MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL
HEALTH PROJECT
PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN
Volume III
(without ESMF and RPF)
FINAL REPORT
DECEMBER 2011
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Contents
LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL HEALTH PROJECT .................................................................. 1
(I)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................. 7
1.0
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 13
1.1 Objectives of PMP ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.2
Purpose ................................................................................................................................. 15
1.3
Expected outputs .................................................................................................................. 15
2.0
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 16
2.1
3.0
Field Work ............................................................................................................................. 16
PEST AND VECTOR MANAGEMENT APPROACHES .................................................................... 17
3.1 Current and anticipated pest or disease problems..................................................................... 17
3.2 Poultry Production ...................................................................................................................... 22
3.3
4.0
Relevant IPM/IVM experiences within the project area ...................................................... 22
USE OF PESTICIDES, VETERINARY DRUGS AND MANAGEMENT ............................................... 24
4.1 Review of present, proposed and/ or envisaged pesticide use .................................................. 24
4.6. Principles in Selecting Insecticides. ............................................................................................ 32
4.6.1 Pesticides to be procured by the Project ............................................................................. 32
4.6.2 Proper Use of Pesticides ...................................................................................................... 32
4.6.3 Environmental and Health Risks .......................................................................................... 38
4.6.4 Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................................ 40
5.0
POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ..................................... 42
5.1 Policies on Plant and Animal Protection ..................................................................................... 42
5.1.2
Existence of a National IPM/IVM Policy ........................................................................ 42
5.2
Description and assessment of the national capacity to develop and Implement
ecologically-based IPM ..................................................................................................................... 44
5.3
Assessment of the country’s regulatory framework for the control of the distribution and
use of pesticides................................................................................................................................ 44
5.4
Assessment of the institutional capacity to enforce the above mentioned legislation ....... 44
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6.0
STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL CAPACITIES............................................................................ 46
7.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PMP ..................................................................................................... 48
8.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN AND BUDGET ................................................................... 50
8.1 Monitoring and Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 51
8.2
Local Monitoring Activities during the Project Implementation ......................................... 51
8.2
External supervision monitoring activities during the implementation period.................... 51
8.3. Budget (Tentative only to be upgraded in the next draft report after finalising the costs) ..... 51
9.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 53
10.0 ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................... 54
10.1
ANNEX 1 Terms of Reference................................................................................................ 54
10.2
Annex 2 Environmental Risk Assessment Matrix .................................................................. 67
10.3
Annex 3 List of Stakeholders Consulted/or earmarked for consultations ............................ 69
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE 1: Breakdown of the major cattle diseases in Zambia
TABLE 2: Relevant IPM/IVM experiences within the project area
TABLE 3: WHO hazard classification schedule for pesticides
TABLE 4: Pesticides registered for use on livestock pests/vectors
TABLE 5: Pesticide and Environmental legislation in Zambia
TABLE 6: Assessment of Institutional and Financial capacity to enforce pesticide legislation
TABLE 7.1: Action plan to strengthen the national capacities to improve pesticide regulatory system
and implement IPM/IVM
TABLE 7.2: Action plan to strengthen the national capacities to promote implementation of IPM/IVM
in the project
TABLE 8: Budget summary for implementation of PMP
FIGURE 1: Livestock diseases distribution map
FIGURE 2: Current distribution pattern of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the main vector ECF
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ACRONYMS
AU
African Union
CBPP
Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia
CSO
Central Statistical Office
CVRI
Central veterinary Research Institute.
ECF
East Coast Fever
EPPCA
Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act
ESMF
Environmental and Social Management Framework
FAO
Food Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
FGDs
Focus Group Discussions
FMD
Foot and Mouth Disease
GIFAP
International Federation of National Associations of Pesticide
Manufactures
GRZ
Government of the Republic of Zambia
IPM
Integrated Pest Management
IVM
Integrated Vector Management
KATI
Kasisi Agricultural Training Institute
LDAHP
Livestock Development and Animal Health Project
M&E
Monitoring and Evaluation
MACO
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
MoH
Ministry of Health
MOAL
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK
MoLGH
Ministry of Local government and Housing
MoLSS
Ministry of Labour and Social services
MTENR
Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources
NALEIC
National Livestock, Epidemiology and Information Centre
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NEPAD
New Partnerships for Africa’s Development
NGO
Non-Governmental Organisation
NIPs
National Implementation Plans for the Management of
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)in Zambia
NRDC
Natural Resources Development College
OIE
Office International des Epizooties
OP 4.09
Operational policy of World Bank on Pest Management
PATTEC
Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign
PMP
Pest Management Plan
PPE
Personal Protection Equipment
SANBIO
Southern Africa Network on Biosciences
TOR
Terms Of Reference
UNZA
University of Zambia
US$
United States Dollar
WB
World Bank
WHO
World Health Organisation
ZARI
Zambia Agricultural Research Institute
ZEMA
Zambia Environmental Management Agency
ZIAH
Zambia Institute of Animal Health
ZNFU
Zambia National Farmers Union
ZRA
Zambia Revenue Authority
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PMP
(I)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) through the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND
LIVESTOCK (MOAL) is seeking a concessionary credit from the International Development
Association (IDA) for implementing the Livestock Development and Animal Health Project (LDAHP).
The Pest Management Plan (PMP) addresses the following major issues, namely:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Pest and Vector Management approaches;
Pesticide use and management;
Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity; and
Monitoring and Evaluation
As a result of the potential negative impacts anticipated the World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 for
Pest Management has been triggered by the project.
The Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been prepared to provide guidance for the management of
(the) major livestock pests and diseases. The Plan will contribute to improved pest management,
personal safety and environmental sustainability. The PMP has been prepared to meet the demands
of the World Bank Operational Policy 4.09. The policy supports an integrated approach to pest
management and the content has been guided by the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the PMP
assignment (See Annex1.1).
(II)
Methodology
Preparation of the Pest Management Plan has involved review of relevant literature and interaction
with key stakeholders (Government, NGOs, farmers‘organisations and Research institutions) using
structured and open-ended interviews. The process also involved field visits to the main chemical
companies supplying pesticides in Zambia. Farmers in selected provinces and districts were
consulted. Questionnaires were used to gather baseline data on the farmers’experiences on the use
of synthetic pesticides and nonchemical control methods used to protect their livestock from
animal diseases and pests.
(III)
Pest and Vector Management Approaches
1.3.1 The current livestock population in Zambia consists of 3 million herds of cattle, 82,281 sheep,
953,757 goats, 343,195 pigs and 12 million chickens. Ticks and tick-borne diseases were a major
constraint to cattle production and included East Coast fever, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis and
Heartwater. Other cattle diseases included Foot and Mouth Disease(FMD), Contangious Bovine
Pleuropneumonia(CBPP)(ECF) and Anthrax. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis in cattle and human was still
a serious constraint to livestock production.
The soft tick, Ornithodorus moubata transmitted the serious viral disease the African Swine fever in
pigs.
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The major diseases for poultry, particulally in rural areas, are Newcastle Disease(ND), followed by
worm infections, mycoplasmosis, mites, and coccidiosis.
(IV) Relevant IVM/IPM Experiences in Zambia
Method
1.ECF vaccine
2.Strategic dipping of
cattle with acaricides
3.Dipping of cattle with
deltamethrin
4.Use of herbal water
extracts of local plants
Details
Developed using local isolates of
ECF disease
Method involves monitoring of
populations of tick vectors on the
animals and in pasture and dipping
of cattle only when set tick
infestation thresholds on cattle are
met
Cattle are sprayed or a pour-on
formulation of deltamethrin is
applied along the back of the animal
from head to the tail. The
insecticide kills both ticks and tsetse
fly. Biting flies are also controlled
Local plants such as Tephrosia
Vogelii water extracts of leaves are
used to spray cattle to control ticks
Many other plants have been
documented as acaricides in Zambia
5. Pasture spelling of
cattle
Grazing of cattle controlled using
pasture spelling to starve ticks in
the pasture to death by denying
them the host cattle
6. Breeding for host
resistance in cattle
against ticks
Tick resistant cattle are selected by
breeding especially using the local
breeds for resistance to tick
infestation
7. The use of village
chickens to detick
cattle
The method involves using village
chickens to detick cattle by eating
the ticks when the cattle are at
homesteads or in kraals. The
method was tested by ICIPE
8.0 Use of Targets for
Method involves the use of cloth
Status/ scope for adoption
Successful and should be taken up
by the project as an IPM approach
Successful and cost effective,
Scope for expansion as an IPM
initiative
Successful and most ideal in tsetse
infested area to control both ticks
and tsetse fly. The treated cattle are
the so called mobile target. Ideal for
adoption as an IPM approach
Approach has been proven to be
effective in controlling ticks on
cattle. The method is being tested
on a pilot scale in Zambia and the
region. Very ideal as an IPM
approach already being pilot tested
by NEPAD.SANBIO
Method has been successful in
Australia where there is only one
host tick. It is a big challenge in
Zambia because of the presence of
multi host ticks and that grazing
areas are communal and not fenced.
Poses a big challenge because of the
issue of communal grazing land and
the existence of multi-host ticks
Has been tried but the biggest
challenge is again with the multihost ticks in Zambia. The potential
for further development as an IPM
approach is good.
It was shown to be quite effective
and with time cattle got used to
being deticked and would actually
lie down to allow the chickens climb
on them. Method could be adopted
at village levels. Such animals should
not be sprayed to safeguard the
chickens
The technique has been shown to
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tsetse control
9. Aerial spray by
selective ULV
formulation of
deltamethrin against
tsetse
10. Use of herbal
extracts to control
poultry diseases
material impregnated with a
pyrethroid insecticide and baiting it
with a tsetse fly attractant odour to
lure the tsetse flies to the target
and then get killed by the
insecticide on the trap material.
These targets are deployed in tsetse
infested areas to control tsetse.
Large tsetse infested areas were
sprayed in the region involving
Botswana, Namibia, Angola and
Zambia using a ULV formulation of
deltamethrin at very low doses of
0.26 g/ha by aircrafts. Tsetse has
been cleared from Botswana,
Namibia and parts of Zambia and
Angola where spraying took place.
Several rural households have been
documented to use herbal extracts
in drinking water to control
Newcastle disease and other
poultry diseases.
Some plants are even smoked in
poultry houses to control mites
be very effective and has been used
to create buffer zones between
tsetse infested areas and those
earmarked for eradication. It can
also be used to mop-up residual
populations of tsetse. Very ideal for
use in the project area
Method was successful and
environmental impact against non
target organisms not significant.
Method is expensive and needs to
be applied on an area-wide basis
and not targeting small populations
at a time.
Methods should be field tested in
the project areas for the control of
Newcaslte disease and others
because of the challenges of
maintaining the cold chain for
vaccines in rural areas
(V) Pesticide use and management
Several pesticides are registered for sale on the Zambian markert. However, most of the pesticides
registered for use on livestock are classfied as class II ( moderately toxic, class III (slightly toxic) and
others were in class IV (practically non-toxic in normal use) on the WHO classification of Pesticide
hazards. Data of pesticide available on the market and the use pattern and the associated problems
of handling, distribution, disposal and storage at the manufacturing companies and in the field are
still being processed.
(VI) Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity
(a)
Policies on plant and animal protection
The Pest, Plant and Diseases Act of 1994 provides for the control of pests of locally grown crops and
those likely to be brought through imported plant products. In the case of the Animal Health Act of
2010, serious outbreaks of diseases like CBPP, FMD, trypanosomiasis and Rinderpest among others
are controlled by the Government. However, the Government has invited public-private partnership
in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases with the Government providing extension services and
the private sector providing veterinary drugs and pesticides. Cattle farmers have also been given the
responsibility to control ticks and tick –borne diseases on their own.
(b)
Existence of a National IPM/IVM Policy
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The LDAHP has triggered the World Bank safeguard policy OP/BP 4.09, for Pest Management.
However, Zambia does not have an Integrated Pest Management Policy to which stakeholders can
relate to. The legislative tools currently being used in the country are not related to any IPM policy
even though several IPM initiatives are being undertaken by many research programs (Table below)
(VII) Pesticide and Environmental Legislation in Zambia
Environmental
component
Agriculture
Responsible
Agency
MACO/ZARI
Livestock
MOAL/Veterinary
Dept.
Livestock
Livestock
Title and date of Purpose of the legislation
legislation
Plant,
Pests
and Regulates the importation of
Diseases control Act plant products into Zambia and
of 1994
the exportation of the same. It
also regulates the use of
pesticides in crop protection.
Animal Health Act of Control of animal diseases
2010
Veterinary and Para Registration
of
veterinary
Veterinary Professions professionals and maintenance of
Act of 2010
code of ethics
Agric,Livestock
and Health
Herd Book Society/ The
Livestock
Vet. Dept
Identification,
Registration
and
Traceability Act of
2010
Cattle
Slaughter
Control Act of 2010
The Dairy Industry
Development Act of
2010
ZARI/Vet
Bio-Safety Act of 2007
Dept/NISIR/SCCI
Health
Ministry of Health
Water Resources
Water Affairs
Livestock
Livestock
Environment,
ECZ
Livestock, Agric,
Health
Environment
ECZ
Environment
ZEMA Act of 2011
Ensure identity and traceability of
cattle in the country
Control of cattle slaughter
Development
industry
of
the
dairy
Protection of food safety and
prevention of imports of GMO
Food and Feeds
Public Health Act No Prevention and suppression of
22 of 1995
diseases pertaining to public
health
Water
Resources Management of water resources
Management Act of through the Councils
2010
Environmental
Protection and Conservation of
Protection
and the Environment
Pollution Control Act
of 1990
Pesticides and Toxic Registration of Pesticides and
Substances Regulation toxic substances
of 1994
environmental protection
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(VIII)
Conclusions
 It is conclusive that the current pesticide legislation instruments in the Country are not
consistent with the WBIPM/IVM policy.
 It is therefore important that these instruments are revisited in order to put in place
supportive legislation to support the implementation of the IPM/IVM policy.
 Compliance with the safeguard policy OP 4.09 could be supported by research institutions.
 The Pesticides and toxic substances regulations of 1994 provide for a pesticide distributor
and user licensing scheme which should be revisited to allow for licensing of only IPM/IVM
compatible pesticides.
 The institutional and financial capacities to enforce the pesticide legislation is low and it is
important that support is provided for infrastructure development and training of human
resources.
 Local research institutions should be equipped to provide IPM technologies.
