9th International Symposium on Lowland Technology
September 29-October 1, 2014 in Saga, Japan
STUDY OF QUARTZ MINERAL BASED ON SMEAR SLIDES IN BILI BILI DAM OF
PARANGLOE, GOWA DISTRICT OF SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE
H. Umar1, I. Alimuddin2, H. Pachri 3 and H. Hamrullah1
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study to conduct a research on the reservoir sediment material of Bili-Bili Dam based
on petrographic observation and smear slides. The specific objectives are to study the characteristics of the mineral
content in the reservoir sediment at Bili-Bili Dam, to study the form of the mineral sediment texture based on the grain
shape and sphericity level and to study the distribution of mineral zoning in sediment deposition at Bili-Bili Dam.
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the study area is composed by several quartz mineral, biotite, pyroxene,
plagioclase, opaque minerals, and rock matrix in the form of clay minerals. The grain size of the material in the study
area is dominated by coarse silt-sized mineral-fine silt and only a little more clay material, the sediment deposition of
reservoirs in Bili-Bili Dam is influenced by currents and the depositional places. The deposition area away from the
river is not influenced by the flow of the river hence consist of a fine grain size. The size of the fine grain size is
dominated by clay minerals and coarse-sized material collated by ultra-stable minerals such as quartz and meta-stable
minerals of biotite, pyroxene, plagioclase. Heavy minerals are also found in the form of opaque minerals which have a
grain size of medium size.
Keywords: Quartz mineral, smear slides, sediment deposited material, Bili-Bili Dam
BACKGROUND
Sedimentary rocks are usually formed by the
diagenetic process of clastic material that has
experienced sedimentation. Sedimentation processes
include weathering, erosion, transport, and deposition
processes (Boggs, 1997). Weathering processes can be
either physical or chemical weathering. Erosion and
transport processes carried out by the media of water and
wind. Deposition process can occur if the transporting
energy is not able to transport the particles. Although it
is generally known that the texture and structure of the
sedimentary material will change due to the extent of
transportation and the distance from its native rocks, but
the details of the process are rarely investigated in a
sedimentation system as one intact and continuous river
system from upstream to downstream. In the body of
Jeneberang River in South Sulawesi Province lies one
big Dam built in 1994 and has been a major concern
since a major landslide occurred in 2004 where it affects
the input sediment to the Bili Bili Dam (Fig 1). There
has been some local research trying to warn about this
phenomena (Arsyad, et.al, 2012). This research objective
is to show the relationship between the characteristics of
sediments and sedimentary minerals maturity level in the
reservoir sedimented in Bili-Bili Dam.
smear slides. The specific objectives are to study the
characteristics of the mineral content in the reservoir
sediment at Bili-Bili Dam, to study the form of the
mineral sediment texture based on the grain shape and
sphericity level and to study the distribution of mineral
zoning in sediment deposition at Bili-Bili Dam. This can
be carried out taking the samples at the bottom of river
where the dam hold the sediments.
RESEARCH AREA LOCATION
The research area is administratively located in the
District Parangloe of Gowa, South Sulawesi Province.
Geographically, the study area is located at coordinates
of119 ° 35'30'' -119 ° 39'00'' East Longitude (BT) and
05 ° 14'300'' - 05 ° 16'00'' south latitude (LS) (Figure 1).
PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study to conduct a study on the
reservoir petrographic quartz of Bili-Bili Dam based on
1
Fig.1 Research Location Area
Lecturer, Depart. of Geology, Hasanuddin University, Kampus Tamalanrea, Makassar, INDONESIA, h4midumar@gmail.com
Lecturer, Depart. of Geology, Hasanuddin University, Kampus Tamalanrea, Makassar, INDONESIA, ialimuddin@hotmail.com
3 Lecturer, Depart. of Geology, Hasanuddin University, Kampus Tamalanrea, Makassar, INDONESIA, hendrapachri@yahoo.com
2
I. Alimuddin, et al.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in this research is direct
survey research field which includes the collection of
geological data and reservoir sediments. Sediment data
retrieval by streaming (random) sample collection using
grab sample. The analysis used is field data analysis and
laboratory analysis which includes an analysis of the
mineralogy laboratory analysis and petrographic analysis.
We based also the observation on the classification of
sediment
components
(Walles,
1980)
and
(Schnurrenberger, et.al, 2003).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Mineral Analysis in of Clay Deposit in Bili-Bili Dam.
Sediment texture analysis is the analysis of grain size,
grain shape, degree of sphericity and the degree of
roundness. While the analysis of optical properties of
minerals is the analysis of minerals form, types of
opaqueness, the size of the mineral and the name of
mineral (Maurice, 2001).
