Задания для самостоятельной работы
Вариант 1
I. Сопоставьте слова:
1) bridge
2) structure
3) road
4) complex
5) steel
6) construction
7) girder
8) beam
9) pier
10) flyover
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
балка
сталь
структура
мост
эстакада
опора моста
брус
построение
сложный
дорога
II. Переведите с английского языка на русский:
truss, compose, tension, compression, layout, support, weight, height, stretch,
anchor
III. Переведите с русского языка на английский:
уменьшать, подвеска, добавлять, включать, форма, перемещать,
прикреплять, расстояние, снабжать, кругообразный,
IV. Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский:
1. The designer must select and adapt such materials that will give the most
effective result by the most economical means.
2. High alumina cement is a material containing alumina.
3. Portland cement can be modified to suit a particular application.
4. The most important building materials are structural steel and concrete.
5. Concrete is an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone, gravel or similar
inert material with a mortar.
6. A bridge is a structure which is built to link two areas of land over an
obstacle such as valleys, rivers, lakes and oceans.
7. A beam bridge has a very simple structure and can be made of anything.
8. A truss is a structure composed of triangular units that are connected at
joints.
9. Аn arch bridge is a semicircular structure with supports known as the
abutments on each end.
10. In cable-stayed bridges, the cables are attached to the towers, which
bear the load.
V. Переведите текст:
Types of building materials
Houses are a basic need for every human being. From caves to modern well
built houses. Houses are made from different materials; materials like stones,
clay, husk, wood, concrete, bricks, cement and thatch. However many of these
materials are not in use any more in most modern constructions. Now as we all
know, most structures are built with cement and concrete, but to save costs
people still use other materials along with concrete, most notably wood. Here is
some information on few of the many types of materials used to construct
houses:
Stone or Rock
Stones have been used for the purpose of construction since the era of
cavemen. Rock and stone brick structures made hundreds of years ago still exist
in good and strong condition.
Wood
Wood is used for the purpose of constructions in many parts of the world.
Wood is cut down and pressed to form boards and planks for use in
construction. Wood has proved to be flexible and resistant against climate
harshness.
Clay
Clay is the most common material used to build houses, especially the
houses in country sides are made from clay and mud. To make houses it is
mixed with some quantity of straws and grass. Along with straw, grass and mud,
clay is a main ingredient of cob style houses. The main of reason of using clay is
its ability to keep the house cool in summers and warm in winter.
Cement
Cement is used in construction to join brick and stones together. It is also
used to bind wood and also to bind pre-cast building materials.
VI. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What materials are used to build houses?
2. Are stones and rocks used for the purpose of construction?
3. What are the advantages of wood?
4. What is the main reason of using clay?
5. What is cement used for?
Задания для самостоятельной работы
Вариант 2
I.
Сопоставьте слова.
1) timber
2) concrete
3) sink
4) to dig
5) brick
6) framework
7) to erect
8) to guard
9) soil
10) strength
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
кирпич
копать
древесина
почва
каркас
бетон
затоплять
прочность
защищать
возводить
II.
Переведите с английского языка на русский
progress, foundation walls, below ground level, parts of the building, the loads,
must be carefully proportioned, to prevent them from sinking,
-resisting
material, the weight of floors, natural materials
III. Переведите с русского языка на английский
балка, трещина, неровный, покрывать, устойчивость, цоколь, оседать,
котлован, вес, камень
IV. Переведите следующие предложения
1. First the excavation is dug for the basement.
2. The foundation walls are constructed below ground level.
3. The framework is clothed with various finishing materials and
protected by several coats of paint.
4. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the
framework.
5. The walls and other parts of the building must be carefully
proportioned.
6. The architect must decide what the size of the floors, the beams and
the girders must be.
7. Sinking and settling of a construction can cause cracks in walls and
uneven floors.
8. Floors may be of timber.
9. The materials used for the wall construction can be natural or artificial.
10. Roofs cover the building and protect it bad weather.
V. Переведите текст
Parts of a building
Almost everyone has watched building of a house and followed its
progress with interest.
