Appendix
I) Social Science Citation Index Search Query
The Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) search query used for the data collection was the
following: Topic=(‘failed state’) OR Topic=(‘failed states’) OR Topic=(‘state failure’);
Refined by: Document Type=( ARTICLE OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER ); Databases=SSCI,
CPCI-SSH. For the results of Figure 1 and Table 1 the timespan was set to 1990-2008. For the
results of Figure 2 the timespan was set to 1990-2010. The data was retrieved May 2011.
‘Topic’ refers to searches for terms in the following field within each record: Title, Abstract
and Keywords.
II) Manually Deleted Articles from the Initial SSCI-Sample
In additional data cleaning we manually excluded articles from behavioural and computer
science that referred to failures of certain models or algorithms and those articles that
analysed federal states and/or welfare state policy in OECD countries and point to the failure
of the government to conduct some kind of policy. The following articles were excluded from
the sample due to this procedure.
Aretz, H. J. (2005) ‘The Relevance of Value Commitments in the Supply of Public Goods’,
Zeitschrift Fur Soziologie 34: 326-43.
Atkinson, J. B. (2000) ‘Some Related Paradoxes of Queuing Theory: New Cases and a
Unifying Explanation’, Journal of the Operational Research Society 51: 921-35.
Buttigieg, M. A., and P. M. Sanderson. (1991) ‘Emergent Features in Visual-Display Design
for 2 Types of Failure-Detection Tasks’, Human Factors 33: 631-51.
Charlton, R., R. McKinnon, and H. T. Munro. (1997) ‘Exploring the Future for Pensions
Pillarisation’, Futures 29: 159-76.
Christopher, A. J. (1994) ‘South-Africa - the Case of a Failed State Partition’, Political
Geography 13: 123-36.
Colburn, F. D. (1997) ‘Shrimp or Bananas’, Journal of Business Research 38: 97-103.
Damasio, A. R., D. Tranel, and H. Damasio (1990) ‘Individuals with Sociopathic Behavior
Caused by Frontal Damage Fail to Respond Autonomically to Social-Stimuli’,
Behavioural Brain Research 41: 81-94.
Gouldson, A., and J. Murphy (1996) ‘Ecological Modernization and the European Union’,
Geoforum 27: 11-21.
Gupta, P., A. Jayant, and A. Goyal (2008) ‘Availability Analysis of Rubber Preparation
System a Subsystem of a Tube Manufacturing Plant under Preemptive Resume
Priority Repair’, in Ieem: 2008 International Conference on Industrial Engineering
and Engineering Management, Vols 1-3, 506-11, New York: Ieee.
Haug, C., T. Rayner, A. Jordan, R. Hildingsson, J. Stripple, S. Monni, D. Huitema, E.
Massey, H. van Asselt, and F. Berkhout (2010) ‘Navigating the Dilemmas of Climate
Policy in Europe: Evidence from Policy Evaluation Studies’, Climatic Change 101:
427-45.
Hensher, D. A., and S. Jones (2007) ‘Forecasting Corporate Bankruptcy: Optimizing the
Performance of the Mixed Logit Model’, Abacus: A Journal of Accounting Finance
and Business Studies 43: 241-64.
Hensher, D. A., S. Jones, and W. H. Greene (2007) ‘An Error Component Logit Analysis of
Corporate Bankruptcy and Insolvency Risk in Australia’, Economic Record 83: 86103.
Jia, X. J., L. R. Cui, and Q. Chen (2008) ‘Safety and Reliability of 2-Component Series
System with Geometric Process Repairs’, in Proceedings of 2008 International
Conference on Risk and Reliability Management, Vols I and Ii, 778-81, Toronto:
Universe Academic Press Toronto.
Judis, J. B. (2005) ‘Failed State - California Fells Another Governor’, New Republic 233: 1923.
Kitschelt, H. (2000) ‘Citizens, Politicians, and Party Cartellization: Political Representation
and State Failure in Post-Industrial Democracies’, European Journal of Political
Research 37: 149-79.
Korczak, E. (2009) ‘Calculating Steady State Reliability Indices of Multi-State Systems Using
Dual Number Algebra’, in Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis: Theory, Methods and
Applications, Vols 1-4, 1795-802, Boca Raton: Crc Press-Taylor & Francis Group.
Kumar, S., D. Kumar, and N. P. Mehta (1997) ‘Operational Behaviour and Maintenance
Planning for Ammonia Synthesis System in a Urea Fertilizer Plant’, in First
International Conference on Operations and Quantitative Management, Vol 1 and 2,
693-700, Gary: Indiana University Northwest, Division Business & Economics.
Little, R. K. (1995) ‘Myths and Principles of Federalization’, Hastings Law Journal 46: 102985.
Margit, K. (2008) ‘Public Service Delivery in Scotland’, Civil Szemle 5: 119-64.
McCann, L. (2004) ‘Globalisation and Post-Socialist Development: The Tatarstan Variety of
Capitalism’, Post-Communist Economies 16: 349-62.
Mol, A. P. J. (2010) ‘Environmental Authorities and Biofuel Controversies’, Environmental
Politics 19: 61-79.
Mol, A. P. J. (2003) ‘Joint Environmental Policymaking in Europe: Between Deregulation
and Political Modernization’, Society & Natural Resources 16: 335-48.
Moreteau, O. (2010) ‘Catastrophic Harm in United States Law: Liability and Insurance’,
American Journal of Comparative Law 58: 69-95.