Implementation of the proposed PMP guidelines
(a) Measures to promote the implementation of the IPM/IVM policy:
 Reduce the use of chemical pesticides by strictly enforcing legal instruments by restricting
the sale or use of Class I(a) and I(b) pesticides to licensed end users.
 Submitting proposals to Government for strict observance of FAO guides on pesticides.
 Mobilize resources to support research into IPM technologies.
 To amend the pesticide legislation in order to provide for the registration of IPM compatible
pesticides.
 Upgrade the awareness of IPM policy implementation among farmers .
 Reinforce the construction of animal health protection facilities at grass-roots level.
 Measures should be taken to improve management capacity, training of staff on IPM
 Recruitment of more staff and enhance institutional arrangements to open up cooperation
and collaboration.
 Train farmers on IPM, safe use and disposal of pesticides and biomedical waste.
Monitoring & Evaluation
 The main issues of the M&E are raised in the implementation plan so that IPM policy
becomes a reality in Zambia.
 The M&E plan for local monitoring and external monitoring would ensure that
implementation responsibilities facilitate action towards attainment of the objective for
preparing the PMP namely, improving livestock production by adopting IPM friendly
technologies, reducing health threats to human and environment and increasing farm level
incomes and trade in livestock products.
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 The tentative budget for all activities related to PMP are estimated at US $ 800,000 per
province and for the seven provinces it comes to US$5.6 million, this budget will be adjusted
after consultations with MOAL.
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) through the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND
LIVESTOCK (MOAL) is seeking a concessionary credit from the International Development
Association (IDA) for implementing the Livestock Development and Animal Health Project (LDAHP).
The Livestock Development and Animal Health Project Component (1 Component 1: Livestock
Services Provision (US$24.4 million). The objectives of this component are to: (i) strengthen the
zoonotic and contagious animal diseases surveillance and control systems, including laboratory
diagnostic capacities; (ii) build institutional capacity within the MoAL to improve service delivery;
and (iii) improve the capacity to monitor food safety of facilities (slaughterhouses, milk collection
centers, etc.) in the targeted project areas. These interventions will generate bio-medical waste and
increased use of pesticides that could lead to adverse impacts on the environment and human
health, if not properly managed. Component 2: Productive On-farm Investments (US$18 million):
The objective of this component is to improve productivity of identified production systems through
support to on-farm investments. In the smallholder sector, the priority would be to introduce
technologies that reduce livestock mortality particularly in young stock, improve reproductive
efficiency and enable animals to quickly reach optimum slaughter weight. Smallholder access to
services and markets would be improved through group formation, provision of essential livestock
infrastructure, and delivery of improved technology packages by Ministry field staff augmented by
Community Livestock Workers and private service providers. More specialized advisory services and
technical packages would be made available through producer organizations. Support would also be
provided for range and pasture improvement and utilization and dry season feeding technologies.
This component will support the following sub-components:
(I)
Support for the Livestock Improvement Grant Facility (US$16 million): A Livestock
Improvement Grant Facility (LIGF) will be created to allow eligible smallholder
producers (groups or cooperatives) and other livestock industry stakeholders to
establish productive livestock investment packages (i.e., sub-projects). These
packages would include, inter alia, essential infrastructure (e.g., communal cattle
handling facilities, milk collection centers, feedlots, grass fodder production
methods, etc.), enhanced genetic merit
(II)
Strengthening Capacities of Non-Public Service Providers (US$2 million): This subcomponent will co-finance activities which will specifically contribute to improved
advisory, advocacy and information services for small-scale producers by
organizations such as the Poultry Association of Zambia (PAZ), the Dairy Association
of Zambia (DAZ), and two Commodity Committees (beef and pigs) of the Zambian
National Farmers Union (ZNFU). Farmers who are unable to be in formal groups but
require access to more specialized farm management and business planning
advisory services on an individual basis, as well as access to credit for on-farm
investments, will be supported by the project through the funding of technical
assistance to enhance agri-business and technical farming skills, as well as to
prepare investment packages for submission to other credit agencies for funding.
This sub-component will also support the establishment of an independent
Veterinary Statutory Body aimed at regulating the veterinary profession.
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. Component 3: Project Management (US$3 million). The objective of this component is to ensure
efficient and timely delivery of project resources in accordance with its objectives. It will support the
establishment, operation, equipment and training of project coordination offices at both national
and provincial levels, as well as the operational costs of the national Project Steering Committee and
the Technical Committee. This component will also finance: (i) implementation and administration
of the LIGF; (ii) M&E activities including regular impact evaluation studies and audits; management
and oversight of safeguards issues; and (iii) preparation and implementation of a communication
strategy for the project. Project support for various components and activities would be included in
the general project management.As a result of the potential negative impacts anticipated from the
issues raised above, the following four World Bank safeguard Policies are triggered by the project:
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
Environmental Assessment OP4.01
Natural Habitats OP 4.04
Pest Management Safeguard OP 4.09
Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12.
However, the ones that directly apply to the PMP are OP 4.01 and OP 4.09
1.1 Objectives of PMP
The Pest Management Plan will therefore ensure that pest and vector management approaches,
pesticides and veterinary drugs management including bio-medical waste management aspects are
in conformity with an integrated pest/vector management policy (IPM/IVM). The plan will also focus
on policy and institutional regulatory frameworks and their capacities including monitoring and
evaluation.
Key definitions
i.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) means a decision-making, record-keeping process for
managing pests that uses monitoring to determine pest injury levels and combines
biological, cultural, mechanical, physical and least toxic pesticides to manage pests in a
safe, cost effective and environmentally sound manner that contributes to the
protection of public health and environmental sustainability. Pesticides are only applied
when necessary, on an at-need basis.
ii.
Pest in this report means any organism that adversely affects livestock production and
includes insect and mite pests/disease vectors and animal diseases that place substantial
constraints on livestock production.
iii.
Veterinary drug is widely defined to include(FAO Legal papers,,2004) drugs, insecticides,
vaccines and biological products used or presented as suitable for use to prevent, treat,
control or eradicate pests or diseases, or to be given to animals to establish a veterinary
diagnosis, or to restore, correct or modify organic functions.
The overall objective of the Pest Management Plan (PMP) is to provide guidance for the screening of
pesticides, veterinary drugs, other chemicals and their safe handling and disposal. The specific
objectives can be listed as follows:
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(i)
Promote ecologically based IPM and reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides
(ii)
Reduce health and environmental risks from use of pesticides,(including parathyroid based
pesticides), veterinary drugs and bio-medical waste.
(iii)
Build in-country capacity for (a) regulatory framework for pesticide distribution and use (b)
institutions to promote and implement safe, effective and environmentally sound pest
management and (c) pesticide (dip) wash strength testing;
The Plan will also provide an improved biomedical waste management strategy to bring pest and
vector management activities under the project in line with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) or
Integrated Vector Management (IVM) and to avoid new infections from infectious bio-medical waste
and ensure food security and higher incomes from livestock production at national and farm levels;
the PMP will also ensure that risks to human health and the environment associated with biomedical
waste and pesticide use are kept to an acceptable minimum level.
1.2
Purpose
The purpose of this Pest Management Plan is to provide guidance for the management of the major
livestock pests and diseases and bio-medical wastes. The Plan will contribute to improved pest
management, personal safety and environmental sustainability.
Under the policy for Pest Management, OP4.09, the Bank assesses pest management and supports
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the safe use of pesticides. In Bank-financed agriculture
operations, pest populations are normally controlled through IPM approaches, such as biological
control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or
tolerant to the pest.
1.3
Expected outputs
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Contribute to updating the approved list of pesticides and veterinary drugs for the
management of livestock pests and diseases
IPM packages for the management of livestock pests and diseases
Improved management of pesticides and veterinary drugs due to increase in
knowledge, institutional capacities to enforce appropriate pesticide legislation and
research into IPM technologies
Improved Monitoring and Evaluation for IPM
Improved quality and output of livestock products due to reduced pest/disease
burden and high food safety
Increased livestock farm level incomes and safety of pesticide users at the
community levels
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2.0
METHODOLOGY
2.1
Field Work
The fieldwork included visits to key animal slaughter premises namely Zambeef in Chisamba,
Country Chickens processing plant in Chongwe district and other slaughter houses in Lusaka. In
addition, visits to the major agrochemical marketing companies in Lusaka were undertaken.
Consultations with various key stakeholders such as MOAL staff, CVRI, Tsetse and Trypanosomosis
Control Centre, Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), Central Statistical office (CSO),
Livestock Services Ltd, Kasisi Agricultural Training Center (KATC). In addition, site visits to selected
provinces and districts namely Namwala and Kalomo districts in Southern Province, Senanga and
Kaoma districts in Western Province, and Petauke and Chipata districts in Eastern Province.
2.1 Key Informant Interview Guide and Farmer interview questionnaire were specifically developed
as data collection tools to gather the relevant primary data required for developing the PMP.
2.2 Structured, semi-structured and open-ended interviews with Key stakeholders such as farmers’
organisations/Communities/Unions and Agrochemical companies as the main methodologies used.
Annex 3 gives a list of institutions and individuals identified as interviewees and visited. Most of
these institutions will also be invited to attend the stakeholders’ workshop on PMP.
2.3 Literature review is being undertaken to identify priority concerns on livestock pests/diseases,
the legislation, use of pesticides and veterinary drugs and IPM initiatives currently being undertaken
or envisaged.
Various project, legislative, and policy documents have been reviewed including the following legal
instruments:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Animal Health Act of 2010
The Veterinary and Para Veterinary Professions Act of 2010
The World Bank Safeguard Policy on Pest Management, O.P. 4.09
The Environmental Protection and Pollution control Act of 1990.
Environmental Management Act N0. 12 of 2011
The Cattle slaughter Control Act of 2010
FAO International code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, 2002 and
National profile on Chemicals Management Infrastructure in Zambia, ECZ, 2005
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3.0
PEST AND VECTOR MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
3.1 Current and anticipated pest or disease problems
The current livestock population in Zambia is mainly constituted by 3 million herds of cattle, 82,281
sheep, 953,757 goats and 343,195 pigs (Sinyangwe and Fandamu, 2011). Poultry production is
estimated at 12 million broiler birds of which 11 million are village chickens kept by smallholder
farmers (Songolo and Katongo, 1999). Based on the interviews and literature review, the livestock
industry experienced a variety of pest and disease problems in Zambia. The following tick-borne
diseases constitute the major constraints to cattle production in Zambia (Sinyangwe and Fandamu,
2011):

East Coast Fever(ECF)/Corridor is caused by the protozoan Theileria parva transmitted by
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis tick species.

Anaplasmosis is caused by the rickettsia transmitted by Hyalomma tick species.

Babesiosis caused by the protozoan Babesia which is transmitted by Boophilus tick species.

Heartwater caused by rickettsia Cowdria ruminantium which is transmitted by Amblyomma
variegatum.
The soft tick, Ornithodorus moutbata transmits the serious viral disease, the African swine fever in
pigs especially in Eastern Province.
Table 1, figures 1 and 2 below give a breakdown of the major livestock diseases, figure 1 shows the
distribution of the livestock diseases , figure 2 shows the current distribution pattern of
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the main tick vector of ECF in the country . The major livestock
disease in Southern Province was East Coast Fever (ECF) followed by Central, Eastern and Northern
Provinces. Lusaka had the smallest outbreaks of ECF. Western Province showed the highest cases of
CBPP followed by Southern Province. Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP) is a very
destructive cattle disease of the lungs that is caused by the Mycoplasma bacteria and is spread from
cattle to cattle. Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) and Anthrax cause serious mortalities in Cattle
especially in Western Province and some parts of southern Province. It is also clear from figure 2 that
the main tick vector of ECF was absent from Western Province.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are mainly controlled by dipping or spraying cattle with acaricidal
solutions. Novel control methods currently used in Zambia include vaccination of cattle with live tick
vaccines. The use of herbal aqueous extracts of indigenous plants such as Tephrosia vogelii are being
piloted to spray cattle and control ticks and tick-borne diseases(Kaposhi, 1992, H. Chitambo,
personal communication). The selective use of acaricides in strategic dipping/spraying of cattle
targeting peak tick infestation periods are some of the IPM approaches that should be promoted.
Tsetse and trypanosomosis also constitute a serious constraint to cattle production. Tsetse fly causes
the disease known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. A third of Zambia total area
of 752,000 km2 is infested with tsetse fly (SEMG, 1993). The MOAL in conjunction with African Union
(AU) through the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign(PATTEC) embarked
on a tsetse eradication campaign using the deltamethrin ULV aerial spraying technique at very
selective doses of 0.26g - 0.3g per hectare (Kaposhi et al, unpublished). The MOAL is also using
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target traps impregnated with a pyrethroid insecticide and baited with a tsetse attractant to lure the
tsetse fly to the trap where it is subsequently killed by the insecticide on the trap. These traps were
successfully used to control tsetse from Senanga West in Western Province and the MOAL has
deployed these traps as a buffer between areas where tsetse has been cleared and those still
infested (Mweempwa and Chilongo, personal Conversation).
Table 1: Breakdown of the major cattle diseases and recorded deaths in Zambia(Source:
NALEIC,2008)
Diseases
Province
District
Central
Chibombo
Copperbelt
Eastern
Cattle
population
Deaths
CBPP
ECF
FMD
221,026
906
820
Kabwe
56,637
533
1587
Kapiri Mposhi
98,869
295
622
Mkushi
249,002
808
747
Mumbwa
170,170
1629
2413
Serenje
9,346
391
487
Chngola
9,922
82
0
Kalulushi
1,194
7
1
Luanshya
1,526
0
0
Mufulira
1,097
16
14
Chadiza
63,095
632
816
Chipata
57,823
194
242
Katete
108,074
388
690
Nyimba
31,338
242
0
Lusaka
Lusaka
186,542
203
56
432
Northern
Chinsali
11,180
57
0
176
Isoka
35,268
220
0
1000
12
1
3
Kasama
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Western
Nakonde
15,038
189
0
150
Kaoma
84,531
532
167
0
Lukulu
157,000
684
0
237
0
23
0
24
0
-
4,572
983
Mongu
123,000
605
Senanga
334
Sesheke
63,000
43,117
Southern
Choma
812,559
Gwembe
285,286
3,102
-
1,482
1,446
Itezhitezhi
303,968
690
-
1,591
Kalomo
626,852
2,612
3
3,283
Livingstone
416,322
278
1,344
49,239
Mazabuka
1,087,599
1,685
-
2,514
Monze
842,364
1,290
-
3,992
Namwala
873,117
8,566
-
3,059
Siavonga
320,064
3,755
-
728
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Figure 1: Livestock Diseases Distribution map(NALEIC, 1998)
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Figure 2: Current distribution pattern of Rhipicephalus appendiculus, the main tick vector of ECF in Zambia(Olwock et. al., 2008)
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3.2 Poultry Production
The constraints to the production of village chickens include inadequate housing, nutritional
deficiencies, predation and diseases. Newcastle disease (ND) has been identified in Zambia as the
leading killer of village chickens, followed by Gumboro, worm infestation, mycoplasmosis, parasitic
(external) infections and coccidiosis. The main treatment recommended for ND is by vaccination.
