and set no
greater than the recommended intervals.
The top of partitions must be a minimum of 76
cm from the floor for calves, sheep and pigs
and 127 cm from the floor for cattle.
Partitions should be constructed to avoid
injuring the animals and of sufficiently strong
build for the species carried.
Pens must not exceed the following maximum
lengths:
 Calves 2.5 metres;
 Pigs, sheep and goats 3.1 metres;
 Cattle 3.7 metres
(see also appendix 3)
APPENDIX 4: PIGS Transport by Rail and by Road, page 25
In order to comply with these minimum requirements, the loading density for pigs of around 100 kg should
not exceed 235 kg/m².
APPENDIX 1
Appendix 1
LEGISLATION AND CODES OF PRACTICE
The Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997 and accompanying guidance notes.
The MAFF Guidance on the Transport of Casualty Farm Animals. This publication is available, free of
charge, from:
DEFRA Publications, Admail 6000,London, SW1A 2XX.
Telephone: 08459 556000.
Quote publication number PB1381.
2
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 1
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 3
Appendix 3
(Source: Guidance on the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1999)
GUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION
OF VEHICLES
SECTION I: VEHICLES FOR USE ON ROADS
Journeys not exceeding 8 hours
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
1.1 GENERAL
The livestock vehicle must be constructed and maintained in a way which ensures the safety of the animals
during loading, transport, and unloading. It must protect them from injury, unnecessary suffering, inclement
weather, and excessive noise and vibration. It must be free of any sharp edges, protrusions, gaps and spaces
which are likely to cause injury.
1.2 STRENGTH
The livestock vehicle must be strong enough to withstand the weight of the animals and the action of the
weather.
1.3 SIZE
The livestock compartment must be of a suitable size to accommodate the animals to be carried and to enable
them to stand in a natural position.
1.4 FLOORS
Floors must be strong enough to bear the weight of the animals, and must be constructed to prevent slipping.
1.5 LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL FITTINGS
There must be sufficient lighting which may be natural or artificial (and if artificial, this may be portable) to
enable the care and inspection, and the safe loading and unloading of the animals. Electrical fittings and
wiring (where used) should be repositioned or protected to prevent injury to the animals.
Ventilation
1.6 GENERAL
Sufficient and appropriate ventilation must be provided for the number, size and species of animals to be
carried, whether the vehicle is in motion or is stationary, ventilation is usually achieved through apertures in
the sides of the livestock container. Where mechanical ventilation is provided - either alone or as a
supplement to apertures, the system must include adequate safeguards in the event of breakdown or power
failure.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 3
1.7 LARGE VEHICLES AND LARGE TRAILERS
It is recommended that a longitudinal ventilation aperture should be fitted in each side of each tier, and so far
as is practicable, be continuous throughout the length of the vehicle or trailer. This aperture should be
positioned as close to the top of the side wall as possible, with the upper edge no more than 10 cm below the
floor or roof above. Aperture depth should be not less than 20 cm.
1.8 SMALL VEHICLES AND SMALL TRAILERS
Other ventilation arrangements, including apertures in the end panels and roof ventilators, may be sufficient
where only a small number of animals are to be carried.
1.9 SPECIALIST HORSE VEHICLES
Ventilation apertures of appropriate dimensions should be provided according to the number and position of
the horses to be carried. This may be supplemented by mechanical ventilation. The ventilation must also be
sufficient to maintain a suitable environment when the vehicle is stationary, in traffic in hot weather for
example.
Ramp or Platform - For Loading/Unloading Animals
1.10 A vehicle should carry the means of unloading animals without causing them injury or unnecessary
suffering. A vehicle should normally be fitted with suitable equipment for loading animals. Each floor of a
vehicle must be fitted with barriers (or straps in the case of a specialist horse vehicle) which prevent animals
falling out when the loading door is not fully closed.