Never, B. (2010) ‘Framing Third-Sector Contributions to Service Provision the Case of the
Holy Cross Dispute’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 39: 460-77.
Okumura, S., A. K. S. Jardine, and H. Yamashina (1996) ‘An Inspection Policy for a
Deteriorating Single-Unit System Characterized by a Delay-Time Model’,
International Journal of Production Research 34: 2441-60.
Oliver, T. R. (1999) ‘The Dilemmas of Incrementalism: Logical and Political Constraints in
the Design of Health Insurance Reforms’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
18: 652-83.
Pryce, G. (2003) ‘Greening by the Market? Distortions Caused by Fiscal Incentives to Build
on Brownfield Land’, Housing Studies 18: 563-85.
Szalavetz, A. (2010) ‘Transformation and Catching-up Issues in Hungary - from a Network
Alignment Perspective’, Acta Oeconomica 60: 197-216.
Tenenbaum, G., C. M. Jones, A. Kitsantas, D. N. Sacks, and J. P. Berwick (2003) ‘Failure
Adaptation: An Investigation of the Stress Response Process in Sport’, International
Journal of Sport Psychology 34: 27-62.
Wang, L. (2008) ‘The Marginality of Migrant Children in the Urban Chinese Educational
System’, British Journal of Sociology of Education 29: 691-703.
III)
Remaining Articles in the Sample
Abbott, K. W., and D. Snidal (2010) ‘International Regulation without International
Government: Improving Io Performance through Orchestration’, Review of
International Organizations 5: 315-44.
Agnew, R. (2010) ‘A General Strain Theory of Terrorism’, Theoretical Criminology 14: 13153.
Akca, B. S. (2009) ‘Supporting Non-State Armed Groups: A Resort to Illegality?’ Journal of
Strategic Studies 32: 589-613.
Alao, C. A. (1999) ‘The Problem of the Failed State in Africa’, in International Security
Management and the United Nations, 83-102, Tokyo: United Nations University
Press.
Amegashie, J. A. (2008) ‘Incomplete Property Rights, Redistribution, and Welfare’, Social
Choice and Welfare 30: 685-99.
Appelbaum, E. (2008) ‘Extremism as a Strategic Tool in Conflicts’, Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization 68: 352-64.
Atzili, B. (2010) ‘State Weakness and Vacuum of Power in Lebanon’, Studies in Conflict &
Terrorism 33: 757-82.
Bapat, N. A. (2005) ‘Insurgency and the Opening of Peace Processes’, Journal of Peace
Research 42: 699-717.
Bates, R. H. (2008a) ‘The Logic of State Failure: Learning from Late-Century Africa’,
Conflict Management and Peace Science 25: 297-314.
Bates, R. H. (2008b) ‘State Failure’, Annual Review of Political Science 11: 1-12.
Berg, E., and E. Kuusk (2010) ‘What Makes Sovereignty a Relative Concept? Empirical
Approaches to International Society’, Political Geography 29: 40-49.
Berger, M. T. (2009) ‘From Pax Romana to Pax Americana? The History and Future of the
New American Empire’, International Politics 46: 140-56.
Berger, M. T., and J. Y. Reese (2010) ‘From Nation-States in Conflict to Conflict in NationStates: The United States of America and Nation Building from South Vietnam to
Afghanistan’, International Politics 47: 451-71.
Berger, M. T., and H. Weber (2009) ‘War, Peace and Progress: Conflict, Development,
(in)Security and Violence in the 21st Century’, Third World Quarterly 30: 1-16.
Bhatta, C., and B. Yogi (2004) ‘Country in Chaos’, World Today 60: 40-41.
Bilgin, P., and A. D. Morton (2002) ‘Historicising Representations of “Failed States”:
Beyond the Cold-War Annexation of the Social Sciences?’ Third World Quarterly 23:
55-80.
Borras, S. (2006) ‘The Governance of the European Patent System: Effective and
Legitimate?’ Economy and Society 35: 594-610.
Branch, D., and N. Cheeseman (2009) ‘Democratization, Sequencing, and State Failure in
Africa: Lessons from Kenya’, African Affairs 108: 1-26.
Bremmer, I. (2005) ‘Managing Risk in an Unstable World’, Harvard Business Review 83: 5160.
Brett, E. A. (2008) ‘State Failure and Success in Uganda and Zimbabwe: The Logic of
Political Decay and Reconstruction in Africa’, Journal of Development Studies 44:
339-64.
Brinkerhoff, D. W. (2005) ‘Rebuilding Governance in Failed States and Post-Conflict
Societies: Core Concepts and Cross-Cutting Themes’, Public Administration and
Development 25: 3-14.
Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2006) ‘Digital Diasporas and Conflict Prevention: The Case of
Somalinet.com’, Review of International Studies 32: 25-47.
Bulanova, G. (2008) ‘From Sofia to Brussels - Corrupt Democratization in the Context of
European Integration’, Romanian Journal of Political Science 8: 53-68.
Bulley, D. (2008) ‘ “Foreign” Terror? London Bombings, Resistance and the Failing State’,
British Journal of Politics & International Relations 10: 379-94.
Buxton, J. (2003) ‘Venezuela - State Failure Threatens’, World Today 59: 25-27.
Call, C. T. (2008) ‘The Fallacy of the “Failed State”’, Third World Quarterly 29: 1491-507.