However, the cold chain required to properly maintain the integrity of the ND vaccinate in rural
areas reduces vaccination opportunities among village flocks.
Both conventional and traditional remedies are used in the treatment of ND at village level. During a
survey carried out in 1991 by CVRI and the University of Zambia it was found that 39% of farmers
used traditional medicine and 14% used conventional medicine, amprolium and tetracycline being
the most common (Songolo and Katongo, 1999).
Almost all medicines were administered via drinking water. Traditional methods include the
following trees and plants (in general leaves and stalks are added to drinking water offered to
chickens): Agave sisalana, Aloespecies, Apodytes dimidiata, Cassia obtusifolia,Cissus quadrangularis,
Capanifera baumiana, Diplorhynchus condyocarpon, Droogmansia pteropus, Swartzia
madagascariensis, Euphorbia tirucalli,Ficus species, Imulia glomerata, Isoberlinia anglonsis and
Kigelia africana. Roots of Droogmansia pteropus and the bark of Swartzia madagascariensis were
used occasionally and not the leaves. No work has been done to evaluate the efficacy of these
remedies (Songolo and Katongo, 1999); Kaposhi and Phiri, 2001, Kaposhi, 1992).
3.3
Relevant IPM/IVM experiences within the project area
Table 2: Relevant IPM/IVM Experiences in the Country
Method
1.ECF vaccine
2.Strategic dipping of
cattle with acaricides
3.Dipping of cattle with
deltamethrin
4.Use of herbal water
extracts of local plants
Details
Developed using local isolates of
ECF disease
Methods involve monitoring of
populations of tick vectors on the
animals and in pasture and dipping
of cattle only when set tick
infestation thresholds on cattle are
met
Cattle are sprayed or a pour-on
formulation of deltamethrin is
applied along the back of the animal
from head to the tail. The
insecticide kills both ticks and tsetse
fly. Biting flies are also controlled
Local plants such as Tephrosia
Vogelii water extracts of leaves are
used to spray cattle to control ticks
Many other plants have been
documented as acaricides in Zambia
Status/ scope for adoption
Successful and should be taken up
by the project as an IPM approach
Successful and cost effective,
Scope for expansion as an IPM
initiative
Successful and most ideal in tsetse
infested area to control both ticks
and tsetse fly. The treated cattle are
the so called mobile target. Ideal for
adoption as an IPM approach
Approach has been proved to be
effective in controlling ticks on
cattle. The method is being tested
on a pilot scale in Zambia and the
region. Very ideal as an IPM
approach already being pilot tested
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5. Pasture spelling of
cattle
Grazing of cattle controlled using
pasture spelling to starve ticks in
the pasture to death by denying
them the host cattle
6. Breeding for host
resistance in cattle
against ticks
Tick resistant cattle are selected by
breeding especially using the local
breeds for resistance to tick
infestation
7. The use of village
chickens to detick
cattle
The method involves using village
chickens to detick cattle by eating
the ticks when the cattle are at
homesteads or in kraals. The
method was tested by ICIPE
8.0 Use of Target for
tsetse control
Method involves the use of cloth
material impregnated with a
pyrethroid insecticide and baiting it
with a tsetse fly attractant odour to
lure the tsetse flies to the target
and then get killed by the
insecticide on the trap material.
These targets are deployed in tsetse
infested areas to control tsetse.
Large tsetse infested areas were
sprayed in the region involving
Botswana, Namibia, Angola and
Zambia using a ULV formulation of
deltamethrin at very low doses of
0.26 - 0.3g/ha by aircrafts. Tsetse
has been cleared from Botswana,
Namibia and parts of Zambia and
Angola where spraying took place.
Several rural households have been
documented to use herbal extracts
in drinking water to control
Newcastle disease and other
poultry diseases.
Some plants are even smoked in
poultry houses to control mites
9. Aerial spray by
selective ULV
formulation of
deltamethrin against
tsetse
10. Use of herbal
extracts to control
poultry diseases
by NEPAD.SANBIO
Method has been successful in
Australia where there is only one
host tick. It is a big challenge in
Zambia because of the presence of
multi host ticks and that grazing
areas are communal and not fenced.
Poses a big challenge because of the
issue of communal grazing land and
the existence of multi-host ticks
Has been tried but the biggest
challenge is again with the multhost ticks in Zambia. The potential
for further development as an IPM
approach is good.
It was shown to be quite effective
and with time cattle got used to
being deticked and would actually
lie down to allow the chickens climb
on them. Method could be adopted
at village levels. Such animals should
not be sprayed to safeguard the
chickens
The technique has been shown to
be very effective and has been used
to create buffer zones between
tsetse infested areas and those
earmarked for eradication. It can
also be used to mop-up residual
populations of tsetse. Very ideal for
use in the project area
Method was successful and
environmental impact against nontarget organisms not significant.
Method is expensive and needs to
be applied on an area-wide basis
and not targeting small populations
at a time.
Methods should be field tested in
project areas for the control of
Newcastle disease and others
because of the challenges of
maintaining the cold chain for
vaccines in rural areas
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4.0
USE OF PESTICIDES, VETERINARY DRUGS AND MANAGEMENT
4.1 Review of present, proposed and/ or envisaged pesticide use
Tables 3 and 4 below give the WHO Classification of Pesticide hazards, 2009 and a list of pesticides
registered for use on livestock Data from these tables will be used to screen and short list pesticides
to be recommended for use by the project. In addition the screening will also be used as a Risk
assessment matrix indicated in Annex 2. The list in table 3 is however not conclusive as registered
products available on the market fluctuate on a yearly basis table 3 also shows that most pesticides
used for the control of livestock pests and vectors ranged from class II to class IV on the WHO
classification of pesticide hazards.
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Table 3: WHO Hazard classification schedule based on WHO Recommended Classification of
Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009
LD50 for the Rat(mg/kg body mass)
GROUP
Oral
Distinctive label marking
Dermal
Hazard
statement
Colour
band
Solids*
Liquids*
Solids *
Liquids*
Ia Extremely hazardous
5 or less
20 or less
10 or
less
40 or less
VERY TOXIC
RED
Ib Highly hazardous
5-50
20-200
10-100
40- 400
TOXIC
RED
II Moderately
hazardous
50-500
200-2000
1001000
400-4000
HARMFUL
YELLOW
III slightly hazardous
Over 500
Over
2000
Over
1000
Over
4000
CAUTION
BLUE
IV Acute hazard
unlikely in normal use
Over
2000
Over
3000
-
-
GREEN
Notes:
- LD50 is the lethal dosage expressed in mg/kg body mass which will kill 50% of the population of test
animals and is expressed as mg/kg of the body weight of the test animal.
*The term “solid” and “Liquid” refer to the physical state of the product or formulation.
The average values of the oral toxicities can be explained as:
LD50 mg/kg(oral)
1. Extremely hazardous/toxic
Class Ia
-<1
2. Highly hazardous
Class ib
1-50
3. Moderately toxic
Class II
50-500
4. Slightly hazardous
Class III
500-2000
5.
Class IV
> 2000
Practically non-toxic in normal use
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Table 4: Pesticides Registered for use on pests/vectors (Classification of hazard is based on the
WHO Recommended classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification, 2009)
Insecticide
Type
LD50(Or
al,Rat)
Insecticide
Name
Abamectin/Av
ermectin
Lactone
Intermectin
Trade Name
Agricmec,Affir
m,
Dynamec/Cleav
er
WHO
Use and Type
Hazard
of Livestock
Classific
ation
Class IIV
Status(Regis
tered,
banned or
severely
restricted)
Tick and fly
control cattle
and small
ruminants
IV
Intestinal
worms in
cattle and
small
ruminants
Poultry mite
control
500 -850
mg/kg
Carbaryl,
Carbaryl, Sevin
Carbax,
Butacarb
Butacarb
ly/sheep
dipScomol
II
Carbamates
>4000
mg/kg
90-128
mg/kg
Propoxur
Baygon
IV
Sheep dip,
control of
ticks and
mites
IV
Dog/cat
(Collars)
control of
ectoparasites
/ Baits for
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Table 4: Pesticides Registered for use on pests/vectors (Classification of hazard is based on the
WHO Recommended classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification, 2009)
Insecticide
Type
LD50(Or
al,Rat)
Insecticide
Name
Trade Name
WHO
Use and Type
Hazard
of Livestock
Classific
ation
Class IIV
Status(Regis
tered,
banned or
severely
restricted)
control of
flies and
cockroaches
35-100
mg/kg
Bendiocarb
Benoxaphos
Bromophos
Ficam
III
Batestan/Bena
xafos
Tick control
on cattle and
small
ruminants
Brofene
IV
Control of
ticks and
mites on
Poultry
II
Control of
Cattle ticks /
other
ectoparasites
on cattle and
small
ruminants
II
Control of
ticks, mites
and flies on
Cattle and
sheep
Organopho
sphates
52
mg/kg
Poultry
houses for
mites and fly
control
Bromophos –
ethyl
Nexagon/Nexa
gran
Chlorfernvinp
hos
Supona,
Birlane, Supona
super,Supona
aerosol
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Table 4: Pesticides Registered for use on pests/vectors (Classification of hazard is based on the
WHO Recommended classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification, 2009)
Insecticide
Type
LD50(Or
al,Rat)
163
mg/kg
41
mg/kg
300-500
mg/kg
Insecticide
Name
Chlorpyrifos
Coumaphos
Diazinon
Trade Name
Dursban
Asunto/Baymix
Basudin
WHO
Use and Type
Hazard
of Livestock
Classific
ation
Class IIV
II
Control of
ticks, mites,
fleas on
Cattle/Sheep
/poultry
II
Control of
ticks on
Sheep/cattle
III
Control of
ticks, mites
and lice on
Cattle/
goats/pigs
80
mg/kg
Dichlorvos
Vapona/Dedev
ap/Nuvan
II
Control of
Flies, mites
and lice in
animal houses
43
mg/kg
Dioxathion
Delnav
II
Tick control
on cattle
65-200
mg/kg
Ethion
Bovinox
III
Tick control
on cattle
IV
Control of
Ectoparasites
on
cattle/Sheep
/Goats
Status(Regis
tered,
banned or
severely
restricted)
Organopho
sphate
1746
mg/kg
Fenchlorphos
Ronnel/Lanokil
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Table 4: Pesticides Registered for use on pests/vectors (Classification of hazard is based on the
WHO Recommended classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification, 2009)
Insecticide
Type
LD50(Or
al,Rat)
250500mg/k
g
190-315
mg/kg
150
mg/kg
Insecticide
Name
Fenitrothion
Trade Name
Sumithion/Dico
fen
Fenthion
Tiguvon/Baytex
Oxinthiophos
Bacdip/quintio
phos
WHO
Use and Type
Hazard
of Livestock
Classific
ation
Class IIV
III
Control of
flies,fleas and
lice in Animal
houses
III
Fly control
and used as
Cattle eartags/
III
Cattle dip for
resistant ticks
on cattle
II
Tick and fly
control on
cattle and
small
ruminants
IV
Fly control on
small
ruminants
Benzphos/
80-120
mg/kg
Phosalone
2050
mg/kg
Pirimiphosmethyl
Ambacide
Actellic/Blex
500 –
2000
Propoxur
Bayopet
powder
iii
Control of
ticks and fleas
on cattle,
dogs and cats
20004000
Temephos
Abate/Biothion
IV
Control of
Flies and Fleas
Status(Regis
tered,
banned or
severely
restricted)
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Table 4: Pesticides Registered for use on pests/vectors (Classification of hazard is based on the
WHO Recommended classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification, 2009)
Insecticide
Type
LD50(Or
al,Rat)
Insecticide
Name
Trade Name
WHO
Use and Type
Hazard
of Livestock
Classific
ation
Class IIV
Status(Regis
tered,
banned or
severely
restricted)
on cattle and
small
ruminants
40005000
Triazine
derivatives
80
584-900
mg/kg
Tetrachlorvinp
hos
Amitraz
Pyrethrins
Gardona
IV
Triatox/Mitac/T
riatix/
II
Ecotraz/Milbitr
az
Tick and
mange
control on
cattle and
small
ruminants
Pyrethrum
IV
Control of
flies and
other
ectoparasites
on cattle and
small
ruminants
Natural
Pyrethrum/
Pyrethroids
3034123mg/
kg
3034123mg/
kg/
Control of
Dairy and
Barn fly
control/poultr
y mites
Alphamethrin
Paracide
III
Tick and fly
control on
cattle and
small
ruminants
Cypermethrin
Cyrux,Cyperdip
, Cypernel,
Sectar
III
Tick and fly
control on
cattle and
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Table 4: Pesticides Registered for use on pests/vectors (Classification of hazard is based on the
WHO Recommended classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification, 2009)
Insecticide
Type
LD50(Or
al,Rat)
Insecticide
Name
Trade Name
WHO
Use and Type
Hazard
of Livestock
Classific
ation
Class IIV
Status(Regis
tered,
banned or
severely
restricted)
small
ruminants
135-140
mg/kg
Deltamethrin
Decis,
Butox,Deltanex
, K-Orthrine,
Decatix
II
Tick and
tsetse fly
control on
cattle
303 4123
Flumethrin
Deadline
III
Tick and
tsetse fly
control on
cattle
1321500
Fenvalerate
Sumicidin/Fenk
il
IV
Fly control
4000mg/
kg
Permethrin,
Ambush/Coope
x,
IV
Fly control
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4.6. Principles in Selecting Insecticides.
Selection of pesticides under the project implementation will be guided by the principle that
requires the consideration of several pest management approaches of cultural, physical, biological
measures before the application of chemical pesticides is considered necessary. The use of
pesticides must be guided by the principles of cost efficiency, safety to humans and the bio-physical
environment and effectiveness in controlling the disease. The selection will be made in accordance
with the World Bank guidelines for the selection of pesticides(World Bank Operational Manual, GP
4.03) as follows:
(i)
Selection of appropriate pesticides – pesticides requiring special precautions should not be
used if the requirements are not likely to be met.