1.11 The gradient of a ramp fitted for loading and unloading animals must not be more than 4 in 7 (29˚ 44’),
when the vehicle is on level ground. However, in order to minimise the stress which loading and unloading
can cause, it is recommended that the slope should not be more than 25˚ for cattle and horses, and not more
than 20˚ for pigs. Whenever possible, it is preferable to load and unload pigs on, or close to, the level.
1.12 The ramp must be provided with a suitable means of preventing animals slipping, such as foot battens. It
is recommended that foot battens should be not less than 25 mm high spaced, with centres 20-30 cm apart.
1.13 Where animals are loaded and unloaded by means of a lifting platform, this must be of suitable
dimensions and be provided with a means of preventing animals from slipping.
1.14 It is recommended that any lifting, loading platform or livestock deck should be equipped with
appropriate safety mechanisms, which will prevent accidental operation and uncontrolled lowering, and
permit emergency lowering in the event of power failure.
1.15 Where a ramp is used for loading or unloading, side barriers not less than 130 cm high must be provided
(except for a vehicle specifically constructed for horses which are led into and out of the vehicle). Where a
lifting platform is used for loading and unloading, side barriers 130 cm high for cattle, and 90 cm high for
small calves, sheep and pigs, should be provided.
1.16 Any step at the top or bottom of a ramp must not exceed 21 cm and any gap between the ramp or lifting
platform and the vehicle should not be so large that an animal’s foot could pass into it, and must not exceed 6
cm between ramp and vehicle.
1.17 A ramp may not be necessary if the vehicle floor is 30 cm or less from the ground, nor if the animals are
small enough to be lifted (by no more than two people), without causing them injury.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 3
Ramp - For Transfer of Animals Between Floors
1.18 The gradient of a ramp used for transfer of animals between floors must not be more than 2 in 3 (33˚
42’). However, in order to minimise stress, it is recommended that the slope should not be more than 30˚ for
sheep and goats, 25˚ for cattle, and 20˚ for pigs. It is preferable not to move pigs via a ramp.
1.19 The ramp must be provided with suitable means of preventing animals from slipping, such as foot
battens. It is recommended that foot battens should be not less than 25 mm high and spaced with centres 2030 cm apart.
1.20 Where necessary, internal ramps should be fitted with side barriers of appropriate height.
Pen Lengths
1.21 The vehicle is likely to need to be subdivided into pens, formed with partitions so that the animals are
given support against the motion of transport and are properly segregated, and are in sufficiently small
groups.
1.22 The length of a pen must not exceed 2.5 m when calves are carried.
1.23 The length of a pen must not exceed 3.1 m when sheep, pigs, or goats are being carried.
1.24 The length of a pen should not exceed 3.7 m when cattle (other than calves) are being carried.
1.25 The length of a pen must not exceed 3.7 m when horses are being carried.
1.26 It is recommended that the vehicle has the facility to reduce the length of at least one pen, so that an
animal or a small group of animals may be carried separately in an area of appropriate size if necessary.
Partition Height
1.27 A partition (where fitted) must be rigid, of sufficient strength and height, and not interfere with
ventilation. Spaces above, below and gaps in it, should be of such size that an animal cannot become trapped
or injured.
1.28 A partition between pens or horse stalls must be at least 127 cm high for cattle (other than calves) and for
horses.
1.29 A partition between pens must be at least 76 cm high for calves, sheep, pigs, and goats.
Headroom/Height
1.30 The clear height available in a vehicle in which farm livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, or goats) or a horse is
being carried, must be sufficient for it to stand in its natural position with space above for the circulation of
air.
1.31 It is recommended that, in order to avoid injury and allow air to circulate, the space above the highest
part of cattle (other than calves) should be at least 10 cm, and at least 5 cm above calves, sheep, pigs and
goats.