Carment, D. (2003) ‘Assessing State Failure: Implications for Theory and Policy’, Third
World Quarterly 24: 407-27.
Carment, D., Y. Samy, and S. Prest (2008) ‘State Fragility and Implications for Aid
Allocation: An Empirical Analysis’, Conflict Management and Peace Science 25:
349-73.
Chauvet, L., and P. Collier (2008a) ‘Aid and Reform in Failing States’, Asian-Pacific
Economic Literature 22: 15-24.
Chauvet, L., and P. Collier (2008b) ‘What Are the Preconditions for Turnarounds in Failing
States?’ Conflict Management and Peace Science 25: 332-48.
Chauvet, L., P. Collier, and A. Hoeffler (2010) ‘Paradise Lost: The Costs of State Failure in
the Pacific’, Journal of Development Studies 46: 961-80.
Chong, D. P. L. (2002) ‘Untac in Cambodia: A New Model for Humanitarian Aid in Failed
States?’ Development and Change 33: 957-78.
Chopra, J. (2002) ‘Building State Failure in East Timor’, Development and Change 33: 9791000.
Chopra, J. (2007) ‘Building State Failure in East Timor’, in State-Building: Theory and
Practice, 142-66. London: Routledge.
Chopra, J. (2000) ‘The UN's Kingdom of East Timor’, Survival 42: 27-40.
Clapham, C. (2002) ‘The Challenge to the State in a Globalized World’, Development and
Change 33: 775-95.
Clarke, W., and J. Herbst (1996) ‘Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention’,
Foreign Affairs 75: 70-85.
Cliffe, L., and R. Luckham. (1999) ‘Complex Political Emergencies and the State: Failure
and the Fate of the State’, Third World Quarterly 20: 27-50.
Cockcroft, J. D. (2010) ‘Mexico: “Failed States,” New Wars, Resistance’, Monthly Review:
An Independent Socialist Magazine 62: 28-41.
Collier, P. (2009) ‘The Political Economy of State Failure’, Oxford Review of Economic
Policy 25: 219-40.
Collins, G. (2009) ‘Connected: Exploring the Extraordinary Demand for Telecoms Services
in Post-Collapse Somalia’, Mobilities 4: 203-23.
Cotton, J. (2007) ‘Timor-Leste and the Discourse of State Failure’, Australian Journal of
International Affairs 61: 455-70.
Crocker, C. A. (2003) ‘Engaging Failing States’, Foreign Affairs 82: 32-44.
Dal Bo, E., and R. Powell (2009) ‘A Model of Spoils Politics’, American Journal of Political
Science 53: 207-22.
de Oliveira, R. S. (2007) ‘Business Success, Angola-Style: Postcolonial Politics and the Rise
and Rise of Sonangol’, Journal of Modern African Studies 45: 595-619.
De Soysa, I. (2002) ‘Paradise Is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed, and Governance in Civil War, 198999’, Journal of Peace Research 39: 395-416.
Dobers, P., and M. Halme. (2009) ‘Corporate Social Responsibility and Developing
Countries’, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 16: 23749.
Duffield, M. (1996) ‘The Symphony of the Damned: Racial Discourse, Complex Political
Emergencies and Humanitarian Aid’, Disasters 20: 173-93.
Dzingirai, V. (2003) ‘The New Scramble for the African Countryside’, Development and
Change 34: 243-63.
Eberlein, R. (2006) ‘On the Road to the State's Perdition? Authority and Sovereignty in the
Niger Delta, Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies 44: 573-96.
Elhefnawy, N. (2008) ‘The Impending Oil Shock’, Survival 50: 37- 66.
Englebert, P., S. Tarango, and M. Carter (2002) ‘Dismemberment and Suffocation: A
Contribution to the Debate on African Boundaries’, Comparative Political Studies 35:
1093-118.
Englehart, N. A. (2007) ‘Governments against States: The Logic of Self-Destructive
Despotism’, International Political Science Review 28: 133-53.
Englehart, N. A. (2009) ‘State Capacity, State Failure, and Human Rights’, Journal of Peace
Research 46: 163-80.
Everts, S., and D. Keohane (2003) ‘The European Convention and EU Foreign Policy:
Learning from Failure’, Survival 45: 167-186.
Fall, J. J. (2010) ‘Artificial States? On the Enduring Geographical Myth of Natural Borders’,
Political Geography 29: 140-47.
Fearon, J. D., and D. D. Laitin (2004) ‘Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States’,
International Security 28: 5-43.
Feldmann, A., and J. E. Montes (2008) ‘Haiti: Tribulations of a Failed State’, Revista De
Ciencia Politica 28: 245-64.
Flower, S. (2008) ‘Muslims in Melanesia: Putting Security Issues in Perspective’, Australian
Journal of International Affairs 62: 408-29.
Fosu, A. K., S. A. O'Connell, J. P. Azam, and A. Diagne (2006) ‘Explaining African
Economic Growth: The Role of Anti-Growth Syndromes’, in Annual World Bank
Conference on Development Economics 2006: Growth and Integration, 31-78,
Washington: World Bank Institute.
Fox, J. (2007) ‘The Increasing Role of Religion in State Failure: 1960 to 2004’, Terrorism
and Political Violence 19: 395-414.
Fox, J. (2004) ‘The Rise of Religious Nationalism and Conflict: Ethnic Conflict and
Revolutionary Wars, 1945-2001’, Journal of Peace Research 41: 715-31.
