10 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

10

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Psychological motives are motives that are

A) universal.

B) not influenced by learning.

C) not directly related to survival needs.

D) regulated by the hypothalamus.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 364

Style: Factual

Topic: Motivation and Emotion

2. A motivation is a(n)

A) internal state that suppresses our behaviors.

B) internal state that gives direction to our thoughts.

C) subconscious emotion.

D) physiological manifestation of thought.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 365

Style: Factual


3. Motives are activated by

A) thoughts.

B) internal physiological states.

C) external cues.

D) all of these.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 365

Style: Conceptual


4. In psychology, the term “motivation” refers to the

A) cognitive interpretation of events.

B) activation of behavior.

C) development of self-esteem.

D) body arousal associated with feelings.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 365

Style: Factual


5. Which of the following is true of emotion but is NOT true of motivation?

A) It activates one’s behavior.

B) It affects the selection of one behavior over another.

C) It is associated with one’s reaction to stimuli.

D) It is accompanied by physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous system produced in response to a stimulus.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 365

Style: Conceptual


6. Which of the following is true of motivation?

A) It activates and directs behavior.

B) It is accompanied by physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous system produced in response to a stimulus.

C) It involves the cognitive interpretation of body arousal.

D) It involves a positive or negative conscious experience.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 365

Style: Conceptual


7. Which of the following statements about the relationship between motivation and emotion is NOT true?

A) Motives are often accompanied by emotions.

B) Emotions can have motivational properties of their own.

C) The arousal of emotions activates behavior, similar to motives.

D) Emotions and motives always create changes in behavior.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 365

Style: Conceptual


8. Which of the following would generally be classified as a motive rather than an emotion?

A) anger

B) hunger

C) fear

D) passion

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 365

Style: Factual


9. Of the following needs, which is NOT a primary need?

A) the need for sex

B) the need for water

C) the need to regulate your body temperature

D) the need for silence

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 365

Style: Conceptual


10. Of the following needs, which is a primary motive?

A) human companionship

B) sex

C) optimal stimulation

D) self-actualization

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 365

Style: Factual


11. What is a homeostatic mechanism?

A) a process that regulates the essential, internal biological states

B) the regulation of behavior in response to external stimuli

C) the tendency to seek out stimulation and novel environments

D) the tendency to increase stimulation to create pleasurable feelings

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 366

Style: Factual


12. Homeostasis is a term used to describe

A) lateral inhibition in neural networks.

B) the opponent-process theory of motivation.

C) autonomic nervous system arousal.

D) physiological balance.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 366

Style: Factual


13. Maintaining a relatively constant concentration of water and sugar in the body is regulated by

A) intrinsic motivation.

B) homeostatic mechanisms.

C) instinct.

D) extrinsic motivation.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 366

Style: Conceptual


14. Keeping salt and mineral levels within a narrow range of critical levels is called

A) homeostasis.

B) intrinsic motivation.

C) instinct.


Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 366

Style: Conceptual


15. A behavior that is influenced by our “biological thermostat”

A) is learned.

B) occurs only in rare occasions.

C) meets our body’s survival needs.

D) increases autonomic nervous system arousal.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 366

Style: Conceptual


16. Which of the following behaviors is most likely motivated by a homeostatic need?

A) feeling full but eating a slice of pie because it looks so good

B) drinking four glasses of water on a hot summer day

C) placing scented candles around your house because the smells make you happy

D) taking a hot bubble bath to relax

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 365, 366

Style: Applied


17. Which of the following is an example of a behavior regulated by homeostasis?

A) going skydiving for the sheer thrill of it

B) arranging food on a plate for aesthetic appeal

C) standing in the shade on a hot day

D) calling a friend to cheer you up

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 365, 366

Style: Applied


18. Which of the following is regulated by homeostasis?

A) the desire to go rock climbing

B) choosing chocolate ice cream over carrots and celery

C) trying unfamiliar foods to experience new tastes

D) the need to remove a painful splinter

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 365, 366

Style: Applied


19. Which part of the brain plays a controlling role in the regulation of hunger?

A) thalamus

B) hypothalamus

C) hippocampus

D) amygdala

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 366

Style: Factual


20. The “feeding system” center of the brain is located in the

A) lateral hypothalamus.

B) ventromedial hypothalamus.

C) ventromedial amygdala.

D) lateral hypothalamus.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 367

Style: Factual


21. The “satiety” center of the brain is located in the

A) lateral hypothalamus.

B) ventromedial hippocampus.

C) lateral thalamus.

D) ventromedial hypothalamus.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 367

Style: Factual


22. Which of the following would cause a rat to stop eating?

A) destroying its ventromedial hypothalamus

B) stimulating its lateral hypothalamus

C) inject its paraventricular nucleus with a high glucose solution

D) destroying its lateral hypothalamus

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 367

Style: Conceptual


23. Which of the following will stimulate the lateral hypothalamus?

A) high glucose levels

B) high glycerol levels

C) stomach contractions

D) high leptin levels

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 367

Style: Conceptual


24. Which part of the brain increases and decreases hunger by controlling blood sugar levels?

A) paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

B) ventromedial hypothalamus

C) lateral area of the hypothalamus

D) pituitary gland

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 367

Style: Factual


25. Insulin, which ____________ blood glucose, is released by the ____________.

A) increases; liver

B) decreases; islets of Langerhans

C) decreases; liver

D) increases; islets of Langerhans

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 367

Style: Factual


26. Which of the following is a true statement about eating speed?

A) People should eat slowly in order to allow their brains time to detect the increase in blood glucose

B) People should eat quickly in order to be sure to “catching” he increase in blood glucose.

C) People should eat slowly in order to allow their brains time to detect the increase in blood glucose.