(ii)
Approved list of pesticides taking into consideration the following: toxicity, persistence, user
experience, local regulatory capabilities, type of formulation, proposed use, and available
alternatives.
(iii)
Type and degree of hazard and availability of alternatives and the following criteria will be
used to restrict or disallow types of pesticides under Bank loans:
a. Toxicity: acute mammalian toxicity, chronic health effects, environmental persistence,
and toxicity to non-target organisms;
b. Registration status in the country and capability to evaluate long-term health and
environmental impacts of pesticides.
4.6.1 Pesticides to be Acceptable to the Project
The selection of pesticides to be acceptable under the project will be in line with (a) the World Bank
Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 on pest management, (b) the hazards and risks associated with pesticide
use, and (c) the availability of newer and less hazardous products and techniques such as biopesticides, tsetse targets and traps.
In addition to the toxic characteristics of the pesticide materials themselves, the hazards associated
with pesticide use depend on how the pesticides are handled. Precautions to minimize
environmental contamination and excess human exposure are needed at al stages, from
manufacture, packaging and labelling, transportation, and storage to actual use and final disposal of
unused and contaminated containers. The guidelines indicated below provide internationally
accepted standards on pesticides to minimize the hazards associated with pesticide use.
4.6.2 Proper Use of Pesticides
The use of pesticides under the project will be guided by the following guidelines(FAO Publication
International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, Rome, 1991; FAO
Guidelines for the Packaging, Storage, Good Labelling Practice, Transportation and Disposal of Waste
Pesticide and Pesticide Containers, Rome, 1985):
A. GUIDELINES ON USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT(PPE)
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1. PPE must be kept separate (i.e. in different lockers) from
personal clothing.
2. Protective clothing must be thoroughly washed after each application or spray
operation before being worn again.
3. Contaminated protective clothing must under no circumstances be washed at
home and should not be removed from the store area.
4. Durable, light-weight and comfortable protective clothing that give splash and
droplet protection and are impervious to pesticide formulations must be
provided to workers handling pesticides.
5. Overalls can be two-piece (jacket with hood and trousers) or one-piece
hooded garments.
6. Hood must close around gas mask.
7. Sleeves must close at wrists with elasticized cuffs and the trousers must have elasticized
closures around waist and ankles.
8. Jackets of two-piece suits should seal on the hips.
9. Overalls should preferably be light in colour so that contamination with
pesticides can be visible.
10. A clear transparent face shield, which is impervious to solvent and pesticide
vapours and which provides full face protection should be worn as indicated on the product
label when preparing and applying spray mixtures.
11. Safety goggles are an acceptable alternative to a face shield.
12. Non-slippery gloves made of nitrile rubber, PVC, neoprene or butyl rubber that
are long enough to give cover to a minimum of 90 mm above the wrist must be
used.
13. Lined gloves are not recommended as pesticides can accumulate in the lining material.
14. Gloves should preferably be light in colour so that contamination with pesticides can be
visible.
15. Before contaminated gloves are removed from the hands after use, they must first be
washed with soap and water. They should again be washed inside out after removal.
16. Unlined, rubber boots that are at least calf-high must be used.
17. To prevent pesticide from entering boots, trousers must be worn outside/over the boots.
18. At the end of each day’s spraying boots should be washed inside and outside.
19. A cotton hat with brim should be used for protection against spray drift.
20. A waterproof hat and cape must be worn by operators during overhead spraying.
21. A hood that covers the head, neck and shoulders of workers should be worn
for total skin protection during the application of irritant powders (e.g. sulphur).
22. Respirators should be worn when indicated on the product label
23. Tractors with closed canopies and air conditioning are recommended for
maximum safety and comfort during application. This could improve the productivity of
operators and the quality of pesticide application and coverage.
Ablution facilities
24. Facilities must be provided for operators to wash or shower at the end of each
spray operation or shift.
25. Contaminated washing water generated at the ablution facilities shall not be
disposed of into any water source, including rivers, ground water sources and
sewerage systems. This water can also be channelled into a mesh-covered
evaporation pit like the one for the filling area.
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B. GUIDELINES FOR SAFE USE AND HANDLING/APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES
Preparation and mixing of spray formulations
1. Application of pesticides should be selective and targeted (in space and time).
2. Pesticides must be prepared and used in the prescribed manner as
indicated on the label(s). Any other way is a criminal offence and this must be
communicated to workers as such.
3. Only prepare the amount of spray mixture required for one specific application.
4. If containers with concentrated formulation are transported to filling points
further away from the agrochemical store, these containers must be locked into a secure
metal or galvanized mesh trunk, which can be securely chained to the tractor and to the
filling point during spray operations.
Filling points
The mixing and filling area for spray equipment must be well away from any
water sources.
6. The floor of the filling point must be of non-porous material (e.g. cement with
damp coursing) and must be bunded (retaining wall).
7. Rinse liquid from measuring vessels must be added to the spray tank.
8. Soil and water sources may not be contaminated by run-off and/or spillage.
Construct a non-permeable evaporation pit that is either filled with stones or
covered with a metal grid, into which contaminated run-off water can be
channelled. Add a handful of lime to increase the pH. Ultra-violet radiation
from the sun, combined with the high pH will break down active ingredients
and water will evaporate. Cover the pit when it rains, to prevent rainwater
from filling up the pit. Alternatively, install a tank for contaminated water that
can be emptied by a professional hazardous waste disposal company.
5.
Worker health
9. Workers handling chemicals must be declared medically fit to work with
pesticides. This examination must be done by an Occupational Health
practitioner that is a general practitioner with a post-graduate diploma in
occupational medicine, and not by a clinic nurse or ordinary general
practitioner.
10. All workers exposed to and handling pesticides must undergo routine medical
examinations (mostly involving a blood test) to test for signs of pesticide
exposure. These should preferably be done annually at the end of the spraying season, but
the interval between examinations may not exceed two
years.
11. Any incident of exposure to pesticides must be documented according to
occupational health and safety regulations and labour regulations.
12. All medical records and records of pesticide exposure must be kept for at least
30 years for every worker exposed to pesticides. The work-exposure records
should be sent to the regional labour representative if farming operations
cease.
Training
13. All farm workers shall undergo training in the meaning of the signs, warning
and labels on containers of pesticides.
14. Formal training (i.e. certificates awarded) in the meaning of signs, warning
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notices and labels on chemical containers, as well as on the interpretation of
written instructions must be provided to all workers handling pesticides.
15. Spray operators must receive formal practical training in the safe handling and
application of pesticides and must understand the risks involved and
precautions to be taken.
16. At least two members of each team of spray operators must receive basic first
aid training, particularly relating to pesticide exposure.
C. GUIDELINES ON FORMULATION AND REPACKAGING OF PESTICIDES
1. Distribution and use of pesticides may require local formulation and/or repackaging. In such
cases, industry should ensure that, in cooperation with the government, packaging or
repackaging conforming to industry standards is carried out only on licensed premises.
2. ZEMA should ensure that the staff working in such premises are adequately protected
against toxic hazards.
3. That the resulting pesticide products will be properly packaged and labelled, and that the
contents will conform to the relevant quality standards.
4. Formulators should be registered, certified, and regulated.
5. National pesticide regulations should be strictly enforced.
D. GUIDELINES ON GOOD LABELLING PRACTICE FOR PESTICIDES
1. LABEL CONTENT : The purpose of the label is to provide the user with all the essential
information about the product and how to use it safely and effectively. The minimum
information on the label should THEREFORE tell the user:
 What is in the container,
 The Hazard it represents and
 Associated safety information Instructions for use.
2. 1 What is in the container?
The following information identifying the contents of the container should appear on all labels:
(a) Product or Trade name, associated with the product category (e.g. herbicide, insecticide,
fungicide, etc.).
(b) Type of formulation -name and code, as per International Formulation Coding System .
c) Active ingredient, name (ISO) or other locally used common name or in the absence of either
the chemical name as used by IUPAC and content. This should normally be expressed as
"contains x g ai per kg" (for solids, viscous liquids, aerosols or volatile liquids) or "contains x g
a.i. per liter" (for other liquids), or just "y%".
(d) Net contents of the pack. This should be expressed in metric units (e.g. liter, gram, kilogram,
which can be abbreviated to l, g and kg.
.
2.2 Safety information
There should be a clear warning on the label in relation to:
* Reading the safety instructions before opening the pack.
* Handling, transport and storage warning symbols
* Hazard classification/symbol. There may be a necessity to classify the product
with relation to its toxicity.
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2.3 The following safety precautions should appear on all labels - preferably in black print on a
white background:
2.3.1 Safety Precautions
The safety text must cover the following product specific advice:
 good agricultural practice
 relevant protective clothing
 precautions when handling the concentrate (if applicable)
 precautions during and after application
 environmental safety during and after application
 safe storage
 safe disposal of product and used container
 how to clean equipment (if a potential risk exists)
2 .3.2 Safety Pictograms
Safety pictograms reinforcing the safety text should be included.
2.3.3 Warning
The following must appear on all labels:
 Keep locked up and out of reach of children
 Other warning phrases may be aimed at good agricultural practice and/or steps which
need to be taken to avoid adverse environmental effects.
2.3.4 First Aid Advice and Medical Treatment
 Most labels should carry first aid and medical advice, where relevant.
 Additional information regarding symptoms, special tests and antidotal measures may
be added, where appropriate, for particular products.
2.3.5 Leaflets
Any safety text on the label must also appear on any leaflets associated with it.
E. GUIDELINES ON STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF PESTICIDES
1. ZEMA is obliged to promulgate, update and enforce rules and regulations for safe,
responsible storage and transport. Areas covered by these rules include maintenance of the
original product labels, spill prevention, container adequacy, proper marking in storage,
facility specifications, product separation, protection from moisture and contamination by
other products, restriction of access, and other measures to ensure product integrity and
safety.
2. Pesticide stores must be located away from areas where people or animals are housed and
away from water sources, wells, and canals.
3. Pesticide stores should be located on high ground and fenced, with access only for
authorized persons.
4. There should be easy access for pesticide delivery vehicles and – ideally – access on at least
three sides of the building for fire-fighting vehicles and equipment in case of emergency.
5. Pesticides must not be kept where they would be exposed to sunlight, water, or moisture,
which could affect their stability.
6. Storehouses should be secure and well ventilated.
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7. Pesticide stocks should be arranged such that the oldest are used first (“first in first
out”[FIFO] principle), to avoid the accumulation of obsolete stock.
8. Containers should be arranged to minimize handling and thus avoid mechanical damage
which could give rise to leaks.
9. Containers and cartons should be stacked safely, with the height of stacks limited to ensure
stability.
10. Pesticides should not be transported in the same vehicle as items such as agricultural
produce, food, clothing, drugs, toys, and cosmetics that could become hazardous if
contaminated.
11. Pesticide containers should be loaded in such a way that they will not be damaged during
transport, their labels will not be rubbed off, and they will not shift and fall off the transport
vehicle onto rough road surfaces.
12. Vehicles transporting pesticides should carry prominently displayed warning
notices.
13. Pesticides should not be carried in the passenger compartments of transport vehicles and
should be kept tightly secured and covered at all times during transport.
14. The pesticide load should be checked at intervals during transportation, and any leaks, spills,
or other contamination should be cleaned up immediately using accepted standard
procedures.
15. In the event of leakage while the transport vehicle is moving, the vehicle should be brought
to a halt immediately so that the leak can be stopped and the leaked product cleaned up.
16. Containers should be inspected upon arrival at the receiving station.
17. WHO/FAO guidelines (FAO, 1995a) should be followed for handling pesticide-related
products during storage, transport, fires, and spills;
18. There should be official reports to ZEMA and follow-up enquiries in the event of fires, spills,
poisonings, and other hazardous events; and
19. Rules and regulations laid down in the Recommendations on the transport of dangerous
goods: model regulations (United Nations, 2002) and by international organizations
concerned with the specific modes of transport and ZEMA should be respected.
F. GUIDELINES ON DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDES
1. Distribution of pesticides should be carried by trained personnel or under proper
supervision. Misdirection or mishandling can result in the product falling into the hands of
uninformed recipients or causing human or environmental risk.
2. Proper packaging is also important to ensure the confinement of the product and its safe
handling.
3. The original package is intended to ensure safe distribution; when repacking is necessary,
the new packing should meet the specifications of the original packaging as well as
complying with the ZEMA 2011 legislation.
4. Packaging (original or repackaging) should conform to ZEMA requirements to ensure safety
in distribution and prevent unauthorized sale or distribution of vector control pesticides.
5. The distributor should be aware that the shipment is a hazardous product.
6. The distributor must provide a timely service to ensure that products are available on an
agreed date that takes into consideration the time of the original order and other related
shipment matters.
7. The procurement process should anticipate shipment and distribution schedules.
8. A distribution scheme for pesticide products should be developed that reduces hazards
associated with multiple handling and transportation.
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9. The distribution of pesticide products to the point(s) of storage by the supplier should
therefore be included in tender documents; and
10. All distributors of pesticides should be licensed.
G. GUIDELINES ON DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDES
1. When pesticides have passed their expiry date, specific methods of disposal must be
followed (FAO, 1995c; FAO/WHO/UNEP, 1999, ZEMA, 2011) to ensure compliance with
international standards for disposal of hazardous materials.
2. Similarly, any equipment that is no longer serviceable should be removed from inventory,
decontaminated and disassembled to ensure that it will not be subsequently diverted to
other uses.
3. Adherence to International treaties such as the Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal (UNEP, 1989).
4. Avoid accumulation of obsolete pesticides by provision for phasing-out when pesticides are
to be banned or deregistered, refusal of donations in excess of requirement; and spelling out
of product specifications, including required
packaging and labelling (long-life label).
5. Adherence to WHO/FAO guidelines for handling pesticide-related products during storage,
transport, fires, spills and disposal.
6. Consultation with ZEMA for disposal of obsolete pesticides.
7. Prevention of risk to human and environmental health from emptied packaging and
containers, rinsates, and outdated products.
8. Ensure provision of instructions for disposal of pesticide containers as label requirements.
9. Leftover agrochemical formulations must not end up in rivers, streams,
ditches, storage dams, etc. and should not be emptied out on the ground.
10. Empty pesticide containers must not be re-used and must be disposed of in a
manner that avoids exposure to humans and contamination of the environment.