Fox, J. (2003) ‘State Failure and the Clash of Civilisations: An Examination of the
Magnitude and Extent of Domestic Civilisational Conflict from 1950 to 1996’,
Australian Journal of Political Science 38: 195-213.
Francois, M., and I. Sud (2006) ‘Promoting Stability and Development in Fragile and Failed
States’, Development Policy Review 24: 141-60.
Freeden, M. (2009) ‘Failures of Political Thinking’, Political Studies 57: 141-64.
Geiss, R. (2009) ‘Armed Violence in Fragile States: Low Intensity Conflicts, Spillover
Conflicts, and Sporadic Law Enforcement Operations by Third Parties’, International
Review of the Red Cross 91: 127-42.
Goldsmith, A. A. (2001) ‘Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa’, International Organization
55: 123-48.
Goldstone, J. A. (2008) ‘Pathways to State Failure’, Conflict Management and Peace Science
25: 285-96.
Grabosky, P. (2009) ‘Police as International Peacekeepers’, Policing & Society 19: 101-05.
Gros, J. G. (1996) ‘Towards a Taxonomy of Failed States in the New World Order: Decaying
Somalia, Liberia, Rwanda and Haiti’, Third World Quarterly 17: 455-71.
Grovogui, S. (2002) ‘Regimes of Sovereignty: International Morality and the African
Condition’, European Journal of International Relations 8: 315-38.
Hadiz, V. R. (2004) ‘Indonesian Local Party Politics - a Site of Resistance to Neoliberal
Reform’, Critical Asian Studies 36: 615-36.
Hafez, M. M. (2006) ‘Suicide Terrorism in Iraq: A Preliminary Assessment of the
Quantitative Data and Documentary Evidence’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29:
531-59.
Haggard, S., and M. Noland (2010) ‘Reform from Below: Behavioral and Institutional
Change in North Korea’, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 73: 133-52.
Hagmann, T., and M. V. Hoehne (2009) ‘Failures of the State Failure Debate: Evidence from
the Somali Territories’, Journal of International Development 21: 42-57.
Halvorson, D. (2010) ‘ “Bringing International Politics Back in”: Reconceptualising State
Failure for the Twenty-First Century’, Australian Journal of International Affairs 64:
583-600.
Hameiri, S. (2009) ‘Capacity and Its Fallacies: International State Building as State
Transformation’, Millennium-Journal of International Studies 38: 55-81.
Hameiri, S. (2007) ‘Failed States or a Failed Paradigm? State Capacity and the Limits of
Institutionalism’, Journal of International Relations and Development 10: 122-49.
Hameiri, S. (2007) ‘The Trouble with Ramsi: Reexamining the Roots of Conflict in Solomon
Islands’, Contemporary Pacific 19: 409-41.
Hansen, P. (2010) ‘The Ambiguity of Khat in Somaliland’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
132: 590-99.
Harff, B. (2003) ‘No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and
Political Mass Murder since 1955’, American Political Science Review 97: 57-73.
Hastings, J. V. (2009) ‘Geographies of State Failure and Sophistication in Maritime Piracy
Hijackings’, Political Geography 28: 213-23.
Hayes, B. C., and J. I. Sands (1997) ‘Non-Traditional Military Responses to End Wars:
Considerations for Policymakers’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 26:
819- 44.
Helman, G. B., and S. R. Ratner (1992) ‘Saving Failed States’, Foreign Policy: (89): 3-20.
Hensher, D. A., and S. Jones (2007) ‘Forecasting Corporate Bankruptcy: Optimizing the
Performance of the Mixed Logit Model’, Abacus: A Journal of Accounting Finance
and Business Studies 43: 241-64.
Herbst, J. (1997) ‘Responding to State Failure in Africa’, International Security 21: 120-44.
Herd, G. (2004) ‘Out of Area, out of Business?’ World Today 60: 4-6.
Herd, G. P., and T. Forsberg (2008) ‘Constructive Transatlantic Strategic Dissonance:
Making a Virtue out of Vice?’ International Politics 45: 364-81.
Hoffmann, K. (2010) ‘The Ethics of Child-Soldiering in the Congo’, Young 18: 339-58.
Holm, H. H. (2002) ‘Failing Failed States: Who Forgets the Forgotten?’ Security Dialogue
33: 457-71.
Holsti, K. J. (1995) ‘War, Peace, and the State of the State’, International Political Science
Review 16: 319-39.
Hope, K. R. (2005) ‘Toward Good Governance and Sustainable Development: The African
Peer Review Mechanism’, Governance-an International Journal of Policy and
Administration 18: 283-311.
Howard, T. (2010) ‘Failed States and the Spread of Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Studies
in Conflict & Terrorism 33: 960-88.
Hughes, C., and V. Pupavac (2005) ‘Framing Post-Conflict Societies: International
Pathologisation of Cambodia and the Post-Yugoslav States’, Third World Quarterly
26: 873-89.
Hunt, S. (2009) ‘Citizenship's Place: The State's Creation of Public Space and Street
Vendors' Culture of Informality in Bogota, Colombia’, Environment and Planning DSociety & Space 27: 331-51.
Ignatieff, M. (2002) ‘Intervention and State Failure’, Dissent 49: 115-24.
Iqbal, Z., and H. Starr. (2008) ‘Bad Neighbors: Failed States and Their Consequences’,
Conflict Management and Peace Science 25: 315-31.