D) People should eat quickly in order to quickly stimulate the “stop eating” center in the brain.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 367, 368

Style: Factual


27. Which parts of the brain work to initiate eating?

A) the pituitary gland and the lateral hypothalamus

B) the ventromedial hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus

C) the paraventricular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus

D) the paraventricular nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 367, 368

Style: Conceptual


28. Which of the following is NOT a cue that regulates eating?

A) body fat levels

B) stomach contractions

C) blood sugar levels

D) total blood volume

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 367, 368

Style: Factual


29. Which of the following will stimulate the paraventricular nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A) low levels of insulin

B) stomach contractions

C) high leptin levels

D) low leptin levels

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 368

Style: Conceptual


30. Which of the following is a long-term regulator of eating?

A) hypothalamus detection of body fat level

B) blood sugar

C) stomach size

D) stomach contractions

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 368

Style: Factual


31. Which piece of evidence BEST supports the “set point” hypothesis?

A) A person who is severely deprived of a specific nutrient will crave foods containing the nutrient.

B) Persons who consume a lot of sugar gradually develop insulin intolerance.

C) A person’s weight tends to stay the same over the long term.

D) Stomach “stapling” will significantly decrease calorie intake.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 368

Style: Conceptual


32. Which of the following BEST supports the proposition that each of us has a different set point?

A) Diets work differently for different people.

B) We do not all have the same amount of body fat.

C) Individuals’ metabolism changes with age.

D) Some people need insulin injections to regulate their blood sugar levels.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 368

Style: Conceptual


33. Rats whose adrenal glands have been removed develop a preference for

A) sugar within 24 hours.

B) high fat foods almost immediately.

C) foods high in calcium.

D) salt within 15 seconds of it being offered.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 368

Style: Factual


34. Research on rats whose adrenal glands have been removed suggest the possibility of an association between

A) cravings for particular foods and the existence of particular nutrient deficiencies..

B) leptin levels and metabolism.

C) set point and body fat level.

D) insulin levels and the desire to eat.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 368

Style: Conceptual


35. Most Americans would never eat ants, but in a number of countries, ants are a delicacy. Difference in food preferences are largely attributed to

A) genetics.

B) homeostasis.

C) learning.

D) emotions.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 368, 369

Style: Conceptual


36. When Elsa studies for a test, she feels anxious. As her anxiety increases, so does her consumption of food. This demonstrates the impact of ____________on eating behavior.

A) homeostasis

B) emotions

C) incentives

D) genetics

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 369

Style: Applied


37. Mia is offered a salad. She says, “No thanks, I’m not really hungry.” A minute later, she is offered a cupcake.

She accepts gladly, saying, “Oh, who decorated those? They are so darling.” Mary’s eating has been affected by

A) her blood sugar levels.

B) the need for homeostasis.

C) her blood fat levels.

D) incentives.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 369

Style: Applied


38. You were not hungry but as you pass by the bakery on your way home, you smell freshly baked bread.

Immediately, your mouth begins to water and you feel like eating. What happened?

A) The smell of the bread triggered the release of insulin.

B) The smell of the bread caused a temporary drop in leptin levels.

C) Your sensory cortex overrode the hunger centers in your brain.

D) You immediately released glucagon from your liver.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 369

Style: Applied


39. Which part of the brain regulates the intake of water?

A) amygdala

B) thalamus

C) hippocampus

D) hypothalamus

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 369

Style: Factual


40. Which of the following is a true statement about the biological regulation of thirst in the brain?

A) The brain has a “drink system,” but does not have a “stop drinking system.”

B) The brain has a “stop drinking system,” but does not have a “drink system.”

C) The brain has both a “drink system” and a “stop drinking system,” and these control centers use the same neurotransmitters as the control centers for hunger.

D) The brain has both a “drink system” and a “stop drinking system,” but these control centers use different neurotransmitters from the control centers for hunger.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 370

Style: Factual


41. Which of the following is NOT a cue that regulates drinking?

A) cell fluid levels

B) mouth dryness

C) blood sugar levels

D) total blood volume

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 370

Style: Factual


42. Which researcher concluded that mouth dryness was a direct signal to trigger thirst?

A) Stanley Schachter

B) Walter Cannon

C) Richard Solomon

D) Carl Lange

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 370

Style: Factual


43. When the concentration of salt increases on the outside of the specialized cells located in the drink center of the hypothalamus,

A) ADH is released into the bloodstream.

B) glucagon is released from the liver.

C) the pancreas releases insulin.

D) a message to stop drinking is sent to the cortex.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 370

Style: Conceptual


44. Which of the following occurs when the level of fluid in the cells decreases?

A) The blood vessels contract.

B) The mouth feels dry.

C) The pituitary gland secretes ADH into the bloodstream.

D) The kidneys cause the creation of angiotensin in the blood.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 370

Style: Conceptual


45. The kidneys release angiotensin when

A) the pituitary gland signals them.

B) blood sugar levels are dropping.

C) blood volume decreases.

D) ADH reaches the kidney.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 370

Style: Conceptual


46. When ADH is detected by the kidneys,

A) the kidneys reabsorb water from the urine.

B) cells in the kidneys begin to absorb sodium.

C) the kidneys signal the liver to secrete glucagon.

D) the islets of Langerhans stop the production of insulin.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 370

Style: Conceptual


47. Compared to hunger, to what extent is thirst affected by psychological factors?

A) Hunger and thirst are similarly highly influenced by psychological factors.

B) Thirst is less affected by psychological factors than is hunger.

C) Psychological factors play a much larger role in thirst than in hunger.

D) Neither hunger nor thirst is significantly affected by psychological factors.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 370

Style: Conceptual


48. Psychological motives differ from primary motives in that psychological motives

A) are not influenced by experience.

B) are innate.

C) are not directly related to biological survival.

D) do not influence and the individual’s well-being.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 372

Style: Conceptual


49. The need for novel stimulation is most synonymous with

A) curiosity.

B) food preferences.

C) homeostasis.

D) sexual needs.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 372

Style: Conceptual


50. Research on curiosity suggests that curiosity is a

A) uniquely human motivation.

B) motive for a number of mammalian species.

C) learned motivation.

D) weak motive with little influence over human behavior.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 372

Style: Conceptual


51. The optimal arousal theory is associated with the need for

A) affiliation with others.

B) food.

C) novel stimulation.