In detail, the results of the analysis of sediment
texture and optical properties of mud and grain size
distribution is discussed in lateral and horizontal
direction. Based on the observation of the minerals on all
samples and smear slides incision, the composition of
the mineral constituent of silt in Bili-Bili Dam can be
seen in detail on the observation table below (Table 1).
Table 1. The composition of the mineral constituent of
silt in Bili-Bili Dam.
No
Sample No
1
HAS/BL/01
2
HAS/BL/02
3
HAS/BL/03
4
HAS/BL/04
5
HAS/BL/05
6
HAS/BL/06
7
HAS/BL/07
8
HAS/BL/08
9
HAS/BL/09
Grain size (mm)
0,03 - 0,045
(Coarse Silt)
0,0325 - 0,0425
(Coarse Silt)
0,0125 - 0,0175
( Medium Silt)
0,01` - 0,0175
(Medium Silt)
0,0075 - 0,01
(Fine Silt)
0,015 - 0,025
(Medium Silt)
0,0075 - 0,0125
(Fine Silt)
0,0015 - 0,00375
(Clay)
0,005 - 0,0075
(Very Fine Silt)
Biotite
(%)
Piroxene
(%)
Plagioclase
(%)
Opaque
Mineral (%)
Matrix
(%)
30
Quartz
(%)
15
15
0
5
35
40
15
5
0
10
30
35
10
10
0
10
35
35
5
10
5
5
40
20
10
0
0
5
65
50
10
10
0
5
25
20
5
10
0
25
40
5
5
5
0
35
50
25
10
0
0
5
60
Based on the mineral analysis, the sediments of Bili-Bili
Dam has a texture size of Coarse Silt and Clay that have
equant shapes. While the composition of the minerals
that make up sediments include quartz, biotite, pyroxene,
and plagioclase, opaque minerals, and matrix forming
the clay minerals.
Mineral Analysis of Reservoir Sediment Deposition in
the Bili-Bili Dam Based on Vertical Line and Horizontal
Line
Vertical Line 1
Vertical line 1 is divided into several locations starting
from location 1 and location 2 towards location 3 have a
depth ranging from 25 meters to 30 meters.
From the analysis of smear slides on mineral deposits,
starting from location 1 to a depth of 25 meters, the grain
size is 0.03 to 0.045 mm (Coarse Silt) with equant grain
shape, degree of roundness is subrounded-rounded, the
degree of sphericity is moderate, from location 1 to
location 2 with a depth of 38 meters indicates a change
in grain size is 0.0325 to 0.0425 (Coarse Silt), the form
of granules is equant, degree of roundness subroundedrounded, sphericity moderate degree, from location 2 to
location 3 leads with depth 21 meters has a grain size of
0.0125 to 0.0175 (mediun Silt), granulated form which
equant, subrounded-rounded degree of roundness, ie
moderate degree of sphericity. Based on the results of
the interpretation of the vertical line 1 starting from
location 1 to location 2, the coarse silt grain size changes
into a coarse silt grain size, while towards the location 3
is medium sized silt grain size. This can be seen in the
chart grain size based on the vertical line Figure 2.
Monoclinic quartz mineral (single crystal) with
optical characteristics of having a transparent or
translucent appearance color, size of 0,045, mineral
crystals form of subrounded-rounded, low relief, uneven
shards, parts and has glass like luster, quartz mineral is
very abundant on the vertical line 1 with an average
number of 35% with a distribution in the amount of the
quartz mineral at HAS/BL/01 location by 40%,
HAS/BL/02 location which is 40% and to the location
HAS / BL / 03 The number is 35% quartz.
Biotite with optical characteristics of having a
brownish color appearance, relief of moderate, strong
intensity and subhedral crystal shapes, mineral size of
0.0375, these minerals have an average percentage of 13,
3% with a distribution in the amount of mineral biotite at
HAS/BL/01 15% to a number of mineral biotite
HAS/BL/02 location 15% and at location HAS/BL/03 is
10% biotite minerals.
Pyroxene with optical characteristic appearance has
brownish yellow with mineral size of 0.0375,
subangular-subrounded shape cleavage of 2-way angle
90o, strong intensity, this mineral has an average
percentage of 10% with a distribution on the location
HAS / BL/01 amount of mineral pyroxene 15% to a
number of mineral HAS/BL/02 location pyroxene 5%
and to a number of mineral pyroxene HAS/BL/03
location is 10%.