Istok, R., and T. Koziak (2009) ‘Ivory Coast - from Stability to Collapse. Failed States in
Time of Globalisation’, in Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of
Globalisation in the Regional Context, 81-87, Ostrava 1: University Ostrava.
Istvan, T. (2010) ‘Local Governments and Civil Society in East-Africa. Tanzanian and
Kenyan Experiences, Practices and Reforms’, Civil Szemle 7: 113-34.
Ivanova, K., and T. Sandler (2006) ‘CBRN Incidents: Political Regimes, Perpetrators, and
Targets’, Terrorism and Political Violence 18: 423-48.
Jackson, A. (2001) ‘Policing after Ethnic Conflict - Culture, Democratic Policing, Politics,
and the Public’, Policing-an International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
24: 563-84.
James, E. C. (2010) ‘Ruptures, Rights, and Repair: The Political Economy of Trauma in
Haiti’, Social Science & Medicine 70: 106-13.
Jameson, K., and P. Wiessner (2008) ‘Violent and Non-Violent Responses to State Failure:
Papua New Guinea and Ecuador’, in Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of
Terrorism, 189-204, Dordrecht: Springer.
Jeffrey, A. (2007) ‘The Politics of “Democratization”: Lessons from Bosnia and Iraq’,
Review of International Political Economy 14: 444-66.
Joffe, A. H. (1999) ‘Dismantling Intelligence Agencies’, Crime Law and Social Change 32:
325-46.
Juneau, T. (2010) ‘Yemen: Prospects for State Failure - Implications and Remedies’, Middle
East Policy 17: 134-52.
Kabutaulaka, T. T. (2005) ‘Australian Foreign Policy and the Ramsi Intervention in Solomon
Islands’, Contemporary Pacific 17: 283-308.
Kaplan, S. (2010) ‘Rethinking State-Building in a Failed State’, Washington Quarterly 33:
81-97.
Kim, I., and L. Singh. (2002) ‘Asian Security and India-Korea Strategic Cooperation’, Korean
Journal of Defense Analysis 14: 175-96.
Kim, M. (2010) ‘Human Rights Policies of China and Japan Towards North Korea: Domestic
Agendas and International Norms’, North Korean Review 6: 6-19.
King, G., and L. Zeng. (2001) ‘Improving Forecasts of State Failure’, World Politics 53: 62358.
Kolsto, P. (2006) ‘The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States’, Journal of
Peace Research 43: 723-40.
Krasner, S. D. (2005) ‘Alternatives for Sovereignty - New Institutions for Collapsed and
Failed States’, Internationale Politik 60: 44-53.
Krasner, S. D., and C. Pascual (2005) ‘Addressing State Failure’, Foreign Affairs 84: 153- 63.
Kraxberger, B. M. (2007) ‘Failed States: Temporary Obstacles to Democratic Diffusion or
Fundamental Holes in the World Political Map?’ Third World Quarterly 28: 1055-71.
Kreutzmann, H. (2008) ‘Dividing the World: Conflict and Inequality in the Context of
Growing Global Tension’, Third World Quarterly 29: 675-89.
Kruijt, D., and W. Hoogbergen (2005) ‘Peaceful Relations in a Stateless Region: The PostWar Maroni River Borders in the Guianas’, Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale
Geografie 96: 199-208.
Lambach, D. (2006) ‘Security, Development and the Australian Security Discourse About
Failed States’, Australian Journal of Political Science 41: 407-18.
Lambach, D. (2009) ‘Why Do States Collapse?’ Politische Vierteljahresschrift: 235- 57.
Laurell, A. C. (2000) ‘Structural Adjustment and the Globalization of Social Policy in Latin
America’, International Sociology 15: 306-25.
Lea, J. (2010) ‘Left Realism, Community and State-Building’, Crime Law and Social Change
54: 141-58.
Lindenberg, M. (2001) ‘Reaching Beyond the Family: New Nongovernmental Organization
Alliances for Global Poverty Alleviation and Emergency Response’, Nonprofit and
Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30: 603-15.
Liss, C. (2009) ‘Losing Control? The Privatisation of Anti-Piracy Services in Southeast Asia’,
Australian Journal of International Affairs 63: 390-403.
Lister, S. (2009) ‘Changing the Rules? State-Building and Local Government in Afghanistan’,
Journal of Development Studies 45: 990-1009.
Luke, T. W., and G. Otuathail. (1997) ‘On Videocameralistics: The Geopolitics of Failed
States, the CNN International and (Un)Governmentality’, Review of International
Political Economy 4: 709-33.
Lyman, P. N., and J. S. Morrison (2004) ‘The Terrorist Threat in Africa’, Foreign Affairs 83:
75-86.
Maestas, C. D., L. R. Atkeson, T. Croom, and L. A. Bryant (2008) ‘Shifting the Blame:
Federalism, Media, and Public Assignment of Blame Following Hurricane Katrina’,
Publius: The Journal of Federalism 38: 609-32.
Manjikian, M. (2008) ‘Diagnosis, Intervention, and Cure: The Illness Narrative in the
Discourse of the Failed State’, Alternatives 33: 335-57.
Maroya, A. (2003) ‘Rethinking the Nation-State from the Frontier’, Millennium: Journal of
International Studies 32: 267-92.
Matlary, A. H. (2008) ‘Much Ado About Little: The EU and Human Security’, International
Affairs 84: 131-43.
Mayer, D. (2009) ‘Peaceful Warriors: Private Military Security Companies and the Quest for
Stable Societies’, Journal of Business Ethics 89: 387-401.
