Leaving Certificate Agricultural Science
Animal Practical Revision Sheet
Student Name:
_____________________
Teacher:
Ms Stephanie Flannery
Kingdom Protista
This Kingdom includes many unicellular free-living animals called protozoans (one cell).It was previously considered a phylum to the animal kingdom, but has
recently been placed in a Kingdom of their own along with Algae. Most of them live in water, either seawater, fresh water or soil borne water. They are nearly
all microscopic. The various species of Protozoans move in a number of ways: Pseudopodia (False feet), Cilia (Small moving hairs), Tails. Reproduction of
protozoans occurs by means of binary fission or mitosis. Amoeba is one of the most common protozoans and moves by means of pseudopodia. One of the
most agriculturally important species of Protozoans is Babesia. This protozoan causes Red-water Fever, a disease that affects 100,000 cattle a year.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
The phylum Platyhelminthes are dorso-ventrally flattened and have a definite anterior and posterior end giving them bilateral symmetry. Some flatworms
are parasites, while others are free-living carnivores or scavengers. Examples of parasitic flatworms are flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms also have only a
mouth for both food and wastes. Their nervous system is composed of a nerve net and sometimes light-sensitive eyespots at the anterior end. The phylum
is classified into three main groups or classes: Class Turbellaria (Free living), Class Trematoda (Parasitic Flukes), Class Cestoda (Parasitic Tapeworms)
All platyhelminths are hermaphrodites (are both male and female) and can, if required, can fertilise themselves. The most important agricultural species of
platyhelminths is the Liver Fluke or Fasciola hepatica. The life cycle of the liver fluke is very important in finding ways of controlling the disease. The Life cycle
is complicated and the fluke must lay huge amounts of eggs to survive. The lifecycle takes place in the cow, on grass and in a secondary host (the mud snail).
The Liver fluke lives in the ducts of the liver. The fluke lays eggs in the bile ducts (20,000 or so a day. The eggs pass in the faeces and hatch two weeks later in
water and form a ciliated Miracidium. The Miracidium enters the foot of the mud snail and changes into a Sporocyst. Still inside the snail, the Sporocyst
changes into a Redia. The Redia then produce very small tadpole shaped Cercaria. For every Miracidium that enters the snail, 10,000 Cercaria can be
produced. The Cercaria then leaves the snail and goes onto grass. There it becomes encysted (forms a shell) and waits to be eaten by a sheep or cow. If eaten,
the stomach acids dissolve the cyst and the liver fluke moves to the liver and restarts the cycle.
Understanding the lifecycle of the liver fluke allows us control the spread in the following ways: Dosing any animals to kill the adult fluke, Spraying
molluscicides to kill the snail, Draining land (the snail only lives in water), Fencing flooded areas, Don’t graze wet lands after August, Using Ducks and geese
(biological control)
Phylum Nematoda
The phylum Nematoda are the roundworms. Roundworms are cylindrical in shape, tapered at both ends, and vary in length from being microscopic to 20
inches long. Unlike flatworms, roundworms have a complete gut. This means that they have a one-way digestive tract with a gut that begins with a mouth
and ends with an anus. Therefore, they are usually able to digest food. However, roundworms have no blood or heart. Most roundworms are parasites and
are found in all habitats. They have separate sexes generally and reproduce sexually. The roundworm Trichinella, causes the disease called trichinosis.
People get trichinosis from eating infected, undercooked pork. All these worms reproduce by laying thousands of eggs, which become encysted in the grass
and wait to be ingested. Trichinella gets into muscles and leaves calcium deposits which effect muscle contraction. Trichinosis can affect the heart. Another
roundworm, Ascaris, parasitizes human lungs. The Filaria worm attacks the lymphatic system causing great swelling. This condition is called elephantiasis.
Hookworms and pinworms are also roundworms which parasitize humans.
The most important agricultural species are: Lungworms (Causes Hoose), Hairworms (Worms in school children), Potato eelworm, Stomach worms.
Phylum Annelida
The phylum Annelida are the segmented worms and are abundant in all habitats. Segmentation gives worms more flexibility in movement. If one segment is
damaged, it isn't usually fatal to the animal because their organs are duplicated in other segments.
Annelids have a tube within-a-tube body plan known as a coelom which is fully lined and contains the body organs. The coelom runs from the mouth to the
anus. Annelids have bilateral symmetry and a well-developed brain. Earthworms belong to this phylum. Each segment of the earthworm has setae or
external bristles made of chitin. These bristles allow the earthworm to move and to burrow into soil. Earthworms have a head and a central nervous system.
Earthworms respire through their moist skin as they dig through the soil and help loosen it. They have a closed circulatory system in which blood is pumped
by five pairs of hearts.