D) achievement.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 373

Style: Factual


52. The optimal arousal theory states that individuals are motivated to

A) increase stimulation in order to increase arousal.

B) decrease stimulation in order to decrease arousal.

C) maintain neither too much nor too little stimulation and arousal.

D) maintain whatever is the current level of stimulation and arousal.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 373

Style: Conceptual


53. According to the optimal arousal theory, an individual’s behavior is motivated by the need to

A) maintain moderate arousal.

B) achieve high arousal.

C) keep arousal low.

D) alternate between high and low arousal.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 373

Style: Factual


54. When Alejandro feels no anxiety before a tennis match, his performance is poor. Likewise, if he is extremely nervous, his performance is also poor. Which of the following best explains his situation?

A) optimal arousal theory

B) the need for achievement

C) the need for stimulation

D) the Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 373

Style: Conceptual


55. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance of everyday tasks is best when arousal is

A) low.

B) moderate.

C) high.

D) extremely high.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 373

Style: Factual


56. An actress finds that her performance while rehearsing lines in the dressing room is dull and flat. However, as soon as she is in front of a live audience, she rises to the occasion and her performance comes alive. Her improvement is best explained by

A) Solomon’s opponent-process theory.

B) the James-Lange theory.

C) the Yerkes-Dodson law.

D) the Cannon-Bard theory.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 373

Style: Conceptual


57. In a study conducted by French, when asked to perform a clerical task with a partner, individuals who were high in the need for affiliation but low in the need for achievement tended to

A) choose a friend regardless of how competent the friend is.

B) choose a friend but only if they are competent.

C) choose a competent partner over a good friend.

D) survey their friends and choose the most competent friend as a partner.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 374

Style: Factual


58. According to evolutionary theorists, the need to affiliate is consistent with the adage,

A) “Curiosity killed the cat.”

B) “Nothing ventured, nothing gained.”

C) “Never a borrower nor lender be.”

D) “There’s safety in numbers.”

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 374

Style: Conceptual


59. After being told they were going to receive “painful shocks” as part of an experiment, how many participants in

Schachter’s experimental group decided to wait with others?

A) nearly all participants

B) two-thirds of the participants

C) one-half of the participants

D) one-third of the participants

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 374

Style: Factual


60. The experiment by Schachter in which individuals were told they were going to receive either mild or painful shocks provided evidence of which of the following?

A) the need for affiliation as a learned motive

B) the evolutionary basis of the need for affiliation

C) the need for novel stimulation as a learned motive

D) the evolutionary basis of the need for novel stimulation

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 374

Style: Conceptual


61. Sue is terrified of her upcoming airplane flight to visit her sister across the country. Research on affiliative behavior suggests that as her trip gets closer, she will

A) withdraw to be by herself.

B) want to be with her friends.

C) become irritable and bossy.

D) set herself up to fail.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 374

Style: Applied


62. The psychological need to succeed in work, school, and other areas of life is referred to as

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law.

B) achievement motivation.

C) the need for novel stimulation.

D) the performance motive.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 375

Style: Factual


63. The “need to succeed” is synonymous with

A) achievement motivation.

B) affiliation motivation.

C) the optimal arousal theory.

D) the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 375

Style: Conceptual


64. Elliot and Church identified all of the following as key elements in achievement motivation EXCEPT

A) extrinsic goals.

B) performance-avoidance goals.

C) mastery goals.

D) performance-approach goals.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 375

Style: Factual


65. Mee loves psychology. Each day she can’t wait to get to class. Outside of class, she reads books on the subject, searches the Internet for pertinent topics, and is determined to know as much as she can about the subject area. One would be most likely to conclude that Mee is motivated by

A) performance-approach goals.


C) mastery goals.

D) extrinsic rewards.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 375

Style: Applied


66. Fear of failure is most similar to

A) extrinsic motivation.

B) mastery goals.

C) performance-approach goals.

D) performance-avoidance goals.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 375

Style: Conceptual


67. A student who works hard in the hope that he will get the best grade in the class so that his classmates will think he is smart is particularly motivated by

A) intrinsic goals.


C) mastery goals.

D) performance-approach goals.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 375

Style: Applied


68. College students who are ____________ in mastery goals and ____________ in performance-approach goals tend to enjoy their courses more than other students.

A) low; low

B) low; high

C) high; low

D) high; high

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 375

Style: Conceptual


69. In Elliot and Church’s study, college students who had which of the following earned the highest grades in the personality psychology course?

A) high mastery goals

B) low performance-avoidance goals

C) low performance-avoidance goals

D) high performance-approach goals

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 375

Style: Conceptual


70. Fear of success stems largely from fear of

A) having too much money.

B) being unable to relax.

C) not being able to achieve.

D) envy that can strain social relationships.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 376

Style: Conceptual


71. Which group of individuals has the highest probability of developing a fear of success?

A) men with traditional sex role attitudes

B) women with nontraditional sex role attitudes

C) women with low self-esteem

D) women with high self-esteem

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 376

Style: Factual


72. Solomon’s opponent-process theory BEST explains why individuals

A) are motivated to be with others.

B) strive to keep arousal low.

C) engage in activities that take arousal over the edge.

D) develop a fear of success.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 376

Style: Conceptual


73. According to Solomon’s opponent-process theory, repeated exposure to the same stimulus will

A) decrease the initial reaction and increase the opponent reaction.

B) increase both the initial and opponent reaction.

C) increase the initial reaction and decrease the opponent reaction.

D) decrease both the initial and opponent reactions.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 376

Style: Conceptual


74. Solomon’s opponent-process theory states that following the experience of intense fear when trying something new, one would be most likely to experience which of the following when the novel task is completed?

A) embarrassment

B) exhilaration

C) even greater fear

D) denial

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 376

Style: Conceptual


75. The opponent-process theory offers an explanation of addiction because

A) individual expectations can alter the effects of a drug.

B) many people experience negative reactions with their first use of a drug.

C) people eventually experience less of a high and more of a withdrawal reaction.