11. Relevant guidelines appearing on the label(s) should be followed.
12. Empty containers may not be burnt/incinerated on the farm.
13. Empty containers must be rinsed with integrated pressure rinsing devices on
the sprayer, or triple-rinsed (rinsed at least three times) with water, and the rinsate added
to the spray/race tank/Diptank or kept secure until disposal is possible.
14. Triple-rinsed containers can be punctured (in the case of plastics), shattered
(in the case of glass) or otherwise rendered unserviceable so as to prevent reuse, whereafter
it may be disposed of in a registered hazardous waste landfill site (operated by a registered
hazardous waste removal company).
15. Empty triple-rinsed plastic containers can also be collected and removed for
recycling by a registered recycler.
16. Obsolete or unwanted chemicals should preferably be sent back to local
suppliers or alternatively be removed by certified or approved chemical waste
disposal companies.
17. Leftover formulations should never be combined or mixed while being stored
for later removal /disposal.
4.6.3 Environmental and Health Risks
(a)
The risks of pesticide use on the bio-physical environment and human health in the Project
mainly include:
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(I) Pesticide residues can deteriorate soil quality;
(II) The pesticide residues in the soil can pollute the water body nearby, which will
potentially increase the pesticide residues in the aquatic fauna and flora;
(III) The overflow drain from spraying pesticides can pollute the drinking water resources
nearby;
(IV) Over-use of pesticides can reinforce drug resistance in pests;
(V) The use of high-toxicity pesticides can generate adverse impact on non-target species,
(particularly in honey bees, birds, livestock and natural enemies).
(VI) Poisoning of operators without personal protective equipment;
(VII) Pollution of water bodies from spraying of pesticides at places close to
drinking water sources;
(VIII)
Eating or smoking when applying pesticides could poison operators;
(IX) Upwind spraying of pesticides would poison the operator and pollute the
environment; and
(XI) Treated animals marketed before the end of the withdrawal period could poison
consumers of meat and animal products.
(b) Risks from Biomedical waste from livestock slaughterhouses
Most animal wastes from public slaughterhouses are commonly sold to informal sector
recyclers who make animal feed, among other products, with minimum controls. While
washwater and unrecycled blood are discharged to sewers, usually with little or no
wastewater treatment.
Non-recyclable solid wastes, carcasses from diseased rejected livestock, blood, hides, hones
and viscera/manure are typically discharged to open dumps where domestic animals,
rodents and some wildlife species like the Pied Crow scavenge for food.
(c) Risks from Bio-medical waste from laboratories and treatment of sick animals
Proper management of bio-medical waste from artificial insemination (AI), laboratories and
animal diseases treatment to avoid pollution and new infections.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The main health risks from slaughter houses is from animal diseases, such as anthrax,
brucellosis, acute and chronic respiratory syndrome, Avia influenza(AI), skin diseases and Qfever.
Feeding slaughter waste to animals and open dumping of livestock and slaughter wastes
where wild birds and animals may forage poses a potential risk to health.
The main environmental risks are from the wastewater from slaughter houses include:
biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), pH, total suspended solids(TSS), and faecal coliform
bacteria.
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4.6.4 Mitigation Measures
a. Pesticide spraying will be properly applied according to the label and monitored.
b. No toxic chemicals will be sprayed at places close to water sources. In addition, the local
community will be informed of such an operation;
c. The spraying equipments procured must be safe in operation;
d.
Integrated Pest Management(IPM)approaches (i.e. cultural, farming, physical, biological and
chemical measures) will be adopted to avoid environmental and health risks as well as
pesticide resistance in pests;
e. The local communities will be sensitized on IPM technology. The chemical control measures
should be demonstrated to farmers and the pesticide dealers;
f.
The use of highly toxic substances should be avoided whenever possible(Class I WHO
Classified list of Pesticide hazards restricted to licensed users);
g.
The use of torn protective clothing should be avoided;
h.
Pesticides should be stored away safely in locked boxes and kept in places where children
have no access to;
i.
The packaging materials of pesticides and other empty containers should be disposed of
safely in accordance with FAO guidelines on disposal of pesticides; and
j.
Sensitization of farmers on safe handling and application of pesticides should be
strengthened.
k. Location of animal slaughter houses in rural areas should be sited away from water sources,
wetlands, residential or other ecologically sensitive habitats and natural resource agencies
should be involved in the review of siting alternatives.
l.
Consideration of alternative site should aim at minimizing environmental effects and not
preclude beneficial use of the water bodies by using the following siting guidelines:
(i) On a watercourse having a maximum dilution and waste absorbing capacity
(ii) In an area where wastewater can be reused with minimal treatment for agricultural
or industrial purposes
(iii) Within a municipality which can accept the animal wastes in their sewer treatment
system
m. Wildlife access to infectious biomedical waste must be minimized by incorporating the
following guidelines in site selection:
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(i) Plot size should be sufficient to provide for a landfill or on-site disposal where waste
treatment technologies like incinerators could be installed in accordance with the
public health regulations.
(ii) Proximity to a suitable disposal site
(iii) Convenient for public/private contractors to collect and haul solid wastes for final
disposal.
n. Location of slaughter houses on a high elevation above topography to minimize air pollution.
o. Observe World Bank Effluent Guidelines for Slaughterhouses for liquid effluent parameters:
Slaughterhouse Maximum Daily Effluent Limitations,
Plant type
BOD /kg live
weight killed
TSS/megagram live
weight killed
O/G
pH
Fecal coliform
count
Simple
0.12
0.20
0.06
6-9
< 400 per 100 ml
Complex
0.21
0.25
0.08
6-9
< 400/100ml
Source: World Bank Technical Paper number 140.
p. Sensitizing consumers on livestock and slaughter waste management could lead to improved
health, animal welfare, and environmental conditions at farms and slaughter facilities
supplying local markets.
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5.0
POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
5.1 Policies on Plant and Animal Protection
The Pest, Plant and Diseases Act of 1994 provide for the mandatory control of invasions of serious
pests such as migratory insect pests like the Armyworm, Spodoptera Spp. In instances/circumstances
where such invasions occur, the Government may source pesticides from the international Donor
agencies like FAO for the supply of pesticides. In the case of the Animal Health Act of 2010, the
control of serious outbreaks of diseases like CBPP, FMD, Rinderpest among others, the Government
through the MOAL may source support from International Donor agencies to contain these
emergencies. Furthermore, the control of tsetse fly is still a Government mandate and funded wholly
by the MOAL. However, the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases has now been downgraded and
government has invited the private sector to provide the services. Cattle farmers have also been
given the responsibility to control ticks and tick –borne diseases on their own. The Government
provides extension services to the farmers. These circumstances do not seem to distort market
prices for pesticides because they do not involve the market forces. These measures are also meant
to secure food security in the country.
The control of tsetse is also a Government policy because no farmer can manage to undertake such
big scale operations. However, an IPM policy once put in place would give guidance on the type of
pesticides or pest control approaches adopted when tsetse control operations are planned. In short
these programmes should be integrated into the national agricultural development policy to ensure
IPM initiatives like pest monitoring using sex pheromones traps to monitor populations of the pest
are strengthened to provide an early warning mechanism. In the case of tsetse control, farmers in
tsetse infested areas could be supported to use the targets and mobile targets(cattle treated with
insecticides).
5.1.2
Existence of a National IPM/IVM Policy
The LDAHP has triggered the World Bank safeguard policy OP/BP 4.09, for Pest Management.
However, Zambia does not have an Integrated Pest Management Policy to which stakeholders can
relate to. The legislative tools currently being used in the country are not related to any IPM policy
even though several IPM initiatives are being undertaken by many research programs. Table 5 below
gives a catalogue of pieces of legislation on pesticide use but under different Ministries. Moreover,
coordination in the enforcement of these different legislative pieces is weak. Zambia Environmental
Management Agency(ZEMA) has not instituted any IPM policy to guide the registration of pesticides
under the Pesticides and Toxic Substances Regulation of 1994. There are pesticides that are
currently registered and yet according to the WHO classification of Pesticides hazards, Class Ia and Ib
pesticides should be severely restricted (Table 3 and need to be registered and followed by
conditionalities that severely restrict their use to licensed persons and regular monitoring of their
use. Furthermore, the different pesticide legislation tools cited below were made to regularise and
control the importation and use of pesticides in the country and do not reflect any IPM principle.
They do not therefore mirror the World Bank Safeguard Policy on pest management (OP 4.09).
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Table 5.0: Pesticide and Environmental Legislation in Zambia
Environmental
component
Responsible
Agency
Agriculture
MACO/ZARI
Title and date of Purpose of the legislation
legislation
Plant,
Pests
and Regulates the importation of
Diseases control Act plant products into Zambia and
of 1994
the exportation of the same. It
also regulates the use of
pesticides in crop protection.
Livestock
MOAL/Veterinary
Animal Health Act of Control of animal diseases
Dept.
2010
Veterinary and Para Registration
of
veterinary
Livestock
Veterinary
professionals and maintenance
Professions Act of of code of ethics
2010
Livestock
Herd Book Society/ The
Livestock Ensure identity and traceability
Vet. Dept
Identification,
of cattle in the country
Registration
and
Traceability Act of
2010
Livestock
Cattle
Slaughter Control of cattle slaughter
Control Act of 2010
Livestock
The Dairy Industry Dairy industry promotion and
Development Act of control
2010
Agric,Livestock
ZARI/Vet
Bio-Safety Act of 2007 Protection of food safety and
and Health
Dept/NISIR/SCCI
prevention of GMO Food and
Feeds
Health
Ministry of Health Public Health Act No Prevention and suppression of
22 of 1995
diseases pertaining to public
health
Water Resources Water Affairs
Water
Resources Management of water resources
Management Act of through the Councils
2010
Environment,
ECZ
Environmental
Protection and Conservation of
Livestock, Agric,
Protection
and the Environment
Health
Pollution Control Act
of 1990
ECZ
Pesticides and Toxic Registration of Pesticides and
Substances
toxic substances
Regulation of 1994
ZEMA
Environmental
Conservation and environmental
Management Act of protection
2011
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5.2
Description and assessment of the national capacity to develop and Implement
ecologically-based IPM
It is clear from Table 5 that the itemized legislation instruments in the Country are not consistent
with the IPM/IVM policy. It is therefore important that these instruments are revisited in order to
put in place supportive legislation for the implementation of the IPM/IVM policy.
Compliance by sub projects, pesticide suppliers and farmers on the ground to the safeguard policy
OP 4.09 could easily be supported by the proposed vector control research centre, other national
research institutions, the extension services and agricultural training institutions like the University
of Zambia, ZIAH, Palabana Training Centre, NRDC and NGO training institutions like the Kasisi
Agricultural Training Centre(KATC). These institutions will however need institutional capacity
building support.
5.3
Assessment of the country’s regulatory framework for the control of the distribution and
use of pesticides
Table 5 above indicates the existence of legal instruments to control the distribution and use of
pesticides. The recent enactment of the Zambia Environmental Management Act of 2011 and the
subsequent establishment of ZEMA are measures to seal loopholes observed in the previous EPPCA
of 1990. The Pesticides and Toxic Substances regulation of 1994 provides for the registration of
pesticides and puts in place a pesticide distributor and user licensing scheme.
However, a local policy mirroring the safeguard Operational policy 4.09 should be constituted to
provide a common legal requirement which ZEMA would be obliged to promote and enforce.
Data on the scale of current local production of pesticides and formulation is being analysed and will
be updated in the next draft report. However, the majority of pesticides on the market in Zambia are
repacked into smaller quantities to suit local demand. The Companies importing, repackaging and
distributing the pesticides are licensed. The problem is that no quality control on the formulations is
done.
5.4
Assessment of the institutional capacity to enforce the above mentioned legislation
Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act CAP 204 of the Laws of Zambia 1990 and the
Pesticides and Toxic Substances Regulations, Statutory Instrument No. 20 of 1994 covers the
registration of pesticides and toxic substances when manufacturing, importing, exporting,
repackaging or processing them. Part III states that “No person shall sell any pesticide or toxic
substance without a label that has been approved by the Inspectorate of ECZ and is securely fixed to
the container”. Part IV sets out the requirements for the general handling, use and safety of
pesticides and toxic substances and Part V covers the storage and disposal of these substances.
Table 6 below gives an assessment of the institutional and financial capacity to enforce the
legislation. It is clear that both the institutional capacity in terms of trained personnel and
infrastructure is low. There is need also to train staff involved in the distribution and use of
pesticides.
The assessment of managing unwanted and obsolete pesticides is being carried out and an update
will be included in the next draft report. It is however,not expected that that project activities will
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lead to the accumulation of obsolete pesticides because the requirements for pesticides both in type
and quantities will be specified in accordance with IPM/IVM activities.
Table 6: Assessment of institutional and financial capacity to enforce pesticide legislation
Institutional
capacity
Financial
capacity
comment
for 3
2
Needs support
monitors 2
1
Support needed
properly 7
7
Enforcement
awareness
and
Effective measures to limit access to 7
class II pesticides to licensed user
6
Enforcement
licensing
through
Government monitors quality of 1
imported/locally produced pesticides
1
Need
for
another
laboratory facility to
support ZBS
Pesticide residues are being monitored 1
on crops and animal products (local &
export)
1
Need a quality control
laboratory
Poisoning
statistics
especially in rural areas
available, 1
1
Need support
Medical staff at rural clinics trained to 3
recognize and treat pesticide poisoning
cases
3
Training required
more staff
Are antidotes available in rural areas
1
Need to supply rural
clinics with antidotes
Category
Availability
inspection
of
trained
staff
And control tasks
Government
pesticide
actively
Use and storage
Pesticide products are
packaged and labelled
1
and
Key: 1 = Available in one province, = Available in 2 provinces, 3=Available in three provinces, 4 =
available in four provinces, 5 = available in five provinces, 6 = Available in six provinces and 7 =
Available in all the 7 provinces. The Assessment is based on literature review and stakeholder
consultations .
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6.0
STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL CAPACITIES.
Complete schedule of components/projects for funding will be updated after field visits to selected
sites in study areas and after consultations with the MOAL and the Stakeholders workshop.
However, table 7 .1 gives a catalogue of project areas where capacity building support could be
targeted. The action plan presented in tables 7.1 & 7.2 provide a basis for support.