Mazrui, A. A. (1995) ‘The Blood of Experience - the Failed State and Political Collapse in
Africa’, World Policy Journal 12: 28-34.
Mazrui, A. A. (1998) ‘The Failed State and Political Collapse in Africa’, in Peacemaking and
Peacekeeping for the New Century, 233-43, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publ Inc.
McGillivray, M., W. Naude, and A. U. Santos-Paulino (2010) ‘Vulnerability, Trade, Financial
Flows and State Failure in Small Island Developing States’, Journal of Development
Studies 46: 815-27.
McGlinchey, E. (2009) ‘Islamic Revivalism and State Failure in Kyrgyzstan’, Problems of
Post-Communism 56: 16-28.
Mendel, J. (2010) ‘Afghanistan, Networks and Connectivity’, Geopolitics 15: 726-51.
Menkhaus, K. (2006) ‘Governance without Goverance in Somalia - Spoilers, State Building,
and the Politics of Coping’, International Security 31: 74-106.
Mitchell, K. (2009) ‘Democratisation, External Exposure and State Food Distribution in the
Dominican Republic’, Bulletin of Latin American Research 28: 204-26.
Mittelman, J. H. (2009) ‘The Valence of Iraq? Globalization and the State’, Globalizations 6:
113-19.
Mohamed, S. (2005) ‘From Keeping Peace to Building Peace: A Proposal for a Revitalized
United Nations Trusteeship Council’, Columbia Law Review 105: 809-40.
Morton, A. D. (2005) ‘The “Failed State” of International Relations’, New Political Economy
10: 371-79.
Mycoo, M. (2006) ‘The Retreat of the Upper and Middle Classes to Gated Communities in
the Poststructural Adjustment Era: The Case of Trinidad’, Environment and Planning
A 38: 131-48.
Narang, V., and R. M. Nelson (2009) ‘Who Are These Belligerent Democratizers?
Reassessing the Impact of Democratization on War’, International Organization 63:
357-79.
Neumayer, E. (2005) ‘Bogus Refugees? The Determinants of Asylum Migration to Western
Europe’, International Studies Quarterly 49: 389-409.
Newman, E. (2007) ‘Weak States, State Failure, and Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political
Violence 19: 463-88.
Nickson, A., and P. Lambert (2002) ‘State Reform and the “Privatized State” in Paraguay’,
Public Administration and Development 22: 163-74.
Olsen, G. R. (2008) ‘The Post September 11 Global Security Agenda: A Comparative
Analysis of United States and European Union Policies Towards Africa’, International
Politics 45: 457-74.
Paris, R. (2002) ‘International Peacebuilding and the “Mission Civilisatrice”’, Review of
International Studies 28: 637-56.
Paris, R., and T. D. Sisk (2008) ‘Understanding the Contradictions of Postwar Statebuilding
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Postwar Peace Operations, 1-20, London: Routledge.
Parsons, R. W. K. (2007) ‘After Mugabe Goes - the Economic and Political Reconstruction of
Zimbabwe’, South African Journal of Economics 75: 599-615.
Piazza, J. A. (2008) ‘Do Democracy and Free Markets Protect Us from Terrorism?’
International Politics 45: 72-91.
Piazza, J. A. (2007) ‘Draining the Swamp: Democracy Promotion, State Failure, and
Terrorism in 19 Middle Eastern Countries’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30: 52139.
Plumper, T., and E. Neumayer (2006) ‘The Unequal Burden of War: The Effect of Armed
Conflict on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy’, International Organization 60: 72354.
Poe, S. C., N. Rost, and S. C. Carey (2006) ‘Assessing Risk and Opportunity in Conflict
Studies - a Human Rights Analysis’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 50: 484-507.
Porteous, T. (2005) ‘British Government Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa under New Labour’,
International Affairs 81: 281- 97.
Potter, A. E. (2009) ‘Voodoo, Zombies, and Mermaids: US Newspaper Coverage of Haiti’,
Geographical Review 99: 208-30.
Putzel, J. (2005) ‘Globalization, Liberalization, and Prospects for the State’, International
Political Science Review 26: 5-16.
Raab, J., and H. B. Milward (2003) ‘Dark Networks as Problems’, Journal of Public
Administration Research and Theory 13: 413-39.
Reilly, B. (2004) ‘State Functioning and State Failure in the South Pacific’, Australian
Journal of International Affairs 58: 479-93.
Reno, W. (1997) ‘African Weak States and Commercial Alliances’, African Affairs 96: 16585.
Reno, W. (2006) ‘Congo: From State Collapse to “Absolutism”, to State Failure’, Third
World Quarterly 27: 43-56.
Reno, W. (2002) ‘The Politics of Insurgency in Collapsing States’, Development and Change
33: 837-58.
Riddick, L., G. Thomson, N. Wilson, and G. Purdie (2008) ‘Killing the Canary: The
International Epidemiology of the Homicide of Media Workers’, Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health 62: 682-88.
Risse, T. (2005) ‘Governance in the Spaces of Limited Statehood - “Failed States” Are the
Central Problem of Global Politics’, Internationale Politik 60: 6-12.
Roberts, D. (2008) ‘Post-Conflict Statebuilding and State Legitimacy: From Negative to
Positive Peace?’ Development and Change 39: 537-55.