1.32 No horse (any equine as defined in the Order) may be carried in a vehicle which has more than one deck
in operation. It is recommended that the clear height available in a vehicle in which a horse is being carried
should not be less than 1.98m, and must be more than this if necessary for the horse to stand in its natural
position.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 3
Roof
1.33 A vehicle must be fitted with a roof above all the animals, which provides adequate protection from the
weather.
1.34 The roof should be waterproof, be strong enough to withstand the forces which vehicle movement and
the weight of any water or snow, which might accumulate on it, might impose, be properly secured to the
vehicle, and be adequately supported to prevent sagging.
Inspection and Access
1.35 It must be possible to view all the animals from the exterior of the vehicle, for the purpose of inspecting
them and for which there must be suitable openings and footholds. Sight through the ventilation apertures is
considered to be one way to satisfy this requirement for access to inspect.
Exceptions for Certain ‘Small’ Vehicles on Short Journeys
1.36 A vehicle which satisfies all of the following criteria:
• is being used on a journey of 50 km or less to, from, or within land used for agricultural purposes,
• is owned by the owner or occupier of that land,
• has an internal length of not more than 3.7 metres available for the carriage of animals,
• need not be fitted with a roof, have inner barriers or straps for use when the loading door is open,
nor be fitted with an internal ramp.
OPERATION: Cleansing and Disinfection
2.1 The Order requires that all animals are loaded into a clean vehicle which has been disinfected, where
appropriate. Details of the requirements which continue to apply to the disinfection of a vehicle, are to be
found in Article 15 of The Transit of Animals (Road and Rail) Order 1975.
Litter/Bedding
2.2 The Order requires that sufficient litter is used to absorb urine and droppings, unless urine and droppings
are regularly removed or equally effective alternative arrangements are in place.
2.3 Sawdust appears to be the most effective type of litter for absorbing urine and wet droppings. It also gives
good ‘footing’ and tends to stay in place better than straw. However, it is recommended that vehicles carrying
young calves or weaner pigs are bedded with straw, as these animals travel better with such bedding.
Section II: Vehicles for use on roads
Journeys exceeding 8 hours
Introduction
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 3
3.1 For a journey which exceeds 8 hours, the vehicle must comply with the additional requirements set out in
paragraph 2 of Schedule 7 to the Order, in addition to the requirements for a vehicle on a journey of up to 8
hours. These additional requirements shown below in quotation marks and bold type are transposed from the
Directive.
3.2 The additional requirements have now been elaborated in Council Regulation (EC) 411/98, which will
come into force in the UK and throughout Europe, on 1 July 1999. Its provisions closely parallel what is
already in operation in Great Britain under WATO 97 and these guidance notes, except for ventilation.
Copies of the Regulation are available from Agricultural Departments. Guidance on the implications of the
Regulation for vehicle construction and use will be issued in due course. If you wish to make comments on
the interpretation of Regulation (EC) 411/93, please send them to the same address.
‘there is sufficient bedding on the floor of the vehicle’
3.3 Bedding must be provided and must be appropriate for the age and species of animals being carried. The
quantity used must be sufficient for the number of animals being carried, the length of the journey, the
provision of “thermal comfort” in cold conditions and to absorb urine and other animal effluent - (unless
arrangements have been made for this to be achieved in another way, such as drainage to tanks).
‘the transporting vehicle carries appropriate feed for the animal species
transported and for the journey time’
3.4 Feed should be appropriate for the species and should be food that they are used to eating. It should be
presented in a way that will allow them to feed in a manner familiar to them. Floor feeding is acceptable for
animals which are normally fed in this way, but measures must be taken to ensure that hygienic conditions are
maintained.
3.5 Sufficient feed should be carried taking into account the number of animals, the length of the journey and
any arrangements which have been made for obtaining additional supplies during it. Where the journey does
not involve a mid-journey rest stop (i.e. the journey length does not exceed 9 or 14 hours, as applicable) only
an emergency/contingency supply of food need be carried on the vehicle.