D) many people experience both a high and feelings of paranoia with their first drug use.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 376, 377

Style: Conceptual


76. When individuals are motivated by the nature of an activity or its natural consequences, they are

A) intrinsically motivated.

B) not motivated.

C) extrinsically motivated.

D) biologically motivated.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 377, 378

Style: Factual


77. If you enjoy the sport of arm wrestling, then you engage in this sport as a result of

A) a primary motive.


C) the opponent-process theory.


Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 377, 378

Style: Applied


78. Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

A) working in a factory with poor conditions but good pay

B) going to Disney World to ride the roller coasters

C) rereading your favorite novel

D) watching a horror film because you love feeling frightened

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 378

Style: Applied


79. Painting portraits because one is being paid to paint portraits is an example of engaging in an activity as a result of

A) a primary motive.


C) the opponent-process theory.


Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 378

Style: Applied


80. Being a model employee because one enjoys the admiration of one’s co-workers is an example of

A) intrinsic motivation.

B) self-actualization.

C) homeostasis.


Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 3878

Style: Applied


81. A toddler goes to great lengths to open a box. She knows there is nothing in the box. This is an example of

A) homeostasis.

B) extrinsic motivation.

C) intrinsic motivation.

D) secondary motivation.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 378

Style: Applied


82. Of the following, which is the BEST example of intrinsic motivation?

A) scuba diving as part of a rescue mission

B) scuba diving to find sunken treasure

C) scuba diving because your husband wants you to learn to scuba dive

D) scuba diving with delight in underwater scenery

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 378

Style: Applied


83. In terms of the value of extrinsic rewards, which of the following is true?

A) Providing extrinsic rewards will strengthen existing intrinsic motivation.

B) Extrinsic rewards should only be given when intrinsic motivation is evident.

C) Providing extrinsic rewards will weaken existing intrinsic motivation.

D) Extrinsic rewards should be avoided because they prevent the development of intrinsic motivation.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 378

Style: Conceptual


84. In order to increase a child’s intrinsic motivation, Henderlong and Lepper suggest that praise should

A) compare the child to other children.

B) imply that the adult is controlling the child.

C) not imply that the adult has standards for the child’s behavior.

D) imply that the child was successful because of his or her efforts rather than his or her abilities.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 378

Style: Conceptual


85. Research on children from collectivist cultures has suggested that they

A) had greater intrinsic motivation when they were allowed to choose activities.

B) had greater intrinsic motivation when tasks were selected for them by a trusted person.

C) relied heavily on extrinsic rewards to perform tasks.

D) relied equally on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 379

Style: Factual


86. According to Maslow’s hierarchy,

A) people are more influenced by psychological than biological needs.

B) feeling loved is a need that must be met before any other needs.

C) the order of needs is less important than meeting all five needs.

D) people won’t be motivated to fulfill higher needs if lower needs remain unmet.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 379

Style: Conceptual


87. Which need is at the top of Maslow’s pyramid?

A) safety

B) self-esteem

C) self-actualization

D) love and belongingness

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 379, 380

Style: Factual


88. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, before you care about being cared about, you care about

A) self-esteem.

B) self-actualization.

C) physical well-being and safety.

D) none of these.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 379, 380

Style: Conceptual


89. According to Maslow, when self-esteem needs are met, people are motivated to pursue

A) biological needs.

B) love and belongingness needs.

C) safety needs.

D) self-actualization needs.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 379, 380

Style: Conceptual


90. Maslow argues that which of the following needs is so basic that it takes precedence over all other needs?

A) self-actualization

B) self-esteem

C) safety

D) biological

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 379, 380

Style: Conceptual


91. Which of the following observations appears NOT to support Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A) You are stuffed full of lobster and steak but you still order dessert.

B) You live in a homeless shelter but make sure you take the bus to school every day and study every night.

C) You work as a photographer because it puts bread on the table.

D) After watching your friend’s house burn down, you install smoke detectors in your home.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 379

Style: Conceptual


92. A firefighter runs into a burning house to save a complete stranger. The firefighter’s behavior directly contradicts

A) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

B) Solomon’s opponent-process theory of acquired motives.

C) the James-Lange theory.

D) the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 379

Style: Conceptual


93. Maslow refers to realizing one’s full potential ethically, artistically, and philosophically as

A) self-actualization.

B) the need for novel stimulation.

C) achievement motivation.

D) self-esteem.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 379

Style: Factual


94. According to the view of emotion as evolving over time through natural selection, the two general classes of emotion are

A) success and failure.

B) extrinsic and intrinsic.

C) approach and avoidance.

D) positive and negative.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 382

Style: Conceptual


95. What is Watson and Tellegen’s basic premise about the origin of emotions?

A) Emotions are unique to humans.

B) Emotions serve as a protective function from dangerous stimuli.

C) Positive and negative emotions are simply opposite ends of the same continuum.

D) All human emotions can be thought of as different combinations of positive and negative emotions.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 382

Style: Factual


96. According to Watson and Tellegen’s emotion map, the emotion of surprise is a combination of

A) high negative emotion and low positive emotion.

B) low negative emotion and high positive emotion.

C) moderately high negative and positive emotions.

D) extremely low negative and positive emotions.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 382, 383

Style: Conceptual


97. According to Watson and Tellegen’s emotion map, the emotion of sadness is a combination of

A) high negative emotion and moderately low positive emotion.

B) low negative emotion and low positive emotion.

C) high negative emotion and high positive emotion.

D) low negative emotion and low positive emotion.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 382, 383

Style: Conceptual


98. Of the following pairs of emotions, which two emotions are closest together on Watson and Tellegen’s emotion map?

A) sad and sluggish

B) fearful and angry

C) surprised and elated

D) happy and relaxed

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 382, 383

Style: Conceptual


99. Which of the following emotions is NOT on Watson and Tellegen’s emotion map?

A) sluggish

B) elated

C) love

D) relaxed

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 382, 383

Style: Factual


100. Which of the following is NOT a basic element of the experience of emotion? a.behavior b.motivation c.stimulus d.physiological arousal

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 383

Style: Factual


101. You are alone late at night. You think you hear someone downstairs breaking into the house. According to the

James-Lange theory of emotions,

A) you feel afraid and then you tremble because you’re afraid.