Most earthworms feed on decomposing vegetation causing it to decompose faster. Earthworms bring the nutrients from the subsoil to the top soil, thereby
helping plants to grow. Undigested materials or castings are deposited outside burrows. They eat their way through the soil and mix the ingested material
with mucus in their guts. This helps to improve soil crumb structure as they deposit soil in different places and mix horizons, Improve drainage of heavy clay
soils, Introduce more air into the soil and when they die the further increase the amount of organic matter.
Phylum Mollusca
The molluscs include slugs, snails, squid, mussels, clams and octopus. These animals generally have a foot, which excretes a slimy mucus. They also have a
rasping tongue. The most important mollusc is the mud snail (Lymnaea truncatula)
Arthropoda
The members of the phylum Arthropoda all have jointed appendages. In fact, the word "arthropod" means jointed leg. There are more species of
arthropods than any other phylum. Arthropods have these characteristics: 1)Hard exoskeleton which is usually composed of substance called chitin, 2) Go
through periodic ecdysis (moulting) as they shed or moult their exoskeleton, 3) They have specialized body segments (head, thorax, cephalothorax, &
abdomen), 4) Jointed appendages such as legs, antenna, and mouthparts, 5) Open circulatory system (blood is pumped out of blood vessels into the body)
The most important groups of arthropods are as insects, spiders and crustaceans.
Arthropoda – Class Insecta
They have three main body parts: Head, thorax and abdomen. They include aphids, lice, fleas, crane-flies and butterflies. The life cycle of all insects follows
this path:
Egg
Larvae
Pupa
Adult
The larva is another name for a maggot and the pupa is a cocoon.
Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
The spider has two main body segments, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Some of the diseases spiders cause on the farm are mange (scabies) and mite
attack. Ticks are blood sucking spiders that can attack sheep and spread disease (red water fever). Mange is again caused by borrowing into the skins and
laying eggs. The animal suffers from a severe allergic reaction and secondary bacterial infection can occur.
Phylum Arthropoda – Parasites
A lot of the members of phylum Arthropoda are Parasites. Parasites are animals that live at the expense of other animals. There are two main classes of
parasites: Endoparasite – inside animals, Ectoparasites – outside animals.
Phylum Chordata
All animals in the phylum Chordata have backbones and are vertebrates. Examples include fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The two main
agricultural classes are Class Aves (Birds) and Class Mammalia (Mammals). Only these two classes are said to be homoeothermic – warm blooded – and can
regulate their body temperature.
Phylum Chordata -Class Aves
All members of this class have feathers, no teeth but a beak, lightened bones and no bladder
Phylum Chordata- Class Mammalia
All mammals have the following traits: Hair, A Placenta, Mammary glands to produce milk
Again they are further classified into sub classes. Some of the common sub classes are: Carnivores (Dogs and cats), Ungulates (Hooved animals), Odd toed –
horse, Even toed – sheep, cattle, Marsupials – kangaroos, Primates – monkeys and humans
Animal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Bacteria
Fungi
Virus
Amoeba
Babesia
Sheep tick
Liver fluke
Liver fluke life cycle
Liver fluke life cycle
Miricidium
Sporocyst
Redia
Cercaria
Mud snail
Flatworm
Tapeworm
Lungworm life cycle
Lungworm
Hairworms
Potato eelworm cyst
Wireworm/eelworm (larvae of click beetle)
Potato eelworm damage
Stomach/intestinal worms
Trichinella
Animals
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Earthworm
Snail
Slug
Aphid/greenfly
Ladybird
Crane fly/daddy long legs (adult of leather jacket)
Leather Jacket
Click beetle (adult of wireworm)
Caterpillar
Butterfly
Bumbe bee
Wasp
Fly
Blue bottle/ blow fly
Lice
Fleas`
Dung beetle
Ants
Spider
tick
Mange mite
Fish
Animal Name: Virus
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name:Amoeba
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Bacteria
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name:Fungi
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Babesia
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name:Tick
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Liver fluke
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: LF Life cycle
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: LF life cycle
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Miracidium
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Sporocyst
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Redia
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Cercaria
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Mud Snail
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Flatworm
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Tapeworm
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Lungworm Life Cycle
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Lungworm
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Hairworms
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Potato eelworm cyst
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Wireworm/eelworm
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Potato eelworm damage
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Stomach Worms
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Trichinella
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Earthworm
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Snail
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Slug
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Aphids/Greenfly
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Ladybird
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Daddy Long legs/Cranefly
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Leatherjacket
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Clickbeetle
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Caterpillar
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Butterfly
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Bumblebee
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Wasp
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Fly
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name: Bluebottle/Blowfly
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Lice
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Fleas
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Dungbeetle
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Ant
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Spider
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Tick
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Mange mite
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name: Fish
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name:
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name:
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name:
Phylum/Family/Class:
Information:
Animal Name:
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name:
Phylum/Family/Class:
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Animal Name:
Phylum/Family/Class:
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