3.6 If the arrangements for the journey include provision of rest, water and food, without unloading the
animals from the vehicle at the mid-journey stop, the stocking density must be such that there is sufficient
space for all the animals to obtain access to water and food if necessary in the time available, and for animals
to lie down and rest as necessary.
‘there is direct access to the animals’
3.7 There should be at least one means of direct entry into each vehicle deck or tier of animals - in addition to
the loading door. In addition, the driver or attendant should be able to view all of the animals from the outside
of the vehicle. Consideration should be given to the need to gain entry into each pen for the purpose of
providing water and food, or otherwise attending any animal.
‘there is adequate ventilation which may be adjusted depending on the
temperature (inside and outside)’
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 3
3.8 There should be an adequate ventilation system so that a satisfactory environment of temperature and
humidity can be maintained within the livestock compartment throughout the journey, whether the vehicle is
moving or stationary, and taking anticipated ambient conditions into account.
3.9 It will normally be necessary to increase ventilation when the vehicle is stopped for any length of time,
other than a short temporary stop.
3.10 Adjustable ventilation may be achieved by manually or mechanically adjusting ventilation apertures (e.g.
by use of flaps, shutters, or flexible sheets), or by another means of altering the airflow through all parts of the
livestock compartment.
3.11 It is expected that at least 50% of the apertures of the vehicle container should be capable of being
adjusted, so that they can be either open or closed. It should also be possible to adjust at least 50% of the
apertures serving each side of each vehicle pen on each livestock deck or tier.
3.12 Where mechanical (fan) ventilation is provided - either alone or as a supplement to apertures, the system
should be capable of operation when the livestock vehicle’s engine is stopped, and should incorporate
adequate
safeguards
in
the
event
of
mechanical
breakdown
or
power
failure.
‘there are moveable panels for creating separate compartments’
3.13 It should be possible, in order to provide support for and prevent injury to the animals, to subdivide the
vehicle to create separate compartments appropriate to the species and numbers of animals being transported.
Partitions should be suitable for the species of animal carried and comply with the requirements of the Order
in respect of their design. Partitions, which are fitted in a fixed position, but can be moved on hinges or by
lifting in and out for the purpose of moving animals within the vehicle, are acceptable.
‘vehicles are equipped for connection to a water supply during stops’
3.14 Equipment, which may be portable or fixed, must be available on the vehicle so that water can be
supplied to the animals during stops.
3.15 Portable equipment such as floor troughs or secured buckets should be sufficiently stable when in use to
prevent them being knocked over.
3.16 Although it is not necessary, except in the case of pigs, for water to be carried on the vehicle,
transporters will be expected to be able to demonstrate that the system provided can readily be connected to a
water supply and is able to deliver adequate quantities to the animals being transported within a short time
(e.g. the length of a 1-2 hour rest stop when taken with the animals remaining on the vehicle).
‘in the case of vehicles transporting pigs, sufficient liquid is carried for drinking
during the journey’
3.17 The vehicle must be fitted with a system which is capable of providing the pigs with continuous access
to liquid. The system must be installed and operated in such a way that the pigs cannot be injured by it. It
must be operated in a manner which is not detrimental to the pigs’ welfare.
3.18 Whenever the vehicle is stopped (except for short, temporary stops), the person in charge of the pigs
must ensure that liquid is available to all of them.
3.19 The vehicle must carry sufficient liquid for the length of journey between places where replenishment
has been arranged, taking into account the number of pigs being carried, and the ambient conditions.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 4
Appendix 4
(Source: MAFF (1998) Guidance on the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997 pp. 10-11)
“SPACE ALLOWANCES” (ARTICLE 5)
2.3
The space allowances and the principles set out in Chapter VI of the Directive are taken from the
Council of Europe (CoE), Convention on the Welfare of Animals in International Transport and
Recommendations, made by the CoE in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The CoE is currently
reviewing these provisions which contain a degree of flexibility which recognises the need for space
allowances, to take account of variables such as species, size, age and weather conditions. To allow
ease of implementation of these changes when agreed, the Order does not incorporate the space
allowances set out in the Directive, but places an obligation on transporters to pay appropriate regard
to these figures [see tables below].
