Chapter Objectives: Chapter 20 Biotechnology
1. Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists
study the eukaryotic genome
2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes
3. Describe how restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis are used to isolate
DNA fragments
4. Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in
producing a recombinant DNA molecule
5. Outline the procedures for producing plasmid and phage vectors
6. Explain how vectors are used in recombinant DNA technology
7. List and describe the 2 major sources of genes fro cloning
8. Describe the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses and explain
how they are useful in recombinant DNA technology
9. Describe ho genes of interest can be identified with the use of a probe
10. Explain the importance of DNA synthesis and sequencing to modern studies
of eukaryotic genomes
11. Describe how bacteria can be induced to produce eukaryotic gene products
12. List some advantages for using yeast in the production of gene products
13. List and describe 4 complementary approaches used to map the human
genome
14. Explain how RFLP analysis and PCR can be applied to the Human Genome
Project
15. Describe how recombinant DNA technology can have medical applications
such as diagnosis of genetic disease, development of gene therapy, vaccine
production, and development of pharmaceutical products
16. Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for agriculture
17. Describe ho plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by
Agrobacterium as a vector
18. Explain how foreign DNA may be transferred into o monocotyledonous plants
19. Describe how recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry are
regulated with regards to safety and policy matters
Chapter Terms:
genetic engineering
genomic library
recombinant DNA
cDNA library
biotechnology
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
nucleic acid probe
in vitro mutagenesis
gene cloning
gel electrophoresis
restriction enzymes
Southern blotting
antisense nucleic acid
restriction fragment
restriction fragments length polymorphisms artificial chromosomes
(RFLPs)
in situ hybridization
cloning vector
Ti plasmid
nucleic acid hybridization
Human Genome Project
denaturation
chromosome walking
expression vector
DNA microarray assays
restriction site
vaccine
complementary DNA (cDNA)
DNA fingerprint simple tandem repeats
electroporation
(STRs)
Chapter Outline Framework
A. DNA Cloning
1. DNA technology makes it possible to clone genes for basic research and
commercial applications
2. Restriction enzymes are used to make recombinant DNA
3. Genes can be cloned in recombinant DNA vectors
4. Cloned genes are stored in DNA libraries
5. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) clones DNA entirely in vitro
B. Analysis of Cloned DNA
1. Restriction fragment analysis detects DNA differences that affect
restriction sites
2. Entire genomes can be mapped at the DNA level
C. Practical Applications of DNA Technology
1. DNA technology is reshaping medicine and the pharmaceutical industry
2. DNA technology offers forensic, environmental, and agricultural applications
3. DNA technology raises important safety and ethical questions