Table 7.1: Action plan to strengthen the national capacities to improve the regulatory system for
pesticides and implement IPM/IVM
Activity
1. Train staff for pesticide
inspection and control tasks
2. Establish a monitoring
mechanism for pesticide use
and storage
3. Strengthening of pesticide
legislation on packaging and
labelling of pesticides in
accordance with OP 4.09 and
WHO classification of pesticide
hazards and GIFAP and FAO
guidelines
4. Strengthen measures to limit
access to class II pesticides to
licensed users in line with OP
4.09
5. Monitoring quality of
imported /locally produced
pesticides
Objectively
Means of verification
verifiable
indicators
Staff trained to number of trained staff
carry
out Record
of
inspections
IPM/IVM
carried out
Monitoring
Records
monitoring
mechanism
activities
established
Legislation
Regulation enacted revised
strengthened
Strengthen
enforcement
the law
Critical
assumptions
LDAHP will be
funded
Funding
sourced
Funding will
be available
Number of licensed users of Funding
of such
products
and made
inspections carried out
available
Strengthen
capacity existing
quality
control
laboratories
Training of staff
in
pesticide
analysis
Strengthen
capacity of Food
& Drug and ZBS
Labs

Procurement records for
equipment accessories,
spares, solvents and
laboratory glassware.
 Analytical Record of
pesticides analysed
 Number of staff trained
Number
of
samples
analysed:
 Feed
 Meat products
 Workers exposed
6. Monitor Pesticide residues
on feed and meat products for
the domestic market and
pesticide levels in workers
exposed to pesticides at work
places
7.Train medical personnel at Medical staff at Number of staff trained
rural clinics to recognize and rural
clinics
treat
cases
of
pesticide trained
poisoning at the rural centres.
9.Record keeping of poisoning Poisoning
Record of poisoning cases
statistics made available at rural statistics available
Funding
made
available
Funding
made
available
Funding
made
available
Funding
made
available
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clinics
at clinics
10.Supply
antidotes
for Antidotes
Number of cases treated
pesticides at clinics in rural available at local
areas to
treat
pesticide rural clinics
poisoning cases
Funding
made
available
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7.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PMP
Implementation of the IPM approach is often constrained by a lack of information or shortage of
tested IPM packages and institutional, financial, legal and policy measures to facilitate and
encourage adoption of IPM methods. Table 7.2.gives highlights of activities that are required in
order to promote IPM in the project.
Table 7.2: Action plan to strengthen the national capacities to promote implementation of
IPM/IVM in the project
Activity
By Who
By When
1. Adoption of IPM as a National Policy for the management of
livestock pests and vectors.
Government of
Zambia and MOAL
1st quarter
of 2012
2. Amend the pesticide legislation in order to provide for the
registration of IPM compatible pesticides
ZEMA and MOAL
1st quarter
of 2012
3. Enforce strict observance of FAO guidelines on pesticide use,
packaging and storage, labelling, handling, transportation,
disposal and use of PPE
ZEMA
1st quarter
2012
4. Enforce legal instruments to restrict use of extremely
hazardous –Who class Ia & Ib in project area
ZEMA and MOAL
1st quarter
2012
5. Upgrading the awareness of IPM policy through the
sensitization of IPM activities and safe use of pesticides by:
(i)
National Livestock
IPM Coordinator
and IPM
Making IPM the central focus of education and training in Safeguard
animal protection at all levels, including agricultural
specialist
schools and colleges, training of extension staff, and
messages relayed to livestock farmers
(ii)
Development of appropriately tailored short courses,
special workshops and training /information materials on
IPM and safe pesticide use, handling and disposal for
dissemination to all stakeholders including farmers, input
suppliers/pesticide vendors and shopkeepers
(iii)
Training of doctors, medical staff at clinics and women’s
groups on symptoms and treatment of pesticide
poisoning
6. Reinforce the construction of the Livestock Service Centres –
the one-stop shop where livestock farmers will have access to
IPM Coordinator/
Safeguard
2nd quarter
of 2012
From 1st 3rd quarter
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services such as vaccinations, spraying, castrations, de-horning,
branding or artificial insemination
specialist
2012
7. Improve Infrastructure, Management Capacity, Institutional
Arrangement and Cooperation by:
MOAL/LDAHP
1st quarter
2012
IPM Coordinator
and Safeguard
specialist
2nd – 4th
quarter
2012
(i)
Supporting IPM-related research to develop IPM packages
through(a) technical assistance to research programs, (b)
training fellowships for researchers and technicians, (c)
improvement of research facilities, (d) grants for specific
research projects, and (e) institutional strengthening.
(ii)
Recruitment of more staff and enhance institutional
arrangements to open up cooperation and collaboration
in of the implementation of the PMP.
(iii)
The Project Management Office will recruit a full-time
staff responsible for supervising the implementation of
the PMP
(iv)
The IPM Safeguard specialist will strengthen cooperation
with national pest research institutions in order to enrich
pest control knowledge and upgrade IPM capacity
(v)
Cooperation among all levels of animal health protection
stations will be strengthened in favour of information
exchange and resource sharing.
8. Technical Training and Human Resource Development to
build capacity for intensifying IPM by:
(i)
New pest management packages will be made available
to district veterinary/livestock officers and veterinary
/livestock assistants at veterinary camps
(ii)
All levels of veterinary/livestock extension and service
staff will be regularly trained to upgrade their higher
professionalism to encourage the effective
implementation of regulations on pesticides;
(iii)
Veterinary technical staff will provide the farmers with
regular technical training and service by means of Farmer
Field schools, so that new measures of pest management
will be timely extended to the farmers. In case of need,
IPM services will be contracted out to Consultants to
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upgrade training in IPM
(iv)
Training materials of practical technology will be
supplemented with video materials and IT devices
necessary
9. Training of Farmers/Farmer Groups on IPM and safe use and
disposal of pesticides
The course contents will include:
IPM
Coordinator/IPM
specialists
2nd – 4th
quarter
2012
 How to identify ordinary pests and diseases of livestock.
 Biology and infestation patterns.
 The natural enemies against pests.
 Measures of field sampling for pests.
 Thresholds of pest control.
 Varieties of measures of pest control and IPM (including
farming, physical, biological and chemical measures).
 Proper storage of pesticides, and appropriate pesticide
packing materials.
 Methods of pesticide application and the proper use of
personal protective equipment
 Pesticide disposal
 Pesticide poisoning
8.0 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan and Budget
The M&E plan for the PMP is with respect to activities identified under the strengthening of national
capacities to improve the regulatory system for pesticides and implementation of ecologically sound
management of pests and vectors that trigger safeguard policy 4.09 of the World Bank as highlighted
in Tables 7.1 & 7.2 above and 8.0. Progress on the development and implementation of IPM will
depend on the research base available to provide IPM packages and how soon the farmers will take
to adopt IPM approaches. However, an audit of current IPM research in Zambia will be the starting
point.
All levels of IPM project coordinating committee will be responsible to guide, supervise, monitor and
train the integrated pest management cooperating farmers.
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8.1 Monitoring and Evaluation
The M&E will encourage participatory monitoring in order to strengthen ownership and will utilise
simple indicators. The local government authorities and traditional leaders as well as local input
suppliers, farmers’ groups and NGOs at the District will be part of the M&E process
8.2
5.
Local Monitoring Activities during the Project Implementation
1. IPM activities in the project area ;
2. Amount of pesticide usage;
3. Changes in livestock production;
4. Changes in the livestock production eco-system with identified indicators;
Changes in pest/vectors and disease dynamics
The above activities will be monitored by the local monitoring project staff:
District veterinary officer, District Livestock officer, District extension officer
Veterinary Camp assistants, Public Health officer(District council), Farmers’ representative, input
suppliers’ representative and Local NGOs representative.
Monitoring frequency should be once a month.
8.2
External supervision monitoring activities during the implementation period.



Registration of pesticides;
Formulation and Publicity of IPM policy
Implementation of the local monitoring activities and assistance in data analysis.
External supervision will require the following experts:

IPM Specialist

Safeguard Specialist

Bio-statistician

Provincial veterinary officer, Provincial Livestock office, and Provincial Biologist
Frequency of Monitoring will be Quarterly.
8.3. Budget
Pest management should be integrated into the daily management of the project. The budget thus
required should be included in the overall budget of the project as indicated below in table 8.0. It
also includes the cost element for the Monitoring and Evaluation.
The Workplan and budget amounts f US$1,279,000 per province will be required to implement the
PMP over a six year period or US$8.953m.
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Table : 8.0 Budget summary for implementation of PMP/ province
Sub-project
components/Activities
1. Capacity building
IPM Orientation
workshop
Training of Trainers(ToT)
Farmer Group training
Study visits
Sub-total
2. Advisory services
IPM problem diagnosis
Field guides/IPM
materials
Public
awareness/sensitization
campaigns
Pest/vector surveillance
Sub-total
3. Environmental
management
Equipment, pesticides,etc
Support to IPM research
and development
Sub-total
4. Project Management
IPM Coordination
Monitoring and
evaluation
Sub-total
Grand total
1st year
2nd Year 3rd
year
4th
year
5th
year
6th
year
Total
30,000
15,000
15,000
0
0
0
60,000
45,,000
24,000
15,000
114,000
25,000
24,000
10,000
74,000
0
24,000
10,000
49,000
0
24,000
5,000
29,000
0
24,000
0
24,000
0
0
0
0
70,000
96,000
30,000
290,000
16,000
3,000
10,000
15,000
10,000
15,000
10,000
12,000
0
0
0
0
36,000
30,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
5,000
2,000
31,000
5,000
30,000
5,000
38,000
5,000
38,000
3,000
33,000
2,000
7,000
1,000
3,000
18,000
149,000
15,000 15,000 15,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
150,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 50,000
75,000
600,000
155,000 115,000 105,000 105,000 105,000 55,000 640,000
25,000
15,000
25,000
15,000
20,000
10,000
20,000
10,000
20,000
10,000
30,000
10,000
115,000
55,000
40,000 40,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 200,000
339,000 267,000 222,000 197,000 166,000 88,000 1,279,000
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9.0 REFERENCES
1. Animal Diseases Act of 2010
2. Control of Cattle Slaughter Act of 2010
3. Bio-safety Act of 2007
4. Cointreau Sandra, 2006. Livestock and Slaughter Waste Management:
scointreau@worldbank.org. http://www.worldbank.org/solidwaste
5. Daka, P.S., Kaposhi, C.K.M., Lumbwe,F., Mudenda, G.H. Sichamba, M. And Akashambatwa, C.W.
2011. Impact Assessement of Aerial Spray on Biological Systems Integrity in Sesheke and
Shangombo Districts in Western Province, P&L Pest Control Services, Consultant Final Report CONTRACT No: Impact of Aerial spray-MTC 0569-08 Block1/Sesheke-05/2008-2009.
6. Environmental Management Act of 2011
7. Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act of 1990
8. FAO Guidelines: for Registration and Control of Pesticides, Pesticides Distribution, transportation,
Safe Handling, Storage, Labelling and Disposal, Rome, Italy.
9. GIFAP, 1991. Guidance on Selection of practical options for Disposal of Unwanted Pesticide
Stocks.
10. Kaposhi, CKM, 1992. The Role of Natural Plant Products in Integrated Tick Management in
Africa, Insect Sci. Applic. Vol. 13. N0.4. pp 595-598
11. Kaposhi, C.K.M. and P.M.S. Phiri. 2001. The Inventory of Local Plants with Pesticidal, Repellant
and Medicinal Properties in Muswishi and Lusitu areas of Chibombo and Siavonga districts
respectively, of Zambia, FARMESA Min-Project document, SIDA / FAO ZAM-98/05.
12. National Profile on Chemicals Management Infrastructure in Zambia, ECZ. 2007
13. OIE, Office International des Epizooties, Animal Diseases Documents, 2011
14. Olwock, J.M., Reyers, B., Engelbrecht, F.A. and Erasmus, B.F.N., 2008. Climate change and the
tick-borne disease, Theileriosis(East Coast Fever) in Subsaharan Africa. Journal of Arid Environments,
72 pp 108 – 120.
15. Pest Management Plan Report for Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 2011, Lusaka,
Zambia.
16. Pest Management Plan, 2011. GEF Huai River Basin Marine Pollution Reduction Project,
Dongying City, China
17. Pesticides and Toxic Substance Regulations Statutory No. 20, 1994, Zambia
18. Plant and Pest Diseases Act (Cap 233) 1994
19. Poultry Production and Health -Handbook for Small Scale Farmers, Ministry of Livestock and
Fisheris Development
20. Public Health Act No 22 of 1995
21. Questions and Answers on Beef Production, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheris Development,
2007
22. Rwanda Pest Management Plan (Arrangement for RSSP II, Mukazambuga Ntirushwa Daniel,
2007
23. SEMG (1993); environmental Monitoring of Tsetse control operations in Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Impact of Aerial Sprayiing and Odour-baited Targets on ecosystems. Report 1987 – 1990. – Scientific
Environmental Monitoring Group (SEMG) Project, regional Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control
Project (RTTCP), Fifth European development Fund. Institut fȕr Biogeographie, Universitȁt des
Saarlandes, Saarbrȕcken, IX+125 pp.
24. Sinyangwe L. and Fandamu P, 2011. The Impact and Status of Ticks and Tick-borne diseases on
the smallholder livestock farmers in Zambia 2011. Paper presented at the 5th African Acarology
Symposium on the Impact of Acarology on the African Continent, Entomological Society of
Zambia,Protea Hotel, Livingstone, 15th – 20th May 2011
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25. Songolo, A. and Katongo J.C., 1999. Zambia Country Report
Tanzania Integrated Pest Management Plan Revised Version, Briggitte Nyambo, March 2009
26. The Dairy Industry development Act of 2010
27. UNEP, 1989. Basel convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste
and their Disposal
28. Veterinary and Para veterinary professions Act of 2010
29. Water Resources Act of 201027.
30 WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to classification,
31.WHO, 2009.World Bank Operational Policy 4.09,-Pest Management, World Bank, August 2004
32. World Bank, 1996, Introduction to Environmental and Social Assessment Requirements and
Procedures for World Bank-financed Projects, ESD
33. World Bank Technical Papers Number 139, Volumes I & II.
34. World Bank Technical Papers Number 140.
10.0 ANNEXES
10.1
ANNEX 1
Terms of Reference
Section 5. Terms of Reference
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Environmental and Social Management Framework, a Pest Management Plan and a Resettlement
Policy Framework
1. ASSIGNMENT BACKGROUND
1. Through the recent creation of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries
Development (MOAL), the Zambian government is increasingly recognizing the importance of the
livestock sector to economic growth and poverty reduction. The importance of the sector is
highlighted through recent survey result which reveals that approximately 45% of the rural
population own livestock and animal sales alone account for 26% of rural household income, higher
than that contributed by field crops (21%). Among livestock owning households, cattle are owned
by 310,000 households (CSO, MACO, FSRP Survey 2006/07, 2008/09).