B) you tremble and then you feel afraid because you’re trembling.

C) you tremble and feel afraid at the same time.

D) you cognitively assess the situation and then realize you should be afraid.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 384, 385

Style: Applied


102. In a nutshell, the James-Lange theory claims that

A) physiological arousal precedes conscious emotional experience.

B) conscious emotional experience can either precede or follow physiological arousal.

C) conscious emotional experience and physiological arousal occur at the same time.

D) conscious emotional experience precedes physiological arousal.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 384, 385

Style: Conceptual


103. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, you feel

A) your heart pounding and then feel afraid.

B) your heart pounding, see that a car is coming at you, and then feel afraid.

C) your heart pounding at the same time you feel afraid.

D) you’re afraid and then notice your heart is pounding.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 384, 385

Style: Conceptual


104. Most people believe that strong emotions cause you to feel warm, sweaty, and shaky. Which theory contradicts this belief?

A) the Cannon-Bard theory

B) the facial feedback hypothesis

C) the James-Lange theory

D) the Singer-Schachter theory

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 384, 385

Style: Conceptual


105. Which theory states that the conscious experience of emotion is based on the perception of a physiological state?

A) Cannon-Bard theory

B) facial feedback hypothesis

C) James-Lange theory

D) Singer-Schachter theory

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 384, 385

Style: Conceptual


106. When laboratory animals have their autonomic nervous system disconnected from their hypothalamus, they still display a full range of emotions. This observation is

A) a criticism of the Cannon-Bard theory.

B) support for the Singer-Schachter theory.

C) support for the opponent-process theory.

D) a criticism of the James-Lange theory.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 385

Style: Conceptual


107. Cannon argued that emotion is too “instantaneous” for the James-Lange theory to be correct. Which statement is an accurate counter argument?

A) If you inject humans with adrenaline, they do not report an emotion.

B) Feedback from skeletal muscles is nearly “instantaneous.”

C) Feedback from visceral organs can create arousal very quickly.

D) When individuals have spinal cord injuries, they still feel a full range of emotions.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 385

Style: Conceptual


108. To which theory of emotion did Izard add the “facial feedback” hypothesis?

A) Cannon-Bard theory

B) opponent-process theory

C) James-Lange theory

D) Schachter-Singer theory

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 385

Style: Factual


109. Your grandmother always told you to “keep your chin up” when you felt bad. If your grandmother were a psychologist, her idea would be directly in line with

A) the Cannon-Bard theory.

B) the Schachter-Singer theory.

C) Izard’s facial feedback hypothesis.

D) the opponent-process theory.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 385, 386

Style: Conceptual


110. Of the 44 muscles in the human face, how many are devoted solely to the expression of emotion?

A) 44

B) 40

C) 35

D) 10

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 386

Style: Factual


111. Rachel has learned to smile when she is given a gift, even when she does not like it. Izard has suggested that this will cause Rachel to experience which of the following?

A) anger

B) frustration

C) sadness

D) happiness

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 386

Style: Applied


112. On which point do the Cannon-Bard and James-Lange theories disagree?

A) Physiological changes create the experiences of emotion.

B) Emotions are entirely dependent on cognitive interpretation.

C) Physiological changes take place in connection with emotion.

D) The hypothalamus is crucially involved in emotion.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 386, 387

Style: Conceptual


113. Which theory might state that autonomic nervous system arousal and the experience of emotion are “events that occur at the same time”?

A) the Cannon-Bard theory

B) the Shachter-Singer theory

C) Izard’s facial feedback hypothesis

D) the James-Lange theory

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 386, 387

Style: Conceptual


114. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, you feel

A) your heart pounding and then feel afraid.

B) your heart pounding, see that a car is coming at you, and then feel afraid.

C) your heart pounding at the same time you feel afraid.

D) afraid and then notice your heart is pounding.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 386, 387

Style: Conceptual


115. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, physiological arousal ____________ the conscious experience of emotion.

A) occurs simultaneous to

B) leads to

C) is caused by

D) is altered by

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 386, 387

Style: Conceptual


116. Greek philosopher Epictetus stated, “People are not affected by events, but by their interpretations of them.”

This statement is most consistent with the

A) James-Lange theory of emotion.

B) cognitive theory of emotion.

C) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

D) frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 387

Style: Conceptual


117. The study in which college students were shown a film about circumcision-like operations demonstrated which of the following?

A) Individuals’ cognitive interpretations of incoming stimuli altered the emotional meaning of the stimuli.

B) Males demonstrated more empathy than did females.

C) Individuals’ physiological arousal affected the level of emotion they consciously experienced.

D) The most important sensory feedback came from facial muscles.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 387

Style: Conceptual


118. Which two theories emphasize the importance of physiological arousal in the conscious experience of emotion?

A) the James-Lange and cognitive theories

B) the Cannon-Bard and cognitive theories

C) the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories

D) the Izard and Cannon-Bard theories

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 387

Style: Factual


119. Which theory of emotion states that we must interpret physical arousal before we experience an emotion?

A) facial feedback hypothesis

B) James-Lange theory of emotions

C) cognitive theory of emotions

D) Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 387, 388

Style: Conceptual


120. “Because the autonomic sensations produced in emotional situations are not distinctive, it’s easy to misinterpret their meaning.” Which theory does this statement support?

A) frustration-aggression hypothesis

B) James-Lange theory of emotions

C) cognitive theory of emotions

D) Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 388

Style: Conceptual


121. The study in which males were interviewed by a female researcher while standing on either a wobbly bridge or a solid bridge over a canyon demonstrated which of the following?

A) Participants interviewed on the wobbly bridge felt LESS attraction for the interviewer than did the other group.

B) Participants interviewed on the wobbly bridge felt MORE attraction for the interviewer than did the other group.

C) Participants in both groups felt an EQUALLY HIGH level of attraction for the interviewer.

