Check with your lab instructor should you have questions pertaining to each of these.
Reading Assignments / Pertinent References:
Read the following assignments before coming to lab in order to be well prepared for each of the planned activities, assignments, and
Pre-lab quiz. Also be sure to bring a Scan-Tron answer sheet and #2 pencil to lab for the Pre-Lab quiz:
1) Interactive Physiology (IP): Respiratory System: Anatomy Review (1-14), Pulmonary Ventilation (1-20),
Gas Exchange ( 1-18), Gas Transport (1-19), Control of Respiration (1-17) Cardiovascular System; Blood
Pressure Regulation (15-32) Fluid and Electrolytes; Acid Base Homeostasis (26-28, 48-54, 57,58)
2) Tharp Lab Manual: Respiratory Function, pp. 185-193
- Respiratory Volumes pp. 187-189, including the Hymer Test of Respiratory Reserve
Volumes: Capacities:
Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Vital Capacity
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume Inspiratory Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
- Pneumography of various “situational” Respiratory Patterns, pp. 185-187
Normal Respiratory Pattern Effect of Speech on Respiration
Hyperventilation Breath Holding
Hyperventilation in a Closed System Obstruction of Pulmonary Passageways
Rebreathing Effect of Exercise
Effect of Mental Concentration
4) Silverthorn Textbook Reference : Read / Review Pages – Chapter 17 Respiratory Physiology pp. 546-5558-582,
Chapter 18 Gas Exchange in Lungs and Tissues pp. 587-611
(Check with your lab instructor should you have questions pertaining to each of these)
Review and Content Applications:
Activities which may be completed during lab sessions “in-class” or utilized between scheduled lab sessions. Material covered in these assignments / activities may be reviewed by your instructor in formulating lab exam questions.
PhysioEx 6.0 Exercise #7
 pp. 62-69; 153-155, Activities . 1-7 (If time permits Activity 8)Using the PhysioEx website
( www.physioex.com
), complete the activities included under PhysioEx Exercise #7. Questions based upon this activity will be included on the first laboratory exam. Complete the Exercise #7 review sheets (located online) as a way to check your understanding. See your instructor if you need assistance.
Key Words / Technical Terms:
You will be expected to have familiarity with the meaning and use of each of the following terms. eupnea apnea hyperpnea hemoglobin ventilation muscles of expiration (quiet surfactant alveolar capillaries atmospheric pressure dyspnea polypnea tachypnea anoxia hypercapnea asphyxia dead space
and forced) muscles of inspiration medullary respiratory control center pontine nuclei (apneustic and pneumotaxic
centers) visceral pleura gas laws alveolar / intra-alveolar pressure intrapleural pressure pneumothorax atelectasis external intercostal muscles internal intercostal muscles hypoxia respiratory volumes (see list above) respiratory capacities (see list above) pulse oximeter parietal pleura pleural fluid alveoli (Type I and Type II) brochioles elastance compliance spirometer pneumonia
Requisite Knowledge Assessment / Review:
In order to do well on the final lab exam, in addition to making sure you know he meanings of each of the terms listed above, it is highly recommended that you review the checklist of objectives below and be able to thoroughly and successfully complete each of them: (See your lab instructor for help if you encounter difficulties, need clarification, or simply wish to confirm the correctness of your answers)
1) Answer lab report questions
a) on pp. 191-192 Tharp (Be able to answer all questions on these two pages)

b) PhysioEx 6.0 All questions within Exercise #7: pp. 62-69 and the review sheets on pp. 153-155
2.) Be able to define ALL terms below related to lung volumes and capacities. Pay particular attention to the meanings and relationships between the respiratory volumes and capacities and what they represent in terms of respiratory physiology.
Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Vital Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Residual Volume Inspiratory Capacity
3) Be able to identify and interpret examples of each of the volumes and capacities on a spirogram like the one shown on the graph from Tharp (Fig. 18.3, p. 198) and Silverthorn (Fig. 17-13, p.567&568).
4.) Be able to draw a pneumogram or identify and label the respiratory activity (inspiration and expiration) in each of the situations below (Silverthorn Fig. 17-12, p. 567&568).
a) respiratory cycle (inspiration and f) effect of exercise
expiration)
b) normal resting respiratory activity
c) hyperventilation
g) breath holding
h) effect of speech on respiration
i) obstruction of pulmonary passageways
d) hyperventilation in a closed system
e) rebreathing
j) effect of mental concentration
5) You should also be able to explain the physiological changes occurring in the situations from question 4, including effect of the activity on ventilation (breaths per minute), depth of inspiration and/or expiration, associated levels of blood carbon dioxide, blood oxygen level, blood pH (acidosis or alkalosis) etc. (Reading “Regulation of Ventilation” on pp.
602-603 will aid you with physiology of this question.)
6.) Be able to list and describe the events taking place during gas exchange (carbon dioxide & oxygen) between alveolar capillaries and alveoli in the lung.
7) Be able to describe the following lung pathologies and the chief reason for each problem.
a) emphysema c) pulmonary edema b) fibrotic lung disease d) asthma
8) Be able to explain the effect(s) on gas exchange for each of the conditions in question 6 (See Silverthorn page 578).
9) What is hypoxia? Define each of these and note the causes (See Table 18-1, 18-2 on pg. 590-591 in Silverthorn): a) hypoxic hypoxia b) anemic hypoxia c) ischemic hypoxia d) histotoxic hypoxia
10) The P
O2
of the plasma determines how much oxygen will bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBC’s) (See
Chapter 16 of Silverthorn for Normal Blood Values (PCO
2
, PO
2
, pH etc.). Which of the above conditions is most directly related to the RBC count? What other “blood tests” are used in determination or assessment of this condition
(See Fig. 16-3, p.546, in Silverthorn)?
11) Be able to define the term anemia, and relate this to the predictive indicators of this condition seen in:
Hematocrit, g Hb/ 100 ml, MCV, MCHC, total RBC Count. Be able to describe the categories of anemia and match a cause to each of them. (See Silverthorn p. 546, Fig. 16-3)
12) A few years ago an American news reporter died of a reported non-combat related respiratory embolism. What is an embolism? How does it cause death? What blood related factors are associated with minimizing the risk of death from emboli? (See the Physiology Website )
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