2. Despite the importance of livestock in livelihoods, the sector’s potential to
contribute to economic growth is constrained, among other factors, by high disease prevalence,
which affects the productivity of livestock either through direct losses caused by mortality and
decreased production or indirect losses resulting from effects on trade, draught power. The
importance of draught power to the economy was recently highlighted in the crop forecasting in
2010, with cereal production estimated up in response to good weather conditions and availability
of healthy draught animals which allowed for an expansion of crop acreage.
3. Despite Government support and the recognition of the considerable potential
for increased livestock production, Zambia is reputedly to be the most animal disease stricken
country in the SADC region, registering in 2008 and 2009, registered incidents of all animal disease,
especially FMD and East Coast Fever. Increasing concern about the economic and financial costs of
disease outbreaks on household and the economy has led the Government of Zambia (GoZ) to
propose the establishment of a disease free zone in the Central Province which has, until now
remained relatively free of major animal diseases.
4. The Government of Zambia (GRZ) has since sort a concessionary credit from
the International Development Agency (IDA) for the Livestock Development and Animal Health
Project. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to improve the productivity of key livestock
production systems for the targeted smallholder and emergent producers in the identified areas and
improve the safety of meat and milk products in slaughter houses markets and milk collection
centers supported by the project. Specific objectives are to: (i) increase yield of targeted production
systems by participating smallholder and emergent producers in the targeted areas: (ii) decrease the
incidence of key animal diseases in project areas; and (iii) build the capacity of the Animal Health
system and Veterinary Services.
5. The project will support the government in improving the productivity of key
production systems, namely meat and milk from cattle and small ruminants, and from pig and
poultry sectors. It will specifically strengthen the veterinary services (public and private) to better
control major animal diseases and improve food safety. It will also tackle other identified constraints
by supporting productive investments (infrastructure, equipment, and technologies) and improving
access to advisory and extension services for the producers and their organizations. This will directly
lead to productivity improvements in the smallholder livestock sector. The project will support the
rehabilitation of animal health and veterinary services by the provision of equipment, rehabilitation
or construction of critical public and community infrastructure and skills training of front line animal
production and veterinary staff. IDA support will cover the major animal rearing provinces including
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Eastern, Southern and Western Provinces and the designated Disease Free Zone (DFZ) if the cost
benefit analysis will deem this feasible.
2. Assignment
6. The purpose of the consultancy is to prepare an Environmental and Social
Management Framework (ESMF), a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and a Pest Management
Plan (PMP) that establish a unified process for addressing all environmental and social safeguards
issues of the project. The framework will prescribe the process from the preparation, through review
and approval to implementation of the sub-projects that will ensure that the substantive concerns of
all World Bank (WB) safeguard policies and relevant Zambian legislation will be adequately
addressed.
7. The ESMF and RPF are required because area-specific assessments can not
be ascertained in advance of project implementation which makes it difficult to identify the possible
project impacts, and consequently site specific safeguard policy instruments such as environmental
impact assessments (EIA) and resettlement action plans (RAPs) cannot be prepared before appraisal.
It is expected that during the preparation, some project sites will be identified while others may be
identified during implementation. The ESMF and RPF will, therefore, provide guidelines for the
development of Environmental Management Plans (EMPs), Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) and
the design of environmental and social impact mitigation measures.
8. Livestock Development and Animal Health will include the control of vectors
of livestock diseases and improved treatment of vector-borne diseases to keep disease vector
populations in check. The use of pesticides to reduce vector populations may be included in this
project.
9. The use of pesticides may contribute to increased livestock production and
improved human health. However, inappropriate or excessive use of pesticides often results in a
reduction of livestock production or its sustainability, increases in disease vectors, adverse
environmental and health effects, and negative effects on other economic activities (e.g. fisheries,
tourism). This, in turn, leads to increased economic costs, both at the farmer level and for the
country as a whole.
10. Adequate measures are therefore required at project development to
promote the appropriate management of pests and pesticides. This is to ensure that increased and
sustainable livestock production and farm incomes are achieved; that vector-borne diseases are
managed in a sustainable manner, and that the risks to human health and the environment
associated with pesticide use are kept to an acceptable minimum.
11. The World Bank’s Pest Management Safeguard Policy (OP 4.09 and BP 4.01
Annex C) was established to address these concerns and to assist borrowers to manage pests in an
appropriate manner. A major provision of the Safeguard Policy is the preparation of a
comprehensive Pest Management Plan, (PMP), that will outline the various elements of and actions
needed to be taken to adequately address these concerns during project implementation.
3.
Scope of Work
The consultant is expected to undertake the following activities;
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


3.3
Determine the nature and magnitude of both environmental and social impacts and
mitigation measures for those impacts for the project investments;
Assess the extent to which livestock owners are in conflict with protected areas, because of
the need to access resources such as fodder or water;
Increasing livestock productivity will indirectly incentivize increased animal drugs and
veterinary medicinal products use. To address these concerns, a Pest Management Plan
(PMP) will be prepared to screen pesticides and guide their safe handling. This study will also
look at livestock waste disposal activities in place and propose measures for appropriate
management of such.
Pest Management Plan
14. In consultation with the project Task Team Leader (TTL) and the Borrower,
the Consultant will prepare the PMP, addressing the following 4 major issues, namely:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Pest and Vector Management approaches;
Pesticide use and management;
Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity, and
Monitoring and evaluation
Details of these components may be elaborated upon as follows:
Pest or vector management approaches
a) Current and anticipated pest or disease vector problems, relevant to the project.
Prepare an overview of the major animals reared and the key pest and diseases problems
experienced, especially by small holder farmers. Provide estimates (preferably based on local
studies) of the economic losses that can be attributed to the key pests and diseases and carry out a
similar analysis for disease vectors.
Assess the potential changes in pest or vector-borne disease problems that can be anticipated as a
result of the project's activities.
b) Current and proposed pest management practices.
Describe the current methods for pest or vector management practised in the country. Describe the
non-chemical pest control methods, IPM or IVM approaches that are available in the country.
Assess the activities of the national livestock extension extension services aimed at providing vector
management advice to farmers. Evaluate to which extent the system includes integrated pest or
vector management. Assess the extent to which vector management information is transmitted to
farmers. Assess the economic and environmental sustainability of the present and proposed pest or
vector management practices.
Inventorize the pest or vector control methods or approaches that have been field-tested or
introduced in the past in the country, but which have not established themselves as current
practices. Evaluate the reasons for this lack of success.
Describe any new pest or vector control methods or approaches that are being tested or introduced
into the country.
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Assess the potential changes in pest or vector management that can be anticipated as a result of the
project activities.
c) Relevant IPM/IVM experience within the project area, country or region.
Describe any IPM or IVM methods locally available for the management of the major pests and
diseases of animals that are the target of the project.
Assess the strengths and weaknesses of implementation of IPM or IVM activities in the country to
guide the choice of activities that could be carried out during project implementation.
Identify relevant existing IPM or IVM projects or programs which are operational in the country and
which should be approached/included for collaboration.
Review the development and conduct of IPM research programs within the national agricultural
research institute, or in any regional or international agricultural research centers, relevant to the
project activities.
d) Assessment of proposed or current pest management approaches, and recommendations
for adjustment where necessary.
Where the current practices, or those proposed under the project, are not consistent with the
principles of IPM or IVM, the discrepancies should be discussed. Either a detailed technical
justification should be provided for this discrepancy, or a strategy should be proposed to bring pest
or vector management activities under the project into line with IPM or IVM.
Pesticide use and management
(i) Review of present, proposed and/or envisaged pesticide use.
Compile a list of pesticides in use in the country and the vectors for which they are used. Classify the
(commercial formulations of the) pesticides according to the WHO classification of pesticides by
hazard.
Describe the current pesticide use patterns in the country and assess whether pesticides are used in
the context of IPM.
Assess if envisaged pesticide use under the project is justified by (a) explaining the IPM approach
and the reason why pesticide use is considered, (b) providing an economic assessment
demonstrating that the proposed pesticide use would increase farmers' revenues, or, provide
evidence that the proposed pesticide use is justified from the best available (preferably OIE
supported) animal health evidence.
(ii) Indication of type and quantity of pesticides envisaged to be financed by
the project and/or assessment of increase in pesticide use resulting from the project.
Estimate the quantity (in volume and value) of pesticides envisaged to be financed (either directly or
indirectly, e.g. through grants/credit provision) by the project.
If pesticides are not financed by the project, identify project activities that may lead to increased
pesticide use, and estimate this increase.
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For both the above mentioned situations, evaluate if higher pesticide use would also result in
increased farmer dependence on pesticides.
(iii) Circumstances of pesticide use and the capability and competence of endusers to handle products within acceptable risk margins.
Assess user access to, and use of, protective gear and appropriate application equipment; levels of
knowledge and skills of users to handle pesticides correctly; users' product knowledge and
understanding of hazards and risks; appropriateness of on-farm storage facilities for pesticides;
(iv) Assessment of risks.
Evaluate the actual potential environmental, occupational and public health risks associated with the
transport, storage, distribution and use of the proposed products under local circumstances, and the
disposal of empty containers.
Assess to what extent the project's activities will increase or reduce such risks.
(v) Pre-requisites and/or measures required to reduce specific risks associated with envisaged
pesticide use under the project.
Identify the strengths and weaknesses in the country for proper handling of pesticides and propose
the measures needed in the project to guarantee judicious use of pesticides. For example, outline
details of training activities to build capacities in pesticide management, risk reduction, use of
appropriate application equipment and protective gear, and recognition of circumstances leading to
pesticide poisoning.
(vi) Selection of pesticides authorized for procurement under the project
If required, prepare provisional lists of pesticides which may be procured under the project taking
into consideration (a) the criteria in OP 4.09 on Pest Management, (b) the above hazards and risks,
and (c) the availability of newer and less hazardous products and techniques (e.g. bio-pesticides,
traps)
Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity
a) Policies on plant protection.
Assess the government policies on pest management (crop protection and vector control) and their
consistency with IPM approaches. Evaluate if there direct or indirect subsidies for pesticides,
donated pesticides that distort market prices, or other factors that may increase reliance on
(unnecessary) pesticide use.
Study if a national IPM/IVM Policy exists and determine whether it is integrated into the national
agricultural development policy/strategy.
b) Description and assessment of the national capacity to develop and implement ecologicallybased IPM.
Assess the quality of public and private sector extension services, extension services provided by
NGOs and research institutions, and their practical capacity to develop and implement
(participatory) IPM or IVM.
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c) Assessment of the country's regulatory framework for control of the distribution and use of
pesticides.
Inventorize the presence and quality of pesticide legislation. Assess if a pesticide registration scheme
has been set up and is operational. Assess if a pesticide distributor and/or user licensing scheme
exists.
If relevant, evaluate if local pesticide production and/or formulation is appropriately regulated.
d) Assessment of the institutional capacity for effective control of the distribution and use of
pesticides.
Evaluate if the country has the institutional and financial capacity to enforce the above mentioned
legislation. In doing so, assess if:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
sufficient trained personnel is available for inspection and control tasks;
the government actively monitors pesticide use and storage;
pesticide products are properly packaged and labeled;
effective measures can be taken to limit access to Class II pesticides to licensed users if
the use of such products is proposed (a specific requirement OP in 4.09);
the government monitors the quality of imported/locally produced pesticides (is there a
quality control laboratory);
pesticide residues are being monitored on export crops and crops for the domestic
market;
poisoning statistics are available, especially in rural areas;
medical staff at rural clinics are trained to recognize and treat pesticide poisoning, and
are antidotes available in rural areas;
etc.
Assess the system for managing unwanted and obsolete pesticides; to what extent might the project
activities contribute to the accumulation of obsolete pesticides?
Strengthening of national capacities
On the basis of the outcome of the above reviews, and if necessary, propose an action plan
containing appropriate measures, in project sub-components, to strengthen the national capacities
to improve the regulatory system for pesticides, and implement ecologically sound management of
pests and vectors.
Identify which components should be covered by the project/programme, and which may be
funded/executed under other (existing) government or donor activities.
Estimate the financial requirements and suggest funding mechanisms for the implementation of the
plan.
Monitoring and evaluation
i.
Description of activities that require local monitoring during implementation and during
supervision missions.
Describe these activities and propose realistic performance indicators that can be used to evaluate
progress towards the implementation of sustainable pest management, effectiveness of measures to
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mitigate pesticide risks, progress in strengthening regulatory framework and institutional capacity,
etc.
ii.
Monitoring and supervision plan, implementation responsibilities, required expertise and
cost coverage.
Prepare a monitoring and supervision plan that would be adopted during project supervisory
missions. For example, in the plan include the types of expertise required at different stages of
project implementation, actual monitoring activities and detailed budget.
4. Consultant Qualification
15. The consultant will demonstrate that the proposed team has the expertise
required to fully appreciate the requirements of all the Safeguards Policies to be addressed in the
ESMF/RPF and PMP, and complete all required sections of the ESMF/RPF and the PMP. The
consultant will be particularly familiar with the environmental assessment of small-scale projects,
and with systems for the environmental review and approval of development projects in developing
countries like Zambia. The consultant is expected to assemble a team with in-depth technical and
local knowledge. It is expected that the team will comprise, but not be limited to, the following
professionals: (i) Environmental scientist; (ii) Animal scientist; (iii) Rural social scientist with
resettlement experience and intimate familiarity with the World Bank’s resettlement policy, and (iv)
a specialist in asset evaluation (for determining methods).
For PMP, the consultant will be specialized in one or more of the following fields:
a) agricultural pest management in the tropics or subtropics, with particular experience in
(participatory) integrated pest management (IPM);
b) Disease vector management in the tropics or subtropics, with particular experience in
(participatory) integrated vector management (IVM);
c) Pesticide management in developing countries, with particular experience in pesticide
legislation and regulation, pesticide risk assessment and registration, and the
enforcement/implementation of pesticide regulations;
d) Pest management extension methods and/or participatory integrated crop production, pest
or vector management;
e) Agricultural policy development in developing countries, with particular experience in
integrated pest & vector management policies and the economic, trade and fiscal aspects of
agricultural input use (particularly pesticides).