Robison, R. (2006) ‘The Neo-Liberal Revolution Forging the Market State Preface’, in
Neoliberal Revolution: Forging the Market State, 1-19, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Rotberg, R. I. (2002a) ‘Failed States in a World of Terror’, Foreign Affairs 81: 127-+.
Rotberg, R. I. (2002b) The New Nature of Nation-State Failure. Washington Quarterly 25:
85-96.
Roy, R. (1996) ‘State Failure in India: Political-Fiscal Implications of the Black Economy’,
IDS Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies 27: 22-30.
Rubin, B. R. (2002) ‘A Blueprint for Afghanistan’, Current History 101: 153-57.
Salayeva, R., and M. J. Baranick. (2006) ‘Addressing Terrorist Threats in Azerbaijan and
Uzbekistan: Winning Hearts and Minds’, in Cornwallis Group X: Analysis for New
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Sanin, F. G. (2010) ‘Failed States or Failed Concepts? Classifying State Failures and Their
Problems’, Revista De Estudios Sociales: 87-104.
Sarvary, K. (2008) ‘Democracy and International Relations: The Theory of Istvan Bibo
(1911-1979)’, Journal of International Relations and Development 11: 385-414.
Sawyer, A. (2004) ‘Violent Conflicts and Governance Challenges in West Africa: The Case
of the Mano River Basin Area’, Journal of Modern African Studies 42: 437-63.
Schlichte, K. (2006) ‘State Building or State-Decay? Changing Forms of Warfare in World
Society’, Politische Vierteljahresschrift 47: 547-70.
Schuppan, T. (2009) ‘E-Government in Developing Countries: Experiences from SubSaharan Africa’, Government Information Quarterly 26: 118-27.
Schwarz, R. (2005) ‘Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: The Challenges of Security, Welfare and
Representation’, Security Dialogue 36: 429-46.
Shah, K. (2009) ‘The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure:
Reinterpreting the Security-Development Nexus in Haiti’, Third World Quarterly 30:
17-34.
Shilliam, R. (2008) ‘What the Haitian Revolution Might Tell Us About Development,
Security, and the Politics of Race’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 50:
778-808.
Shivakumar, S. J. (2005) ‘Towards a Democratic Civilization for the 21st Century’, Journal
of Economic Behavior & Organization 57: 199-204.
Simons, A., and D. Tucker (2007) ‘The Misleading Problem of Failed States: A 'SocioGeography' of Terrorism in the Post-9/11 Era’, Third World Quarterly 28: 387-401.
Soederberg, S. (2004) ‘American Empire and “Excluded States”: The Millennium Challenge
Account and the Shift to Pre-Emptive Development’, Third World Quarterly 25: 279302.
Spielbuchler, T. (2009) ‘Vicious Circle? A Thread through Postcolonial African History’,
Zeitgeschichte 36: 4-18.
Stankov, L. (2009) ‘Conservatism and Cognitive Ability’, Intelligence 37: 294-304.
Steinberg, J. B. (2008) ‘A Sound Principle, but Not a Playbook’, American Behavioral
Scientist 51: 1357-61.
Sullivan, D. P. (2007) ‘Tinder, Spark, Oxygen, and Fuel: The Mysterious Rise of the Taliban’
Journal of Peace Research 44: 93-108.
Sumich, J. (2010) ‘Strong Party, Weak State?: Frelimo and the Survival of the State through
the Civil War in Mozambique’, Revista De Estudios Sociales: 13-29.
Sung, H. E. (2004) ‘State Failure, Economic Failure, and Predatory Organized Crime: A
Comparative Analysis’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 41: 111-29.
Suter, K. (2003) ‘South Pacific - Pacific Storms’, World Today 59: 20-21.
Taenzler, D., A. Carius, and A. Maas (2008) ‘Assessing the Susceptibility of Societies to
Droughts: A Political Science Perspective’, Regional Environmental Change 8: 16172.
Thier, J. A. (1999) ‘Afghanistan: Minority Rights and Autonomy in a Multi-Ethnic Failed
State’, Stanford Journal of International Law 35: 351-88.
Thorpe, A., D. Whitmarsh, E. Ndomahina, A. Baio, M. Kemokai, and T. Lebbie. (2009)
‘Fisheries and Failing States: The Case of Sierra Leone’, Marine Policy 33: 393-400.
Tiwari, A. (2007) ‘Human Rights Violations against Dalits - a Case of Failed State?’ Indian
Journal of Social Work 68: 73-87.
Tkacik, M. (2010) ‘Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program and Implications for US National
Security’, International Relations 24: 175-217.
Trefon, T. (2009) Public Service Provision in a Failed State: Looking Beyond Predation in
the Democratic Republic of Congo. Review of African Political Economy 36: 9-21.
Trefon, T. (2010) ‘Administrative Obstacles to Reform in the Democratic Republic of
Congo’, International Review of Administrative Sciences 76: 702-22.
Verhoeven, H. (2009) ‘The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Failed States: Somalia, State Collapse
and the Global War on Terror’, Journal of Eastern African Studies 3: 405-25.
Vilas, C. M. (2008) ‘Lynchings and Political Conflict in the Andes’, Latin American
Perspectives 35: 103-18.
Villoria, M. (2010) ‘Bureaucratic Infrastructure Matters: The Case of the Fight against the
Organized Crime in Mexico’, Revista Del Clad Reforma Y Democracia: 51: 5-44.
Vinci, A. (2008) ‘Anarchy, Failed States, and Armed Groups: Reconsidering Conventional
Analysis’, International Studies Quarterly 52: 295-314.