2.5
Farm livestock and horses must be provided with adequate space to stand in their natural positions
and room to lie down where necessary. The only exceptions to this are for air transport where IATA
rules apply (article 11). If it is intended that animals are to be watered, fed and rested on a vehicle of
higher standard (see Part 2 Chapter I Section 2), e.g. on journeys over 9 hours for unweaned animals
or 14 hours for sheep, goats or cattle, they should be stocked at a density which allows for the
animals to be fed and watered and gives room for the animals to lie down.
2.6
Care should also be taken to ensure that animals are not injured as a result of being understocked by
ensuring that partitions are used properly.”
BOVINE ANIMALS
Transport by Road
Category
Small Calves
Medium-sized calves
Heavy calves
Medium-sized cattle
Heavy cattle
Very heavy cattle
Approx weight (in kg)
55
110
200
325
550
>700
Area in m²
0,30 to 0,40
0,40 to 0,70
0,70 to 0,95
0,95 to 1,30
1,30 to 1,60
[>1,60]
These figures may vary, depending not only on the animals’ weight and size, but also on their
physical condition, the meteorological conditions and the likely journey time.
SHEEP/GOATS
Transport by Road
Category
Shorn sheep and lambs of 26
kg and over
Unshorn sheep
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
Weight (in kg)
<55
>55
<55
Area in m² per animal
0,20 to 0,30
>0,30
0,30 to 0,40
APPENDIX 5
Heavily pregnant ewes
Goats
Heavily pregnant goats
>55
<55
>55
<35
35 to 55
>55
<55
>55
>0,40
0,40 to 0,50
0,50
0,20 to 0,30
0,30 to 0,40
0,40 to 0,75
0,40 to 0,50
>0,50
The surface area indicated above may vary depending on the breed, the size, the physical condition and the
length of fleece of the animals, as well as on the meteorological
conditions and the journey time. As an
2
indication: for small lambs, an area of under 0,2m² per animal may be provided.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 5
PIGS
Transport by Rail and by Road
All pigs must at least be able to lie down and stand up in their natural position.
In order to comply with these minimum requirements, the loading density for pigs of around 100 kg should
not exceed 235 kg/m².
The breed, size and physical condition of the pigs may mean that the minimum required surface area given
above has to be increased: a maximum increase of 20% may also be required, depending on the
meteorological conditions and the journey time.
SEGREGATION OF ANIMALS
(1)
Save as provided in sub-paragraph (2) and (4), the following animals shall not be carried in an
undivided vehicle, rail wagon, pen or receptacle with other animals:
(a)
a cow accompanied by a calf or calves it is suckling;
(b)
a sow accompanied by unweaned piglets;
(c)
a mare with a foal at foot;
(d)
a bull over 10 months of age;
(e)
a breeding boar over 6 months of age; or
(f)
a stallion.
(2)
Bulls may be carried with other bulls, boars with other boars and stallions with other stallions if they
have been raised in compatible groups, or are accustomed to one another.
(3)
Save as provided in sub-paragraph (4), animals shall be segregated according to species.
(4)
Animals of any species may be carried in the same undivided vehicle, rail wagon, pen or receptacle
as their companion animals if separation would cause either of the animals distress.
(5)
No unsecured animal shall be carried in the same undivided vehicle, rail wagon, pen or receptacle as
any animal which is secured other than:
i) Unweaned young transported with their dam or other animal which they are suckling, or
ii) a horse registered under the Rules of Racing accompanied by an animal which is its companion.
iii) No animal shall be carried with another animal if, having regard to the differences in age and size
between those animals, injury or unnecessary suffering is likely to be caused to one or both of the
animals.