D) Participants in both groups felt an EQUALLY LOW level of attraction for the interviewer.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 388, 389

Style: Conceptual


122. Imagine you see a man walk away from his wife, leaving his wife looking upset. In which of the following situations would the cognitive theory of emotion suggest that you would experience the highest level of anger toward the man?

A) while you are viewing artwork in a museum

B) while you are reading on the beach

C) as you exit a roller coaster ride

D) as you walk down a neighborhood street

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 389

Style: Applied


123. Which instrument is used in a lie detector test?

A) an electroencephalogram

B) an MRI

C) a polygraph

D) a PET scan

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 389

Style: Factual


124. A polygraph measures

A) emotional states.

B) sympathetic nervous system arousal.

C) parasympathetic nervous system arousal.

D) guilt.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 389

Style: Conceptual


125. According to David Lykken’s most recent accumulation of evidence, how accurate does he believe lie detector tests are?

A) about 95 percent accurate

B) about 75 percent accurate

C) about 25 percent accurate

D) no more accurate than tossing a coin

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 390

Style: Factual


126. Which of the following is a true statement about lie-detector examinations?

A) Only guilty people react emotionally to incriminating questions.

B) Examiners only ask questions to which they know the answers.

C) Examiners ask questions about information that would only be known to the guilty person.

D) All of these are true statements.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 389, 390

Style: Conceptual


127. In terms of emotion, research suggests that cultural influences determine

A) how emotions are expressed.

B) how emotions are experienced.

C) the degree of distinctiveness between fear and anger.

D) the number of emotions that are felt.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 390

Style: Conceptual


128. In studies where participants were shown films of pain and injury, Ekman found that compared to American participants, Japanese participants expressed ____________ horror when they were alone and ____________ horror when there was an authority figure present in the room.

A) more; more

B) less; less

C) a similar level of; more

D) a similar level of; less

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 390

Style: Factual


129. Based on observations of emotional expression in a variety of cultures, what did Klaus Scherer conclude?

A) Cultural differences are due to differences in inborn traits of people of various ethnic heritages.

B) There are cultural differences in the experience of emotion that are due to learning.

C) People of different cultural backgrounds tend to interpret emotional situations differently.

D) There are very few cultural differences in the expression of emotion.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 390, 391

Style: Conceptual


130. In Scherer’s (1997) studies of emotional interpretation across countries, what observation was made?

A) He found many more differences than similarities in emotional experience.

B) He found small differences in the interpretation of emotions across cultures.

C) In African countries, college students were more likely to view negative emotions as caused by the immoral actions of others.

D) In Latin American countries, college students were more likely to view negative emotions as caused by the immoral actions of others.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 391

Style: Factual


131. What answer has psychological research provided for the question, “Does money buy happiness?”

A) Yes, people with more money tend to be HAPPIER than people with less money.

B) No, people with more money tend to be LESS HAPPY than people with less money.

C) No, people with more money tend to be AS HAPPY as people with less money.

D) Yes and no; people with enough money to satisfy basic needs are HAPPIER than others, but beyond that, people with more money are AS HAPPY as people with less money.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 391

Style: Conceptual


132. Research has conclusively determined that the following factors cause one to be happy:

A) money

B) friends and romantic partner

C) work or hobbies

D) none of these

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 391, 392

Style: Conceptual


133. Based on research on the association between work and happiness, which of the following individuals is

LEAST likely to derive happiness from work?

A) Mica, who perceives that he can meet the challenges he is given at work

B) Xavier, who works hard so that he can have a lot of money

C) Dante, who is deeply involved in all of his daily activities, including work

D) Harmon, who is intrinsically motivated to do his job

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 391, 392

Style: Applied


134. Approximately what percent of the differences in happiness among people is due to genetic factors?

A) 0

B) 10

C) 25

D) 50

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 392

Style: Factual


135. What has cross-cultural research on happiness revealed?

A) People report similar levels of happiness across a wide variety of cultures.

B) All cultural differences in happiness appear to be rooted in differences in money and rights among the cultures.

C) Some cultures appear to foster less of a tendency to exaggerate level of happiness than do other cultures.

D) People in different cultures appear to derive happiness from the same things.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 392, 393

Style: Conceptual


136. Research on college students indicated that Asian American students tended to be ____________ happy when they were studying, and European American students tended to be ____________ happy when they were studying.

A) least; least

B) least; most

C) most; least

D) most; most

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 393

Style: Factual


137. Jared, a 20-year-old African American man, is statistically MOST likely to die from which of the following?

A) accident

B) heart disease

C) lung cancer

D) violence

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 394

Style: Applied


138. Which theorist claimed that we are born with a drive to be aggressive?

A) Dollard

B) Bandura

C) Freud

D) Eidelson

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 394

Style: Factual


139. Catharsis refers to the

A) tendency for emotions to lose intensity with continual repetition.

B) formation of an opposite emotional reaction following the original emotional reaction.

C) release of pent-up emotions.

D) repression of intense emotions.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 395

Style: Factual


140. Which theory proposes that we act aggressively as a natural reaction to the blocking of important motives?

A) Freud’s instinct theory

B) cognitive theory of aggression

C) frustration-aggression theory

D) social learning theory

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 395

Style: Factual


141. Berkowitz (1989) amended the original frustration-aggression theory by stating that

A) frustration must be extremely high in order to elicit aggression.

B) aggression is a learned behavior, not an instinctual and reflexive behavior.

C) other aversive events besides frustration can trigger aggression.

D) aggression stems also from rewards gained by aggressing.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 395

Style: Conceptual


142. The expanded frustration-aggression theory would predict higher than average rates of aggression in all of the following conditions EXCEPT

A) in a crowded subway.

B) after coming off of a roller coaster ride.

C) when experiencing a very bad headache.

D) on a very hot day.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 395

Style: Applied


143. The study that linked high summer temperatures to rates of violent assaults supported which theory of aggression?

A) frustration-aggression theory

B) social learning theory

C) Freud’s instinct theory

D) cognitive theory of aggression

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 395

Style: Factual


144. Which theorist claimed that we act aggressively only if we learn that it pays to be aggressive?

A) Dollard

B) Bandura

C) Freud

D) Eidelson

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 396

Style: Factual


145. Social-learning theorists state that “catharsis”

A) will only produce better practiced violence.