Opaque minerals with optical characteristic has
black minerals size of 0.03, present spread is uneven,
opaque, this mineral has an average percentage of 8.3%
with a distribution in the amount of opaque minerals
HAS/BL/01 5% HAS/BL/02 to 10% the amount of
opaque minerals and to a number of location HAS/BL/03
10% opaque minerals.
Matrix is in the form of clay mineral absorption has
colorless color, gray interference color, size of <0.001
mm, the mass base has an average percentage of 33.3%
with a distribution on the basis of the mass number of
location HAS/BL/01 35% to the location HAS / BL/02
matrix number of 30% and to a mass number of base
location HAS/BL/03 35%.
Study of Quartz Mineral
Based on the results of analysis, the mineral that
dominates the vertical line 1 is the quartz and matrix of
clay mineral, it influences the deposition location which
is located at the outside of the reservoir or Jeneberang
River with an average depth of 21-38 meters and is
affected by the precipitation that flows slow and
moderate currents, so the meta-stable minerals can still
be encountered in a vertical line one despite the high
quantity.
Fig.2. Mineral Distribution Analysis in Line Vertical 1
that shows the quartz and matrix domination.
Mineral Description On Horizontal Line
Line Horizontal 1
Based on the analysis, the horizontal line 1 is divided
into three (3) location starting from location 3 to location
4 and into location 9 with depths ranging from 21 meters
to 32 meters. From the analysis of smear slides the
sediment texture of the mineral deposits has a grain size
of 0.0125 to 0.0175 mm (medium silt), with equant grain
shape, degree of roundness of subrounded-rounded,
medium sphericity degree, starts from the location 3 to
location 4 with a depth of 27 meters, a change in grain
size becomes smooth, among others, measuring from
0.01 to 0.0175 (medium silt), equant grain shape, degree
of roundness subrounded -rounded, subsequently
towards location 9 which has a depth of 32 meters the
grain size is changed from 0.005 to 0.0075 mm (Very
Fine Silt), equant grain shape, degree of roundness
subrounded-rounded, medium sphericity degrees (Folk,
1974). Based on the interpretation of the results of the
horizontal line 1 starts from location 3 medium-sized
grains of silt to location 4 there is a change of the grain
size becomes the medium silt, while towards location 9
the size becomes very fine silt-sized grains. This can be
seen in Grain Size Chart based on the horizontal line.
Based on optical mineralogy, (Kerr, 1959), the
observation indicates the existance of Monoclinic quartz
mineral (single crystal) with optical characteristics of a
transparent or translucent color, size 0.0125 mm mineral
crystals form subrounded to rounded, low relief, flat
fragments, no cleavage, and has a weak wavy shadows
luster like glass, quartz minerals on a horizontal line 1
has an average number of 31.6% with a distribution in
the amount of the quartz mineral in HAS/BL/03 location
by 35% and towards HAS/BL/04 location is 35% and
towards HAS/BL/09 location the percentage is 25%
quartz.
Biotite mineral with optical characteristics with the
appearance of brownish color, the relief of moderate,
vigorous intensity and subhedral crystal shapes, size of
0.0125 mm, the percentage of these minerals have an
average of 8,3% with a distribution biotite in
HAS/BL/03 location 10% towards HAS/BL/04 location
5% and towards HAS/BL/09 location biotite
composition reach to 10% minerals.
Pyroxene minerals with optical characteristics of
the appearance of a brownish yellow color, mineral size
of 0.0175 mm, subangular-subrounded shape. This
mineral has an average percentage of 6.6% with a
distribution in HAS/BL/03 location pyroxene 10% the
amount of minerals towards HAS/BL/04 location
pyroxene is 10%, subsequently towards HAS/BL/09
location pyroxene is not encountered at this location.
Plagioclase minerals with optical characteristics of
the appearance of a blackish gray, size of 0.0175 mm,
sub-angular shape albite twinning parts of 2-way,
darkness tilted at an angle of 43o darkness, bitownit
plagioclase types. This mineral has an average
percentage of 1.6% the distribution of the location
HAS/BL/03 not encountered the presence of the mineral
plagioclase, leading to a number of mineral plagioclase
HAS/BL/04 location 5% then leads to the mineral
plagioclase HAS/BL/09 location is not encountered at
the second location.
Opaque minerals with optical characteristics black
color, mineral size of 0.0125 mm, distributed unevenly
present, opaque, this mineral has an average percentage
of 6.6% with a distribution in the amount of opaque
minerals HAS/BL/03 location 10 % leads to a number of
opaque minerals HAS/BL/04 location 5% then leads to a
number of location HAS/BL/09 5% opaque minerals.