(7)
Measures shall be taken to avoid injury or unnecessary suffering to any animal as a result of the
carriage in the same vehicle, rail wagon, pen or receptacle of animals which are hostile to each other
or are fractious.
(8)
Measures shall be taken to avoid any animal being caused injury or unnecessary suffering by an
animal which becomes fractious during the journey.
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 5
(9)
Uncastrated male adults shall be segregated from females, unless they have been raised in compatible
groups or are accustomed to one another.
(10)
Horned cattle shall be segregated from unhorned cattle unless they are all secured.
(11)
Broken horses shall be segregated from unbroken horses.
(12)
Segregation of animals in rail wagons may be effected either by means of suitable partitions or, if
space permits, by tying them in separate parts of the rail wagon.
(Source:
The
Stationery
Office
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
The
Welfare
of
Animals
(Transport)
Order
1997
p.18)
APPENDIX 6
Appendix 6
PROVISION OF BEDDING
WATO states that:
“Floors on which animals are transported shall be covered with sufficient litter to absorb
urine and droppings unless equally effective alternative arrangements are in place or unless
urine and droppings are regularly removed.”
(Source: The Stationery Office The Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997 p. 15)
The Guidance Notes provide additional clarification.
For journeys under eight hours the notes state that:
“Sawdust appears to be the most effective type of litter for absorbing urine and wet
droppings. It also gives good ‘footing’ and tends to stay in place better that straw. However,
it is recommended that vehicles carrying young calves or weaner pigs are bedded with
straw, as these animals travel better with such bedding.”
For journeys over eight hours:
“Bedding must be provided and must be appropriate for the age and species of animals
being carried. The quantity used must be sufficient for the number of animals being carried,
the length of journey, the provision of “thermal comfort” in cold conditions, and to absorb
urine and other animal effluent (unless arrangements have been made for this to be
achieved in another way such as drainage tanks).”
(Source: MAFF Guidance on The Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997 p. 47)
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 7
Appendix 7
Fitness of Animal for Travel
2.7
When considering whether animals are fit to be transported, account must be taken of their health and
physical fitness in relation to the length of the journey to be undertaken and the conditions likely to
be experienced during the journey.
2.8
Animals are considered unfit for transport:
• if they are ill, injured, infirm or fatigued.
• if they are mammals likely to give birth during transport or have given birth during the preceding
48 hours or are new-born animals in which the navel has not completely healed.
• if they are infant animals or birds (other than poultry and domestic birds), domestic rabbits, dogs
and cats not accompanied by their mother and incapable of feeding themselves. This prohibition
does not apply to the young of farm livestock and horses (the rules for their feeding and watering
are set out in Schedule 7 of the Order).
2.9
In the transport of unfit animals the over-riding consideration should always be to do that
which is best for the welfare of the animal. The transport of unfit animals is acceptable only in very
limited circumstances, such as shown below.
• Animals which are only slightly ill, infirm or fatigued may be transported but only if the
intended journey is not likely to cause them unnecessary additional suffering.
• Animals transported for scientific research purposes under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
1986 (laboratory animals) except where they are likely to be caused injury or unnecessary
suffering by the intended journey. Every consideration should be given to planning the journey as
well as arranging for the comfort of animals which have undergone scientific procedures;
• Unfit (including casualty) cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses may only be transported to the
nearest available place for veterinary treatment or diagnosis or to the nearest available place of
slaughter, and then only provided they are not likely to be subject to unnecessary suffering during
the journey by reason of their unfitness. There is a prohibition on dragging or pushing such
animals by any means and also on lifting them with mechanical devices (except under direct
veterinary supervision - see below).
2.10
Although the Order does not generally apply when there is only one animal in the means of transport,
the rules about fitness to travel do apply to all farm livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs and goats) and
horses, whether they are travelling alone or with other animals for emergency slaughter or veterinary
treatment/diagnosis. If an animal is unfit to travel, it should be treated or slaughtered on-farm.