B) will lower the probability of aggression against others.

C) has nothing to do with aggression.

D) will not stop aggression but will lead to less violent acts of aggression.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 396

Style: Conceptual


146. Albert Bandura and other social learning theorists believe that all of the following are true EXCEPT

A) people are aggressive only if they have learned that it can be a useful behavior.

B) people will respond to frustration with aggression, whether or not it is a learned behavior.

C) seeing others succeed by being aggressive causes us to become aggressive ourselves.

D) catharsis is an ineffective way to reduce aggression.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 396

Style: Conceptual


147. Which of the following is NOT one of the beliefs proposed by Eidelson and Eidelson’s cognitive theory of aggression to foster war?

A) learning

B) vulnerability

C) distrust

D) superiority

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 396, 397

Style: Factual


148. Ervin Staub’s theory to explain gang violence in America incorporates elements of which theories of aggression?

A) instinct theory and frustration-aggression theory

B) social learning theory and frustration-aggression theory

C) instinct theory and social learning theory

D) cognitive theory and frustration-aggression theory

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Page: 397

Style: Conceptual


149. Children who are aggressive towards classmates are likely to

A) be rejected by most of their classmates.

B) be accepted simply because classmates fear them.

C) try harder to get along with classmates to eventually gain acceptance.

D) be admired by classmates because they get what they want.

Answer: A

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 397

Style: Conceptual


150. According to Ervin Staub’s theory to explain gang violence in America, children who join gangs are likely to have experienced

A) inadequate parenting but acceptance by peers in school.

B) both harsh and rejecting parenting and peer rejection.

C) adequate parenting but a great deal of exposure to media violence.

D) adequate parenting but a significant trauma.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 397

Style: Factual


151. According to Ervin Staub’s theory to explain gang violence in America, all of the following influence gang violence, EXCEPT

A) an “us” versus “them” mentality.

B) the reinforcement of a societal message that “violence” solves problems.

C) the availability of highly lethal weapons.

D) society’s acceptance and encouragement of clothing styles associated with street gangs.

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 397

Style: Conceptual


152. In the United States, ______ percent of men and ______ percent of women are overweight, to the extent that it poses a minimum to severe health risk.

A) 50; 50

B) 31; 24

C) 15; 37

D) 27; 40

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 399

Style: Factual


153. Eventually, “yo-yo” dieting will lead to

A) anorexia.

B) bulimia.

C) a slower metabolism.

D) a distorted body image.

Answer: C

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 399, 400

Style: Factual


154. From a physiological standpoint, why is exercise so important when you are limiting food intake?

A) to help combat rising blood sugar levels

B) to help burn calories slower and more evenly

C) to improve mood

D) to keep your metabolism from falling since the body does not like to lose fat

Answer: D

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 400

Style: Conceptual


155. According to your text, which of the following would be the MOST effective weight loss program?

A) Fast for a few days, then introduce liquids and raw vegetables, then introduce regular food; repeat the process once a month.

B) Emphasize exercise and eat in a consistent healthy manner every day.

C) Reduce calorie intake as much as possible and emphasize only meats and cheeses over breads.

D) Burn calories more efficiently by doing a strenuous two-hour workout nearly every day.

Answer: B

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 400, 401

Style: Conceptual


True-False Questions

156. Psychological motives are directly linked to the process of homeostasis.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 366

Style: Conceptual


157. The “start eating” center is located in the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 367

Style: Factual


158. Hyperphagia is the process of starvation that occurs when the ventromedial nucleus is destroyed.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 367

Style: Conceptual


159. Short-term maintenance of body weight is managed by the ability of the hypothalamus to detect the level of fat in the body.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 368

Style: Conceptual


160. When ADH reaches the kidneys, the kidneys conserve water by reabsorbing it from the urine.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 370

Style: Conceptual


161. Hunger, the need for novel stimulation, and the need for achievement are all psychological motives.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 372

Style: Conceptual


162. The Yerkes-Dodson law states that individuals feel a greater need for affiliation when they feel fear or stress.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 373

Style: Conceptual


163. In the Elliot and Church study, students high in mastery goals worked hard to get better grades in order to gain the respect of others.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 375

Style: Conceptual


164. In the opponent-process theory, repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a decrease of the initial reaction and an increase of the opponent reaction.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 376

Style: Conceptual


165. The Yerkes-Dodson law offers a plausible explanation for addictive behavior.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 376, 377

Style: Conceptual


166. When a person is extrinsically motivated, they are working for external rewards.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 378

Style: Factual


167. When children are raised in individualistic cultures, they develop greater intrinsic motivation when they are offered choices.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 379

Style: Conceptual


168. In Maslow’s hierarchy, love and belongingness needs come before self-esteem needs.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 379, 380

Style: Factual


169. In the James-Lange theory of emotions, body arousal precedes the experience of emotion.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 385

Style: Conceptual


170. Carroll Izard developed the facial feedback hypothesis in support of the Cannon-Bard theory.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 850

Style: Factual


171. The Cannon-Bard theory and the cognitive theory of emotion both state that body arousal precedes the experience of emotion.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 386, 387

Style: Conceptual


172. In the cognitive theory of emotion, interpretations of arousal are critical to the conscious experience of emotion.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 388

Style: Conceptual


173. Lie detector tests rely on readings from the autonomic nervous system, such as sweating, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 389

Style: Conceptual


174. Most recently, Lykken has concluded that polygraphs are reasonably accurate when administered by a welltrained examiner.

Answer: F

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 390

Style: Factual


175. Catharsis is the process of releasing pent-up emotional energy.

Answer: T

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 395

Style: Factual


Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

176. ____________ refers to an internal state that activates and gives direction to thoughts and behaviors.