16. The consultant will have experience in the identification and the analysis of
technical and policy constraints with respect to agricultural or public health projects/programs in
developing countries. She/he should be capable of working, using a strongly participatory approach,
with the (potential) Borrower's technical and policy staff.
17. The Consultant must be familiar with both the relevant World Bank safeguard
policies and Zambian Legislation. Prior experience in carrying out the ESMF/RPF and PMP is strongly
desired.
5. STUDY SCHEDULE AND DELIVERABLES
18. The study will be carried over a time laps of 3 months. They will be expected
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to deliver the following deliverables for all the four outputs: (a detailed work plan, (b interim report,
(c draft final ESMF/RFP and PMP reports, (d final report. The detailed work plan shall be produced
within 1 week, interim report within 3 weeks, and final draft ESMF within 12 weeks of contract
signature), and the overall duration of the consultancy will be 12 weeks from contract signature. The
consultant shall be required to submit the following reports and a Procedures Manual to the GRZ in
English:
5.3
Pest Management Plan
20. The Consultant will submit the following reports (depending on the organization of the mission):
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
6.
The first phase draft PMP discussed during the 1st stakeholders consultation
The recommendations made by the 1st stakeholders consultation
The second phase draft PMP discussed during the 2nd stakeholders consultation
The recommendations made by the 2nd stakeholders meeting
The final PMP
A memo justifying which recommendations of the stakeholders meeting were not included
in the PMP by the Consultant
Paragraphs containing the key elements of the PMP that need to be included in the EA
and/or PAD
ORGANIZATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
6.1. Responsible agency
22. The MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK (MOAL) will be the
executive agency of the project. The Project Coordinator (PC) has been appointed for the project
preparation. The consulting firm directly reports to the Project Coordinator to undertake the
facilitating interventions of the consultant team and coordinating its activities and providing the link
between the consultant, government and the WB.
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ANNEX 1:
PRELIMINARY PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Component 1: Strengthening of the Veterinary Services and Support to the Progressive Zoning
Approach. The objectives of the component are (i) to strengthen the zoonotic and contagious animal
diseases surveillance and control systems, and (ii) to improve the food safety capacities. This
component will support the strengthening of the Veterinary Services, as defined by the World
Organization for Animal Health (OIE), which focuses the tripod, “public veterinary system, private
veterinary network and producers”. It will build on the evaluation of the performance of the
Veterinary Services using the PVS Tool, that was carried out in July 2008 by the OIE and the
subsequent Gap Analysis conducted recently where national priorities are defined.
The component will comprise 4 sub-components:
 SC1.1 - Strengthening the surveillance and control of zoonotic and contagious animal
diseases: this sub-component will provide short-term training, logistic support and
equipment to central and decentralized Veterinary offices (Provincial and District Vet.
Camps), as well as develop and support mechanisms for establishment of private
veterinarians in rural areas. It will consolidate and scale up the national disease information
system (LIMS) (training and equipment (IT)) and provide support to pre-defined (under C.3)
disease control strategies including vaccination campaigns and progressive zoning approach,
in collaboration with the private sector.
 SC1.2 - Building capacities for animal diseases diagnostic: based on the recommendations
of a pre-conducted needs assessment and gap analysis to develop a national laboratory
network development plan, this SC will (i) support laboratories infrastructure improvement,
(ii) provide equipment, material and consumables, (iii) fund training of laboratories staff, and
(iv) Develop and implement a quality management system.
 SC1.3 – Improving Food safety capacities: this SC will assist the MOAL in strengthening the
collaboration with the Zambian Bureau of standards (ZABS) to set up lacking national
hygienic standards based on the Food and Drugs Act (e.g. slaughterhouses), facilitate the
adoption of existing ones (e.g. dairy), and organize training and public awareness campaign
for private sector (farmers, processors, transporters, traders…) and inspectors on standards
implementation. It will also support the development and implementation of surveillance
plans (residues, Brucellosis, Salmonellosis…) in collaboration with the private sector.
 SC1.4 - Improving the control of veterinary medicinal products distribution: it will help the
MOAL to strengthen its collaboration with the MoH and develop and implement joint
veterinary drugs distribution control plans. It will also support joint training of inspectors
from both Ministries.
Component 2. Productive investments and access to services for producers and organizations.
The objective of component 2 is to improve productivity of identified production systems through
support to investments. In the traditional sector the priority will be on introducing technologies that
reduce livestock mortality particularly in young stock, improve reproductive efficiency and enable
animals to reach optimum slaughter weight more quickly. Producers’ access to services will be
improved through group formation, the provision of essential livestock infrastructure, and the
delivery of improved technology packages by Ministry field staff augmented by Community
Livestock Workers and private service providers. More specialist advisory services, technical
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packages and credit will be made available to emerging commercial farmers. Support will also be
provided for animal production research, particularly in pasture improvement and utilization.
The component will comprise four subcomponents as agreed with the MOAL:
 SC 2.1 Support to the MOAL to establish key livestock infrastructure and Access to livestock
Services. The project will support the MOAL to establish Livestock Service Centres (Tier 1, 2
and 3), and other essential livestock industry infrastructure (markets, slaughter facilities,
etc.) in agreed locations where there is a clear need or public good requirement which is not
being met by private sector investment. Management of such publically owned
infrastructure will be by contractual arrangement with the private sector where possible and
appropriate. Selection of investments to be supported under this subcomponent will be
coordinated with those being implemented by the AfDB and other donors.
 SC 2.2 Support to livestock producers/stakeholders for productive and market enhancing
investments. A matching grant facility will be established and accessed by eligible
smallholder producers in groups or cooperatives and other livestock stakeholders for the
construction of crush pens, dip tanks, stock water points, milk collection centers and market
and slaughter facilities. Eligible applicants for matching grants will receive support for the
development of technical and business plans for the construction and management of these
facilities. A mechanism will be built into the funding contract to ensure that the assets can
be recovered and redeployed in the event of management failure. Funds will also be
available for training community selected livestock workers as well as specialist top-up
training for other field workers. Assistance will also be provided to groups wishing to
establish livestock pilots like feedlots and pasture improvement programs. Private services
providers, for example AI technicians, as well as individuals wishing to establish value-adding
businesses like dairy micro-processing will be eligible for grant funding for equipment and
training. Technical assistance from specialists can be funded through this facility to help
producers adopt better animal husbandry practices (feeding, health, breeding and habitat).
Approved investment plans will receive on-going training support from the project.
Emergent farmers who require access to more specialist farm management and business
planning advisory services on an individual basis, as well as a credit line for approved onfarm investments will be supported by the project by a credit facility to be specifically
created for this either directly or through collaboration with other agencies such as the
International Finance Corporation.
 SC 2.3 Support to Pasture and range Improvement and utilization. Animal production
research, particularly work on pastures including legumes, is urgently required. The project
will offer research grants to achieve this. Adoption of grass/fodder production methods by
farmers will be facilitated by the matching grant facility described in SC2. Moreover linkage
with other WB-funded Agricultural Project, such as ADSP and IDSP, is needed to increase and
diversify crop production activities.
Component 3 Institutional Capacity Building. The objective of this component is to improve the
capacities of key national institutions in the livestock sector to improve operational efficiency,
deliver advisory services and technologies to enhance the adoption of good husbandry practices and
innovative technologies, subsector planning and monitoring and evaluation. The component will
aim at reinforcing institutions and building staff capacities for the newly created MOAL to be able to
carry out its core public responsibilities and enhance its collaboration with other Ministries
(agriculture, economic, Home affairs, Health). It will also provide support to the development and
implementation of key policy options, institutional reforms or review of the legislative framework.
This component will assist the MOAL in the livestock sector monitoring and evaluation process by
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improving its capacity to collect and analyze reliable data and monitor the sector performance.
Where appropriate, for each sub-component and activity, relevant support will include
enhancement of human resources mainly through training, provision of equipment and vehicles and
rehabilitation of old or construction of new buildings.
This component will comprise three subcomponents namely:
 SC 3.1 Institutional Support to the MOAL: activities here will include support for formal and
in-service training of MOAL staff in areas where skills are lacking (in selected disciplines);
support for training institutions (including but not necessarily limited to ZIAH, NRDC and
Palabana); support for data collection, consultancy for institutional and legislative reforms,
policy analysis, procurement, financial management, implementation and monitoring and
evaluation. Logistical support will also be provided to improve mobility and office equipment
to improve operational efficiency. Funding to the “National Animal Disease Emergency
Fund” stipulated in the new Animla Health Act, once Statutory Instrument and regulation
will be issued, may be provided to quickly respond to outbreaks suspicions and compensate
farmers in case of culling by order of the Veterinary Administration.
 SC 3.2 Strengthening Capacities of national representation of Producers’ Organizations and
Private Service Provider: the project will improve the current system of animal identification
by extending it to the individual animal and by lodging the responsibility for registration and
record keeping in the Herd Book Society of Zambia; support for national farmers’ groups (for
instance ZNFU or PAZ) for specific task aiming at assisting local organizations and increasing
the representativeness of smallholder and emergent farmers, such as improving the national
livestock marketing information system; and support for private extension advisors and
veterinary services providers. This SC will also support the establishment of a functional and
independent Veterinary Council, as stipulated in the new Animal Health Act.
 SC 3.3 Project Management: the project will be housed in the MOAL, will be directed on
policy and projects by a Project Steering Committee (PSC) and will be managed on a day-to
day basis by a Project Management Unit (PMU) headed by a Project Coordinator who will be
assisted by key staff for in Finance and Administration, Safeguards, Gender, Procurement
and Monitoring and Evaluation as well as other necessary support staff.
Environmental Safeguards
The proposed interventions under Component 1 will include strengthening the surveillance of
zoonotic and contagious animal diseases; building capacities for animal diseases control; improving
food safety capacities; and improving the control of veterinary medicinal products distribution.
These interventions will generate bio-medical waste and use of pesticides that would lead to
adverse impacts on the environment, if not properly managed. Under Component 2 the project will
support the establishment of key livestock service centres and other essential livestock industry
infrastructure such as markets and slaughter facilities with the objective of improving productivity of
identified production systems. This intervention will include improving dairy and meat processing
units. These food processing units are required to meet regulatory compliance standards. These
units need to be attended adequately with appropriate environmental management guidelines to
avoid negative impacts on health and safety issues. Increasing livestock production on rangelands
may have negative impacts on wildlife populations Competition for vegetation and water resources
may increase, and livestock owners may kill wildlife for food or to eliminate them as pests,
particularly predators. As a result of the potential negative impacts anticipated from issues
mentioned above, at this stage the project triggers the following World Bank safeguard polices: (i)
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OP/BP 4.01 for Environmental Assessment (EA); (ii) OP/BP 4.04 for Natural Habitats; (ii) OP/BP 4.09
for Pest Management; and OP/BP 4.12 for Involuntary Resettlement. More safeguard policies may
be triggered at later a later stage as the projects evolves. The project needs prepare an
environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) as a safeguards instrument for compliance with
the safeguard policies triggered. The project needs to provide resources (financial and human) for
preparation of the safeguard instrument as well as for environmental management plans to be
implemented as mitigation measures for identified impacts.
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10.2 Annex 2
Environmental Risk Assessment Matrix
10.2
Annex 2
Risks
Criteria Matrix
Environmental Risk Assessment Matrix
Aquatic systems
surface and ground water)
Fish Soil processes
Terrestrial
systems
Livestock
Birds
Humans
Total Score
Priority
Ranking
Pesticides in spray races/Dip tanks
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
9
4
Pesticides spray for insect pests/vectors
+++
+++
++
+++
+
+++
++
17
1
Risk of acute toxicity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
7
6
Risk from transportation
0
0
+
+
+
0
+
3
10
Risk from storage
0
0
0
0
0
0
+++
3
10
Risk from Disposal method
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
9
4
Risk from pesticide empty containers
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
9
4
Risk from pesticide handling
0
0
0
0
+
0
+++
4
9
Risk from pesticide residues in meat & milk
0
0
0
0
++
0
+++
5
8
Risk of chronic poisoning
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
7
6
Risk from bio-medical waste
++
+
0
0
++
+
++
8
5
++
+
+
++
+
++
+
10
3
Risk from food processing plants
+
0
0
++
+
+
++
6
7
Risk from misuse
++
+
+
++
+
+
+++
11
2
Risk from Agric Cropping systems
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Total score
17
11
11
14
15
13
27
Ranking
2
5
5
4
3
5
1
Key to scales for Annex 2: The scale used is subjective and only aims at providing guidance as to the extent of the risk of a negative impact.
0 = No risk ; + = Low risk; ++ = Moderate risk; +++ = High risk
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10.3 Annex 3
List of Stakeholders Consulted/or earmarked for consultations Appendix 2:
List of Key Stakeholders
(i) Government Ministries, Research Institutions, Agrochemical Companies and NGOs concerned
with sound management of pesticides and veterinary drugs
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Tourism
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Commerce
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Transport and Communications
Ministry of Science, Technology and vocational training
Ministry of Labour and Social services
Ministry of Local Government and Housing – District councils/ Traditional Establishments
Zambia Environmental Management Agency
National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research
Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust
Central Veterinary Research Institute
University of Zambia(Biology, Agriculture and Veterinary)
Zambia Agricultural Research Institute
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research and Control Centre
Kasisi Agricultural Training Institute
Zambia Agrochemicals Association
Zambia National Farmers’ Union
Zambia Natural Resources Development College
Zambia Consumer Protection Association
Entomological Society of Zambia
Zambia Agricultural Workers Union
Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products
Zambia Revenue Authority(Customs)
Veterinary Association of Zambia
Pharmaceuticals and Poisons Board of Zambia
Food and Drug Laboratory
Zambia Bureau of Standards
Food and Agricultural Organisation(FAO)
Nchinchi Twaba Babili Agricultural Training Centre
2.0 Local Governments Stakeholders at the District level
(i) MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK (MOAL)
(ii) Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives(MACO)
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(iii) Ministry of Health(MoH)
(iv) Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning(ZRA –Customs Division)
(v) Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MoLGH)- District Council
(vi) Ministry of Labour and Social Services(MoLSS)
(vii) Ministry of Home Affairs
(viii)
Ministry of Education
(ix) Ministry of information and Broadcasting
(x) Ministry of Tourism, Environment, Natural Resources(MTENR)
(xi) Traditional Leaders
(xii) Private Sector
(xiii)
Farmers Organizations
(xiv)
NGO
(xv) District Council Secretary
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