THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
UBC Curriculum Proposal Form
Change to Course or Program
Category:1
Faculty: Science & Graduate Studies
Department: Physics and Astronomy
Date: February 9, 2009
Contact Person: Lia Merminga,
Janis McKenna or Rob Kiefl
Phone: 604-222-7682 (Merminga) or
2-4337 (McKenna)
2-3037 (Kiefl)
Email:merminga@triumf.ca,
janis@physics.ubc.ca,
kiefl@triumf.ca
Effective Session 09W
Proposed Calendar Entry:
PHYS 560 (3) Physics and Engineering
of Particle Accelerators.
Injectors, radio frequency acceleration,
superconducting acceleration elements,
beam dynamics and applications of
electron accelerators.
[3-0-0]
UBC Curriculum Proposal (v1/04)
URL: (none)
Present Calendar Entry: (none)
Type of Action:
Add new graduate course
Rationale:
Accelerator Physics has long been offered
as an area of research for graduate students
in the Department of Physics and
Astronomy, but course offerings have
typically been once every few years,
offered as a Directed Studies special topic
course (it is currently offered as PHYS
555B 207). With the recent expansion of
TRIUMF’s Accelerator Physics research
program, and plans to construct a
superconducting electron accelerator, a
graduate course in Accelerator Physics
should be formalized.
1
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Supporting documentation:
Course Learning Objectives:
This 3-credit graduate level course, which is offered in collaboration with TRIUMF,
starts with a general introduction of various types of particle accelerators and applications
and the fundamentals of accelerator physics. The course then focuses on electron
accelerators, including principles and technologies associated with the generation and
acceleration of electron beams, beam dynamics, and applications of electron accelerators
in high energy and nuclear physics and as synchrotron radiation sources.
The course will be of interest to any student with a suitable background in Physics,
Engineering Physics, or Electrical Engineering and who is interested in use of particle
beams for basic research or applications.
Brief outline of topics: Course Outline ( as offered in Term 2, 08W)
Introduction to Particle Accelerators – Mike Craddock (UBC/TRIUMF)
1. Accelerator Survey: dc, linac, cyclotron, microtron, betatron, synchrocyclotron,
sychrotron (including weak focusing, betatron oscillations, emittance).
2. Thomas cyclotron, edge focusing, radial-sector cyclotron, strong focusing, spiralsector cyclotron, AG synchrotron, separated-function design, storage rings,
colliders, light sources.
3. Linear optics: thin lenses, dipoles (+gradient, +edges), quadrupoles, solenoids,
accelerating gaps, einzel lenses.
4. Periodic lattices: beta-functions, matrix properties, F0D0, etc.
5. Longitudinal dynamics; off-momentum orbits in synchrotrons, acceleration, phase
stability.
6. Phase stability in linacs, microtrons, SCs and FFAGs; gymnastics, bunching.
Electron Injectors – Yu Chao and Friedhelm Ames (TRIUMF)
7.
The physics of space-charge dominated beams, emittance compensation, injector
designs.
8. Technology of electron sources: thermionic, photoinjectors, DC, RF, SRF guns
RF Acceleration and Beam Loading – Shane Koscielniak (TRIUMF)
9.
RF cavities for acceleration, pill-box cavity, accelerating voltage, peak surface
fields; Figures of merit: power dissipation and quality factor, shunt impedance
10. Mode excitation: Fundamental theorem of beam loading, monopole mode
excitation by a bunch and by a train of bunches, cryogenic losses, dipole mode
excitation.
UBC Curriculum Proposal (v1/04)
2
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
11. Coupling power to the beam: the equivalent circuit, beam loading, resonant
operation, non-synchronous operation, circuit model with beam loading
Superconducting RF – Bob Laxdal (TRIUMF)
12. Superconductivity fundamentals: the free electron model, classical and quantum
mechanical descriptions, superconductivity; electrical properties, DC and RF
resistance.
13. Electrodynamics of normal and superconductors: skin depth and surface
resistance of normal conductors; anomalous skin effect, perfect conductors;
Meissner effect; surface impedance of superconductors in the two-fluid model;
BCS treatment of surface resistance.
14. Multipacting, thermal breakdown, field emission, the quest for high gradient.
15. RF control and frequency issues: microphonics, Lorentz force detuning and
ponderomotive oscillations, tuners, RF phase and amplitude stability
requirements, RF control and feedback, Qext optimization in SRF cavities.
Beam Dynamics – Lia Merminga (TRIUMF)
16. Wake fields and impedances.
17. Instabilities in linacs: Beam energy spread, beam breakup.
18. Instabilities in storage rings: Longitudinal and transverse instabilities of
unbunched beams, single bunch, and multiple bunches.