First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls
bellow ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and
clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.
The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the
framework. It is intended for safely carrying the loads imposed. The floors,
walls, roof and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and
proportioned.
The architect or designer must decide what the size of the walls, the
floors, the beams, the girders and the parts which make up the framework must
be, and how they must be placed and arranged. Sometimes it is done by the
architect who draws the plans for the house, sometimes by a designer.
Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.
Foundations are to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil,
to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and
settling which can cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.
Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber
o
-resisting material.
Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs.
The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the wall construction
can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials.
Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to weather. They tie
the walls and give the construction strength and firmness.
VI. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Have you ever watched building of a house?
Where are the foundation walls constructed?
Which part of the building does its stability depend on?
What must the architect or designer decide?
Who usually draws the plans for the house?
What are the functions of the foundation?
What materials may be used in constructing floors?
What materials are used for the wall construction?
Задания для самостоятельной работы
Вариант 3
I.
Сопоставьте слова
1)stair
2) staircase
3) spiral
4) flight
5) vertical circulation
6) particular
7) enclosure
8) geometry
9) landing
10) quarter-space
II.
a) лестничный марш, пролет
b) промежуточный
c) ограждающая конструкция
d) лестничная площадка
e) геометрическая форма
f) перемещение в вертикальной плоскости
g) лестничная клетка, лестница
h) лестница
i) спиральный, винтовой
j) особый, исключительный
Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова
Multi-storey (adj.), similar (adj.), direction (n.), perform (v.), building (n.),
distinction (n.), fixed (adj.), use (v.), escalator (n.), storey (n.).
III. Переведите на английский язык приведенные ниже слова
Лифт, подъемник; , место, пространство; , прямой; , угол; , изогнутый;
, последовательный; , устройство, сооружение; , доступный; , ступень(ка); ,
длина.
IV. Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже предложения
1. Floors are connected by flights of stairs.
2. A single flight of stairs is a very rare thing.
3. All angles should be right.
4. Pay attention to the changes of direction.
5. Landings and flights are parts of a fixed straight staircase.
6. Staircases with straight flights are the most common form of stairs.
7. This building takes up a lot of space on plan.
8. Depending on the requirements, we can use different tools.
9. The design of this building is very difficult.
10.We must know all architectural requirements.
V.
Переведите текст
STAIRCASES
Stairs are used for vertical circulation in buildings. A distinction must be
made between fixed stairs and escalators. Ramps and lifts may perform similar
functions.
Depending on the available space, or the architectural requirements, stairs
may be straight, curved or spiral on plan. The most frequent type is the staircase
with straight flights.
In the design of stairs we should pay particular attention to the following
problems: the geometry of the staircase; the construction of its components; the
vertical enclosure of the staircase.
The fixed straight staircase comprises flights and landings. A series of
more than three steps is a flight. For reasons of safety the length of a flight
should be limited to about 18 steps. Two floors in a multi-storey building are
rarely connected by a single flight of stairs. If the successive flights are at right
angles to one another the landing at each change of direction is known as a
quarter-space landing. With two flights per storey, this is the most common form
of construction and takes up the least space on plan.
VI.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
What are stairs used for?
What other facilities can be used for this purpose?
What types of staircases are there?
What are the problems in the stairs design to be paid particular attention
to?
5. How is the fixed staircase constructed?
Задания для самостоятельной работы
Вариант 4
I. Сопоставьте слова.
1)
resistance
2)
synthetic resin
3)
surfacing
4)
entrance
5)
foundation
6)
pattern
7)
withstand
8)
available
9)
tools
10) laminate plastics
a) инструменты
b) рисунок, модель, образец
c) фундамент
d) многослойный пластик
e) синтетическая смола
f) отделка, нанесение покрытия
g) сопротивление, устойчивость
h) вход
i) имеющийся в наличии, доступный
j) противостоять
II. Переведите с английского языка на русский
maintenance, structural material, electrical insulator, to offer advantages,
window-sill, coat of paint, varying, interior and exterior design, wipe, rapidity of
assembly
III. Переведите с русского языка на английский
сырье, плохие атмосферные условия, невоспламеняющийся, легкость
обработки, транспортировки, низкие эксплуатационные расходы,
химическое
воздействие,
заменять,
замещать,
искусственный,
строительство, легкий
IV. Переведите следующие предложения
1.