Answer: Motivation

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 365

Style: Factual


177. Primary motives are human motives for things that are necessary for ____________.

Answer: survival

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 365

Style: Factual


178. The satiety system is regulated by the ____________.

Answer: hypothalamus

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 366

Style: Factual


179. Both the liver and the small intestine send signals about blood sugar levels to the ____________.

Answer: paraventricular nucleus

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 367

Style: Factual


180. Mouth dryness and total blood volume are cues in the regulation of ____________.

Answer: drinking (or thirst)

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 370

Style: Conceptual


181. When the level of salts increases on the outside of cells, water in cells ____________.

Answer: decreases

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 370

Style: Conceptual


182. According to the _____________, performance of a complex task will deteriorate when stimulation is too high.

Answer: Yerkes-Dodson law

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 373

Style: Conceptual


183. Our preference to be with others is called the need for ____________.

Answer: affiliation

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 374

Style: Factual


184. In Schachter’s experiments, as anxiety increased, so did the need for ____________.

Answer: affiliation

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 374

Style: Factual


185. Students who are motivated to work hard to avoid getting bad grades are high in ____________ goals.

Answer: performance-avoidance

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 375

Style: Conceptual


186. Students who are motivated to work hard to gain the respect of others are high in ____________ goals.

Answer: performance-approach

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 375

Style: Conceptual


187. At the very bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy is(are) ____________ need(s).

Answer: biological

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 379, 380

Style: Factual


188. At the very top of Maslow’s hierarchy is(are) ____________ need(s).

Answer: self-actualization

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 379, 380

Style: Factual


189. In the James-Lange theory, body arousal ____________ the experience of emotion.

Answer: precedes

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 385

Style: Conceptual


190. Izard incorporated the facial feedback hypothesis into the ____________ theory of emotions.

Answer: James-Lange

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 385

Style: Conceptual


191. The ____________ theory of emotions states that body arousal and the experience of emotion are two simultaneous processes.

Answer: Cannon-Bard

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 386, 387

Style: Conceptual


192. The Capilano Canyon experiments lend credibility to the ____________ theory of emotion.

Answer: cognitive

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 388, 389

Style: Conceptual


193. ____________ said that the need to aggress is inborn and instinctual.

Answer: Sigmund Freud

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 399

Style: Conceptual


194. According to ____________ theory, people are aggressive when they have learned that it pays to be aggressive.

Answer: social learning

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Page: 396

Style: Conceptual


195. 3,500 calories is equivalent to one pound of ____________.

Answer: body fat

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Page: 400

Style: Factual


Essay Questions

196. Describe the biological and psychological factors involved in thirst.

Answer: Thirst is regulated by the hypothalamus and is dependent on three specific cues. (1) Mouth dryness: This is the cue of which we are most consciously aware. (2) Cell fluid levels: As water levels in the body drop, the concentration of salts outside of cells increases. When this happens, water is drawn out of the cells. As cells in the hypothalamus dehydrate, a message is sent to the pituitary gland to secrete ADH. ADH travels to the kidneys and the kidneys begin to reabsorb water from the urine. The hypothalamic center simultaneously sends a message of thirst to the cerebral cortex, which initiates searching for and drinking liquids. (3) Total blood volume: As water levels drop, blood volume drops. To compensate, blood vessels contract and through a complicated series of steps, angiotensin is created in the blood. When angiotensin reaches the hypothalamus, a message is directed to the cerebral cortex to motivate drinking behavior. Psychological factors play only a small role in thirst and generally only involve the choice of beverage.

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Style: Conceptual


197. Describe Schachter’s experiments examining the affiliation motive.

Answer: Schachter wanted to examine whether stress would lead to a greater need to affiliate. He conducted a series of experiments in which subjects were divided into two groups. One group was told that, as part of the experiment, they would receive painful shocks. The second group was told that, as part of the experiment, they would receive mild shocks that would feel like a tickling sensation. He then asked each participant if they’d like to wait alone or with others while he set up the shock machinery. Two-thirds of the “high anxiety” group, but only one-third of the

“low anxiety group” chose to affiliate. Schachter concluded that the need to affiliate increases for most people as stress or anxiety increases, providing support for the argument that the affiliation motive has an evolutionary basis.

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Medium

Style: Conceptual


198. Summarize the findings of Elliot and Church in their studies of college students and achievement motivation.

Answer: Elliot and Church distinguished three key elements involved in the motivation to do well in college.

Students with high mastery goals were motivated simply by the subject matter and the desire to learn more. They were disappointed if a course was not challenging enough. Students motivated by performance-approach goals worked hard to get better grades out of a desire for respect from others. Students motivated by performance-

avoidance goals worked hard to avoid getting bad grades or to avoid looking unintelligent. Church and Elliot believe that each achievement style leads to different long-term outcomes. Enjoyment of learning was directly linked to mastery goals, but not performance-approach or performance-avoidance goals. Students with high performanceapproach goals earned the highest grades, and those with high performance-avoidance goals or with low performance-approach and low mastery goals earned the lowest grades.

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Style: Conceptual


199. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Answer: Intrinsic motivation is motivation that is stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity or its natural consequences. Extrinsic motivation is motivation that is based on gaining an external reward. (NOTE: Student examples will vary.

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: Low

Style: Conceptual


200. Explain the relevance of the facial feedback hypothesis to the James-Lange theory.

Answer: Walter Cannon argued that the James-Lange theory could not support the fact that persons with spinal cord injuries still experience a full range of emotions. Even if sensation is intact, Canon argued that the visceral organs respond too slowly to stressful situations to provide the almost instantaneous experience of emotion. He further argued that physiological responses are too similar to differentiate emotions and that arousal can be created with epinephrine with no report of emotional experience. Carroll Izard believes that the afferent feedback that is most important in conscious experience does not come from the slow-reacting visceral organs, but from the facial muscles. Izard’s update directly addresses most of Cannon’s criticisms. Even when the spinal cord is severed, facial muscles provide nearly instantaneous feedback to the brain. They are different for each emotion and therefore provide different feedback specific to each emotion. Facial muscles are unaffected by norepinephrine.

Book: Lahey

Difficulty: High

Style: Conceptual


10 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

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