19. Instabilities in recirculating linacs: Multi-bunch, multipass beam breakup.
20. The Vlasov treatment.
21. Radiation from relativistic electrons; undulators.
Applications of Electron Accelerators - TBA
22. Linacs: TRIUMF e-linac, ILC, Linac-based Free Electron Lasers (FELs): LCLS
and European X-FEL.
23. Storage rings: Canadian Light Source, B-Factories: PEP-II and KEKB.
24. Recirculating and Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs): CEBAF, ERL-based FELs,
ERL-based light source designs, electron-ion colliders: HERA, eRHIC, ELIC,
LHeC.
Context : This course is intended for a broad range graduate students in any discipline
who are using, or may want to use, accelerators in their research.
Instructors:
The majority of the lectures will be delivered by TRIUMF Ph.D. Accelerator Physicists,
who will or have co-supervised graduate students in the past.
In the current offering of the course, the instructors of the various modules and their areas
of expertise are as follows:
Mike Craddock, UBC/TRIUMF, Beam dynamics, cyclotrons, FFAGs
Yu Chao, TRIUMF, Beam dynamics, Beam optics, algorithms
UBC Curriculum Proposal (v1/04)
3
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Friedhelm Ames, TRIUMF, Electron and ion sources
Shane Koscielniak, TRIUMF, Stability of beam-loaded RF systems, RFQs, FFAGs
Bob Laxdal, TRIUMF, SRF, Heavy-ion linacs, RFQs, cyclotrons, accelerator operation
Lia Merminga, TRIUMF, SRF electron accelerators, ERLs, FELs
In addition to Mike Craddock, other UBC faculty may also give lectures in this course:
Nigel Lockyer and Tom Mattison.
Instruction Materials:
No single text covers all the material in this course. The instructors will post lecture notes
on the web. Additional useful resources on the web include:
US Particle Accelerator School: Material for several courses is listed at:
http://uspas.fnal.gov/lect_note.html
CERN Accelerator School: General Accelerator Physics, CERN-2005-004
http://documents.cern.ch/cgi-bin/setlink?base=cernrep&categ=Yellow_Report&id=2005004
More CAS volumes (including those on special topics) are listed at:
http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?cc=CERN+Yellow+Reports&ln=en&p=CERN+A
ccelerator+School&sc=1
"Principles of Charged Particle Acceleration" by Stanley Humphries, Jr., originally
published by Wiley but available on the Web at: http://www.fieldp.com/cpa/cpa.html
For the introductory lectures:
"High Intensity Circular Proton Accelerators", TRIUMF report TRI-87-2 (pp 1-35):
http://trshare.triumf.ca/~craddock/TRI-87-2.pdf
For the lectures on RF and SRF:
“RF Superconductivity for Accelerators,” by H. Padamsee, T. Hays, J. Knobloch,
published by Wiley Series.
For the lectures on Beam Dynamics:
“Physics of Collective Beam Instabilities in High Energy Accelerators,” by A. Chao,
originally published by Wiley but available on the web at:
http://www.slac.stanford.edu/~achao/wileybook.html
Grading Scheme:
Grading scheme and breakdown of marks as follows:
Homework assignments: 60%
Midterm Exam: 20%
Final Exam: 20%
In subsequent offerings of the course, a combination of student projects, accompanied by
a report and a presentation, and hands-on lab sessions at TRIUMF are planned. Exact
breakdown of marks TBD.
Consultation:
This course has evolved in consultation with the UBC Department of Physics and
Astronomy, Engineering Physics, and TRIUMF. TRIUMF’s Director and the Accelerator
Division leadership are keen on expanding graduate student research opportunities in
accelerator physics at TRIUMF, which will enable UBC and TRIUMF to play an
UBC Curriculum Proposal (v1/04)
4
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
important role in training the next generation of accelerator scientists and engineers.
Presently there are only a handful of universities in North America offering graduate
courses and research opportunities in accelerator physics.
UBC graduate students would uniquely benefit from the research opportunities in
accelerators offered by TRIUMF, utilizing the state-of-the-art infrastructure already in
place and contributing to frontier research under the supervision of prominent accelerator
scientists. Simultaneously, students would learn the fundamentals of accelerator physics
and engineering in courses, such as the proposed PHYS 560, taught by TRIUMF
scientists. The new research opportunities together with the formal course offerings will
attract high caliber students to UBC.
TRIUMF’s Accelerator Division is committed to provide most of the instructors for this
course. Furthermore, UBC graduate students in accelerator physics will be supervised or
co-supervised by TRIUMF accelerator physicists, several of whom will be lecturing in
this course.
UBC Curriculum Proposal (v1/04)
5