New decorative laminate plastics are non-inflammable.
2.
Architects and engineers use plastics for interior and exterior design.
3.
New polyvinyl plastics are available in four designs and have 23 different
patterns.
4.
Plastics can be applied to almost every branch of building.
5.
Plastics in some respects are more convenient to use than natural
materials.
6.
Plastics offer many advantages over the materials they replace.
7.
Plastics are of a laminated construction.
8.
Artificial plastics can change not only their shape but their chemical state
as well.
9.
Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics.
10. Plastics can be worked with ordinary builders' tools.
V. Переведите текст
Plastics – the newer application in building
Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work for a vast
number of purposes. Nowadays plastics can be applied to almost every branch
of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic
resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good
advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, and they can
be easier machined. Besides they can take any color and pattern, and they are
good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical
action. Plastics products offer many advantages over the materials they replace,
such as ease of handling, lower maintenance costs and rapidity of assembly.
A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a
revolution in interior and exterior design. For interior use they are recommended
for surfacing - or sometimes as a structural material for kitchens, bathrooms,
lavatory walls, for doors, staircase wails, window sills, etc.
But plastics are used now not only for decoration but are made to
withstand severe outdoor conditions for varying periods of time. As a complete
structural material in itself, it is recommended for exterior work on shop fronts,
walls, entrances, doors, windows. Its chief advantage is that it needs no
maintenance other than an occasional wipe down with a damp cloth. Plastics can
be worked with ordinary builders' tools.
VI. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Where can plastics be applied?
What are the main raw material for plastics?
What advantages do plastics have?
What advantages do plastics products offer?
Where is decorative plastics used?
What exterior work are plastics recommended for?
Задания для самостоятельной работы
Вариант 5
I. Сопоставьте слова
1) Beam
2) Loads
3) Tensile
4) Bending
5) Shear
6) Fiber
7) Compression
8) Excavation
9) Topography
10)
Binding agent
II.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
сжатие
рельеф
выемка грунта
древесное волокно
вяжущее вещество
сгибание
балка
растягивающий
груз
сдвиг
Переведите слова с английского языка на русский язык.
general, modern, remove, application, formwork, humid, ratio, selection,
reaction, admixture
III. Переведите слова с русского языка на английский язык.
степень , ограничивать, конструировать, немедленно, избыток, цемент,
бетон, частицы, строительство, производство
IV. Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский язык.
1. Using concrete without cement is impossible.
2. The company started new project.
3. He insisted on adopting a new plan.
4. Concrete may be made on a building site.
5. Cement products are difficult to decorate with oil paints.
6. To determine the time of setting is important for further work.
7. This company bought new equipment.
8. They always supply us with the best building materials.
9. Limestone is used for making quicklime and cement.
10.Cement should be kept dry.
V.
Переведите текст с английского языка на русский язык.
Concrete
Concrete is the most common building material for modern construction
practice. It consists of cement used as a building agent and aggregate, for
example crushed stone and sand.
These components are mixed with water. The cement is hardening and thus
making the particles of the aggregate adhere close to each other. The setting and
hardening of concrete are due to chemical reactions between the cement and
mixing water. The concrete is filled into the framework immediately after
mixing and is then compacted.
Good concrete is influenced by the following factors:
1) Cement, which should be of superlative quality.
2) Aggregate, which should be carefully selected, graded and proportioned.
3) Water-cement ratio. Surplus water weakens the strength of the concrete.
4) Workmanship in mixing, placing and finishing the concrete.
VI.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What does concrete consist of?
What happens between the cement and mixing water?
How many factors influence concrete?
Cement should be of superlative quality, shouldn’t it?
What can be used as aggregate?