Wainwright, E. (2003) ‘Responding to State Failure - the Case of Australia and Solomon
Islands’, Australian Journal of International Affairs 57: 485-98.
Wanandi, J. (2002) ‘Indonesia: A Failed State?’ Washington Quarterly 25: 135-46.
Ware, H. (2005) ‘Demography, Migration and Conflict in the Pacific’, Journal of Peace
Research 42: 435-54.
Watson, C. (1998) ‘Colombian Contagion’, World Today 54: 49-50.
Watson, G. (2009) ‘“Failed States” on the “Perilous Frontier” Historical Bases of State
Formation in Afghanistan and Central Asia’, in China, Xinjiang and Central Asia:
History, Transition and Crossborder Interaction into the 21st Century, 75-93,
London: Routledge.
Webersik, C. (2004) ‘Differences That Matter: The Struggle of the Marginalised in Somalia’,
Africa 74: 516-33.
Wesley-Smith, T. (2007) ‘Self-Determination in Oceania’, Race & Class 48: 29-46.
Wilson, A. (2010) ‘Turtles in the Twilight Zone Politics in Ukraine and Change’, Osteuropa
60: 135- 144.
Winner, A. C., and T. Yoshihara. (2002) ‘India and Pakistan at the Edge’, Survival 44: 69- 86.
Yannis, A. (2002) ‘State Collapse and Its Implications for Peace-Building and
Reconstruction’, Development and Change 33: 817-35.
Yun, M., and E. Kim. (2010) ‘Evolution of North Korean Drug Trafficking: State Control to
Private Participation’, North Korean Review 6: 55-64.
Zanotti, L. (2010) ‘Cacophonies of Aid, Failed State Building and Ngos in Haiti: Setting the
Stage for Disaster, Envisioning the Future’, Third World Quarterly 31: 755-71.
Zimerman, A., and H. R. D. Alves. (2007) ‘Governmental Repression and Likelihood of Civil
War Onset: World Analysis, 1981-1997’, Revista De Ciencia Politica 27: 49-65.
IV) Details on the Bibliometric Analysis
The analysis can be replicated using the file ‘wos.doc’ with the software bibexcel developed
by Olle Persson (2006). The file wos.doc contains the bibliographic records, which we
derived from the Social Science Citation Index, as specified in Section I of this appendix. The
data is already structured for use with bibexcel. To reproduce the tables and figures in the
article, bibexcel can be used to derive frequencies from different tags within the bibliographic
records. For Figure 1, the frequency of published articles by year was derived from the PY
tag. For Table 1, the frequency of the discipline-categories was derived using the WC tag. For
Figure 2, the frequencies of the cited references of the articles in the sample were derived
from the CD tag. Author names were standardized on the first initial and duplicates were
removed by author+year. Then frequencies were calculated using author+year.
V) Most Cited Publications (Full Description of the Publications Shown in Figure 2).
Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas van de Walle (1997) Democratic Experiments in Africa:
Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Chabal, Patrick, and Jean-Pascal Daloz (1999) Africa Works: Disorder as Political
Instrument, London: James Currey.
Clapham, Christopher (1996) Africa and the International System: The Politics of State
Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Collier, P., and Anke Hoeffler (2004) ‘Greed and Grievance in Civil Wars’, Oxford Economic
Papers 56: 563 - 95.
Collier, P., and Anke Hoeffler (2000) Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Research Paper,
Washington D.C.: World Bank.
Duffield, Mark (2001) Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development
and Security, London: Zed.
Fearon, J. D., and D. D. Laitin (2003) ‘Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,’ American
Political Science Review 97: 75-90.
Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin (2004) ‘Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak
States’, International Security 28: 5-43.
Fukuyama, Francis (2004) State-Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First
Century, London: Profile Books.
Gurr, T. R. (1993) ‘Why Minorities Rebel: A Global Analysis of Communal Mobilization
and Conflict since 1945’, International Political Science Review 14: 161-201.
Hegre, Håvard, Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates, and Nils P. Gleditsch (2001) ‘Toward a
Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992,’
American Political Science Review 95: 33-48.
Herbst, Jeffrey (2000) States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and
Control, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1993) ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’ Foreign Affairs 72: 22-49.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,
New York, Simon & Schuster.
Jackson, R., and Carl G. Rosberg (1982) ‘Why Africa’s Weak States Persist: The Empirical
and the Juridical in Statehood’, World Politics 35: 1.
Jackson, Robert H. (1990) Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International relations and the Third
World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaplan, Robert D. (1994) ‘The Coming Anarchy’, The Atlantic Monthly 2:44-76.
King, Gary and Langche Zeng (2001) ‘Improving Forecasts of State Failure,’ World Politics
53: 623-58.
Milliken, Jennifer, and Keith Krause (2002) ‘State Failure, State Collapse and State
Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies,’ Development and Change 33:
753-74.
Reno, William (1995) Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Rotberg, Robert I. (2002) ‘The New Nature of Nation-State Failure’, Washington Quarterly
25: 85-96.
Rotberg, Robert I. (2003) State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, Washington:
Brookings Institution Press.
Rotberg, Robert I. (2004) When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
White House (2002) The National Security Strategy, Washington DC.
World Bank (2002) World Bank Group Work in Low-Income Countries Under Stress: A Task
Force Report, Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (2004) World Development Indicators, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Zartman, I. William (1995) Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of
Legitimate Authority, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.