Casualty Animals (Farm Livestock and Horses) - More Information
2.11
The key issue when deciding if any casualty animal can be sent to the slaughterhouse or treatment
centre is whether the animal can be transported without being subjected to unnecessary pain or
distress. The questions to be asked when making the decision should include:
• can the animal be loaded without using force and without additional suffering?
• can the animal comfortably bear weight on all four legs and, if it is likely to stand during the
journey, can it do so without pain or distress?
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 7
• what is the duration of the journey?
• what is the nature of the road over which the animal will be transported?
• is the animal’s condition going to deteriorate significantly over the time it takes to reach the
slaughterhouse or treatment centre?
• is there a slaughterhouse/treatment centre near enough which will accept the animal? (It must be
sent to the nearest available place of slaughter)
• is there a suitable vehicle and driver available?
• can the animal be looked after satisfactorily during the journey?
• can suitable padding or bedding be provided?
If any of these questions or other considerations raise doubts about whether animals can be
transported without unnecessary suffering, then they should be slaughtered on the farm.
2.12
Further guidance will be found in the booklet, ‘Guidance on the Transport of Casualty Farm
Animals’ first published in 1993 and updated in 1998. This is available from DEFRA Publications,
London SE99 7TP. It takes account of the most recent changes in legislation.
(Source: Guidance on the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1999 pp.10-13)
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002
APPENDIX 8
Appendix 8
MHS CLEAN LIVESTOCK POLICY
II THE TRANSPORTER
“Transporters can take measures to ensure that animals which are in a Satisfactory condition leaving their
point of origin are delivered to the abattoir in the same satisfactory state. The following steps should be
considered by the transporter when transferring animals from the point of origin to the abattoir/market:
i) Ensure as far as possible that animals are protected from adverse weather conditions during loading. A wet
coat serves to exacerbate contamination due to defaecation during transport.
ii) Provide a transport vehicle which is maintained and cleaned to a suitable standard. It is unacceptable that
a dirty lorry should cause contamination of a clean-coated animal. Special consideration should be given to
multi-tiered lorries. Such vehicles should be suitably designed, maintained and managed so that animals are
protected from the elements and animals on the upper tiers do not cause contamination of animals on the
lower tiers.
iii) Provide adequate bedding in the transport vehicle. This will prevent the build up of urine and faeces
which could contaminate an otherwise clean coat. In providing adequate amounts of bedding for the journey
certain factors need to be taken into account ie. the length of the journey the time of year etc.
iv) Consideration should be given to the type of bedding used, ie. sawdust and woodshavings have more
capacity than straw to adhere to the coat, even when the coat is dry. Also, compared to straw, not only do
these types of bedding have a greater ability to cause contamination of the carcase during dressing, but their
ability to adhere to the carcase is greater than straw and therefore contamination by such is far more difficult
to remove.
v) Attention should be given to unloading animals to ensure they are not exposed to adverse weather
conditions.
It is advisable that transporters should be aware of the relevant regulations which relate to the transport of
animals. Whilst it is not envisaged that the transporter should be obliged to rectify the condition of any
animals with unsatisfactory coats, it is totally unacceptable that a transporter would bring about the
contamination of animals which were loaded in a satisfactory condition, and subsequent to transporting them,
they arrive at the abattoir in an unsatisfactory state ie. it is the responsibility of the transporter to ensure that
adequate and suitable transport is provided for the animals.
Transporters should be prepared to offer assurances that they are capable and committed to fulfilling their role
within the supply chain. If the producer and the transporter are not one and the same, the producer may wish
to obtain a guarantee from the transporter to ensure he/she is prepared to fulfil their responsibility.”
(Source: MHS Clean Livestock Policy pp. 9-10)
ABM Livstock Transport Standard 2002