Matrix is in the form of clay mineral absorption
colorless color, gray interference color, size <0.001 mm,
a mass basis is very abundant on the horizontal line 1
which has an average percentage of 45% with a
distribution in the amount of mass HAS/BL/03 base
location 35 % leads to a mass number of base location
HAS/BL/04 40% then leads to a mass number of base
location HAS/BL/09 60%.
Based on the results of the mineral analysis of the
minerals that dominate the horizontal line 3 is the matrix
of clay and ultra-stable minerals such as quartz, it
influenced the deposition location is located in the
northern part of the reservoir extends from east to west
with a depth ranging from 21 - 32 meters and is affected
by the deposition of which has a quiet stream so that the
minerals are meta-stable in the encounter with a very
small amount on line 1 by the percentage of horizontal
averaging below 10%.
I. Alimuddin, et al.
Fig.3.Mineral Distribution Analysis Graph in Line
Horisontal 1 that shows the quartz and matrix
domination.
Based on the observations of nine samples into thin
sections, each mineral has the physical characteristics of
0.0425 to 0.002 mm of grain size, the degree of
roundness subrounded to rounded. Petrographically the
quartz minerals are in the form of monocrystalline. Other
types of minerals present in the study area are alkaline
minerals and other heavy minerals such as biotite,
pyroxene, and Opaque Minerals, while the matrix
materials are in the form of fine size clay that cannot be
seen under the microscope. The grain size texture of the
material deposited is affected by distance where the
farther the sediment being transported the sediment
material will be finer and thus energy needed is lower
(Pettijohn, et.al, 1978).
From the map (Fig.4 and 5) it appears that the grain
size distribution of the coarse silt-fine silt material
dominate and only small part is covered by clay material.
This is due to the grain size of the sediment material
transported in Jeneberang River has a relatively fine
material while the clay size and very fine silt found at
location 8 and location 9. These phenomena can be
caused by the deeper morphology of the topography of
the area compared to other regions. It is also influenced
by the strength of currents and waves where currents and
waves in the study area has a relatively small so that the
flow of material which sediment is dominated by coarse
silt-fine silt and coarser material will be deposited at
other place with stronger current.
Fig.5. Mineral Distribution Map
Based on the explanation and the data above, it can
be interpreted that the process sediment material
transport that deposited in this area comes from the
source material of weathering process from the eruption
of Lompobattang and Bawakaraeng mountains and along
the river Je'neberang. The sediment materials undergo
mechanical and chemical processes during transportation
hence will change the grain size of the sediment material.
Since the origin of this material has variety of distances,
the differences in grain size is due to the different
sediment materials. This area is experiencing material
sediment transport in the form of traction around 1%,
saltation is approximately 87% and suspended
approximately 2%. Then after experiencing the process
of transport to the reservoir where the power of the river
flow is smaller than the currents and waves on the
upstream of Je'neberang River is very large then this
material sedimented material mostly fine although at a
distance of 50 meters in front of the river Je'neberang.
This is because the material deposition area is in the
reservoir.
Based on texture variations encountered in smear
slide observations for the classification of clastic
sediment grain size (Wentworth, 1992) and classification
of grain shapes (Boggs, 2006) it can be in the concluded
that the type of material existing in the reservoir
sediment material of Bili-Bili Dam is mud (mud) it can
be seen on the grain size and grain shape. Meanwhile,
from the grain size of the sediment, this layer has a good
sorting which has the dominant grain size of coarse silt
to fine silt which indicates the energy deposition is not
strong enough to carry only coarse silt-sized material to
fine silt and coarse grain sizes is not found.
CONCLUSIONS
Fig.4. Geological Map of the Study area
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that:
- The study area is composed by several quartz,
biotite, pyroxene, plagioclase, opaque minerals, and
rock matrix in the of form clay minerals. Clay
minerals form cannot be seen under the microscope
because of the very fine grain size.
Study of Quartz Mineral
-
-
-
-
The grain size of the material in the study area is
dominated by coarse silt-sized mineral fine silt and
only a little more clay material.
The sediment deposition of reservoirs in Bili-Bili
Dam is influenced by currents and the depositional
places. The deposition area away from the river is
not influenced by the flow of the river hence will
have a fine grain size.
The relationship between the size of the fine grain
size is dominated by clay minerals and coarse-sized
material collated by ultra-stable minerals such as
quartz and meta-stable minerals of biotite, pyroxene,
plagioclase. Heavy minerals are also found in the
form of opaque minerals which have a grain size of
medium size.
From the result of the analysis we concluded, we
can suggest to any authorities to focus on the
sediment material blockage where the maximum
energy enters the river hence the sediment material
is finer sediments.
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