Chapter 2 Notes

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Notes 2.1: The Nature of Matter
Atoms
o Atoms are made of three subatomic particles

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________
o The ______________ is the basic unit of matter.
o The concept of the atom came first from the ___________________ philosopher
_________________ nearly _________________ years ago.
Protons and Neutrons

_________________________ and ______________________ have about the same mass.

Protons are _______________ charged particles and neutrons
________________________________.

Strong forces bind ____________________ and ____________________ together to form
the _______________ of an ___________________.
Electrons

___________________ is a negatively charged particle.

Only a ________________ the mass of a _______________.

In constant motion surrounding the __________________________.

They are ____________________ to the _______________ but remain
____________________.
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Because ______________ have an ____________ number of ______________ and
______________, their positive and negative charges _________________________.
Elements and Isotopes

A __________________ __________________ is a pure substance that consists entirely of one
type of ________________.

More than _______________________ are known, but only about _____________________ are
found in living organisms.

Elements are represented by ___________________________________________________.

The number of _____________ in the nucleus of an element is called its
_________________________.

_________________ of the same element that have different numbers of _________________
are known as ______________________.

The total number of ___________ and _____________ in the nucleus of an atom is called its
________________________________.

___________________ are identified by their _______________________________.

The ______________________ average of the masses of an element’s isotopes, is called its
_____________________________________.

Because they have the ______________________________________, all isotopes of an element
have the same _________________________________________________.
Isotopes
Radioactive Isotopes

Some isotopes are _______________________, meaning that their ______________ are
________________ and break down at a constant rate over time.

_________________________ have a number of important scientific and practical uses.
Chemical Compounds

A __________________________ is a substance that is formed by the
______________________ or ___________________________ elements in definite
proportions.

Scientists show the composition of compounds by shorthand known as a
________________________.

The _____________________ and ___________________ ___________________ of a
compound are usually very _____________________ from those of the elements from which it
is formed.
Chemical Bonds

The atoms in ______________________ are held together by various types of
____________________.

__________________________________ involves the electrons that surround each
______________________________________.

The electrons that are available to form bonds are called
______________________________________.
Ionic Bonds

An ___________________________ is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from
one atom to another.

An atom that loses electrons becomes _____________________.

An atom that gains electrons becomes _____________________.

These positively and negatively charged atoms are known as ________________.
Covalent Bonds

Sometimes electrons are _______________________ instead of ____________________.

The moving electrons travel about the _______________ of both atoms, forming a
______________________________.

When the atoms share ___________ electrons the bond is called a
__________________________.

Sharing of _________ electrons is a
__________________________________________________,

Sharing of _________ electrons is a
__________________________________________________.

The structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is a
_________________, the smallest unit of most compounds.
Van der Waals Forces

Because of their ___________, atoms of different elements do not all have the same ability to
____________ electrons. Some atoms have a _______________________________ for
electrons than do other atoms.

When the atoms in a covalent bond share _____________________, the sharing is not always
_______________.

Even when the sharing is ____________________, the rapid movement of _____________ can
create regions on a molecule that have a
______________________________________________________.

When molecules are close together, a ______________________ can develop between the
_________________ charged regions of nearby molecules.

These ______________________________ forces of attraction are called
________________________________, after the scientist who discovered them.

Although Van der Waals forces are _______ as ___________ as
_______________________________, they can hold molecules together, especially when the
molecules are large.
Chapter 2.2: Properties of Water
The Water Molecule

___________________________ is a ______________________ molecule.

___________________________ can form multiple _______________________ bonds.

Water is one of the few compounds found in a __________________
______________________ over most of Earth’s surface.

______________________

10 _______________________ balance out _________ electrons.
Polarity

Due to the angles of chemical bonds - _____________________ atoms on one end of the
__________________ and __________________ atoms on the other end.

___________________ - slight _____________________ charge.

__________________ - slight ______________________ charge.

Molecule in which the charges are said to be ______________________
_________________________ is said to be __________________________.

Charges on a polar molecule are written in ____________________ to show they are
__________________.
Hydrogen Bonding

The _________________________ between a hydrogen atom on one _____________________
molecule and the _______________________ atom on another is known as
_____________________ ______________________.

______________________ can form multiple hydrogen bonds - _______________________
_____________________.

Not as strong as _________________________ or _______________________ bonds.
Cohesion
o Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the _________________ substance.
o Causes ____________________ molecules to be _______________
o Produces ___________________ __________________________.
___________________.
Adhesion
o ________________________ is the attraction between molecules of ________________
substances.
o ___________________ ______________________ is the result of water rising in a narrow tube
against the force of gravity.

Ex. Plants.
Heat Capacity

Because of the _____________________ hydrogen bonds between ___________________
_________________ it takes a large amount of ________________ _______________ to
________________ the _____________________ of water.

Water ______________________ ______________________ is ______________________.
Solutions and Suspensions

Waters ______________________ gives is the ability to ________________ both
_________________ ______________________ and other _____________________
__________________.

Water is not always __________________ - found as part of a _________________________.

A _______________________ is a material composed of _____________ or ___________
elements or compounds that are _______________ ____________________
______________________ but not ______________________ ________________________.

Two types of mixtures:
o _____________________
o _____________________
Solutions

If a crystal of table salt is placed in water, sodium and chloride ions on the surface of the
crystal are attracted to the polar water molecules.

__________________ break away from the crystal and are surrounded by water
molecules.

The ions gradually become dispersed in the water, forming a type of mixture called a
______________.
Suspensions
o Some materials do not ________________ when placed in ___________________, but
separate into pieces so ______________ that they do not settle out. These are known as
__________________________.
Acids, Bases and pH

_______________ ___________________ sometimes split apart to form ____________
_______________ and __________________ ___________________.

Because the number of ______________ ___________ produced is equal to the number of
______________ _________________, _______________ water is __________________.
The pH scale

The ______ _______________ was developed to indicate the concentration of ________ ions in
solution.

The ____________________ ranges from _________________________.

At a pH of __________ the concentration of _________________________________________
_________________________________________________.

Solutions with a pH below 7 are ____________ - more ________ than ____________ ions.

Solutions with a pH above 7 are ____________ - more ________ than ____________ ions.
Acids and Bases
o An ____________ is any compound that forms _______ __________ in solution.
o A ____________ is any compound that produces __________ ____________ in solution.
Buffers

The pH of fluids within most cells in the human body must generally be kept between
_________ and _________ in order to maintain homeostasis. If the pH is lover or higher, it will
affect the ______________ _____________ that take place
_____________________________________.

One of the ways that organisms control pH is through dissolved compounds called
_______________, which are _____________ ______________ or _________________ that
can react with strong acids or bases to
__________________________________________________________.
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