7th Grade Science
Review – Final Exam
Monday, June 16th 2014
Please review the following topics while preparing for the final exam. Use your notes,
textbook, and power points which can be found on Mrs. McGonigle’s website. The
underlined topic heading tells you which section of the website you can find the
information.
Cells
 What are the five characteristics of all living things?
Made of cell, uses energy, responds to environment, grows and develops,
reproduces

What is the smallest living thing? A cell

What are the five kingdoms, their type of cell (pro or eukaryotic), and number of
cells (uni or multi celled)
Kingdom
Type of cell
number of cells
1
Monera
prokaryotic
unicellular

2
protista
eukaryotic
uni and multicellular
3
fungi
eukaryotic
multicellular
4
plant
eukaryotic
multicellular
5
animal
eukaryotic
multicellular
What are the functions (jobs) of each of the following organelles in both the
animal and plant cells?
o Nucleus- controls all the activities of the cell
o Cell Membrane- protective outer covering of animal cells, controls what
moves in and out of cells
o Cell wall- outer covering of plant cells, rigid
o Chloroplasts- in plant cells, collects sunlight and helps make food
o Mitochondria- breaks down food and stores energy for cells
o Vacuole- storage of food, water and wastes in cells
o Cytoplasm- supportive gel-like organelle, gives cells their shape
o Lysosomes- breaks down broken, old, or worn out cells

What are the differences between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and give
examples of each
Prokaryotic-no nucleus, seen in bacteria (monera kingdom)
Eukaryotic- has a nucleus, seen in all other kingdoms

What are the differences between plant, and animal cells
Plant- has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and one large vacuole, boxy shape and green
Animal- no cell wall, no chloroplasts, many small vacuoles, round shape

What are the three parts of the Cell Theory
a. All living things are made of cells
b. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
c. Cells only come from other living cells

Name the 5 Levels of organization (simple to complex)
Cells, tissue, organs, organ system, organism

What technology/instruments do we use to study cells?
microscopes
Cell Reproduction and DNA

Mitosis vs. meiosis:
o Which allows for asexual reproduction? mitosis
o Which allows for sexual reproduction? meiosis
o How many cells are produced in each type of cell division and are these new
cells haploid or diploid? Mitosis makes 2 diploid cells, meiosis makes four haploid
cells
o Why do we need these types of cell division to occur? Mitosis allows for growth
(getting bigger), replacement (like for a skinned knee), or asexual reproduction.
Meiosis allows for sex cells to be made (sperm or eggs for example) and this
allows for sexual reproduction (which makes genetically unique offspring
chromosome
nucleus
cell
DNA
gene
Genetics and Modern Biology
 genetics vocabulary:
o Dominant- a trait always seen, B
o Recessive- a trait that is hidden if a dominant trait is seen, b
o Allele- different versions of a trait (for the trait of handedness, there
are the alleles –right and left)
o Gene- a section of DNA that is inherited from the parents
o Genotype- the genes of a trait, represented by two alleles (BB, Bb,
bb)
o Phenotype- the outward, physical appearance of a trait (brown eyes,
etc)
o homozygous/purebred- both alleles are alike (BB or bb)
o heterozygous/hybrid-both alleles are different (Bb)
o Incomplete dominance-when both alleles are dominant, so they both
show through- black (BB) and white (WW) chickens making gray
(BW) offspring.
o Punnett square- a tool used in genetics to predict possible offspring
traits
o Karyotype- a tool used in genetics to determine a genetic disorder
and gender. Chromosomes are paired and lined up.
o Pedigree- a family tree showing how a genetic trait is passed through
a family
o Sex-linked trait- any gene that is found on the sex chromosomes X or
Y

What does DNA hold? Where do we get it from?
DNA holds our genetic information and we get ½ from mom, ½ from dad

Can you make and use a Punnett square to determine offspring percentages
for dominant and recessive traits, and incomplete dominance?
(performance questions on the test- be familiar with vocabulary above!)

What are chromosomes?
o What are they made of? Coils of DNA
o How many do we have? Humans with no disorders have 46 (diploid)
o Which ones determine gender? Chromosomes #23 the X and Y (XX=
girl, XY= boy)

How is a Pedigree arranged (symbols and levels)?
Female = circle, male = square, each generation is a new level

Be able to read a karyotype and determine gender and if they do or do not
have a disorder. (You do not have to memorize the disorders)
(performance questions on the test- be familiar how many chromosomes a
human with no disorder has and what chromosomes are for each gender)
Evolution

Vocabulary:
o Evolution- changes in inherited features over time
o Variations- differences (brown hair, blond hair, black hair, etc)
o Adaptations- variations that are advantageous to the offspring
such as walking on two legs
o Gradualism- slow, small changes in the evolution of a species
o Punctuated equilibrium- dramatic changes (usually due to
mutations) in the evolution of a species
o Geographic isolation- when a species becomes separated by
geography (mountains, rivers, oceans) and it eventually evolves
into two different species
o Mutation-a permanent change in the DNA
o Trait- any inherited characteristic (hair color, eye color, etc)

Who was Darwin, what did he do (what did he call his theory), and
where did he study?
British scientist, studied animals in the Galapagos Islands. Called
his theory of change over time “Natural Selection” Species who
are best suited for their environment will survive, reproduce and
pass along these favorable traits.

Who was Lamarck and what did he do?
French scientist, said organisms pass on traits they develop over
their lifetime (was not correct, but first scientist to recognize traits
do get passed on, just not “skills”.)

How does Natural selection work? (four steps)
1. An organism has many offspring
2. Each offspring has differences (variations)
3. Some variations are more advantageous than others, these
organisms survive better, reproduce, and pass on traits
4. Eventually, a new species results due to these variations

What four pieces of evidence support the theory of evolution?
Fossils, anatomy (homologous and vestigial structures),
embryology, and DNA (or biochemistry)

What three adaptations do all primates have?
Binocular vision, flexible shoulders, opposable thumbs

How have humans changed over time?
Larger brain cases, less hairy, more development of culture and
technology
Body Systems
Know the function(s) (jobs) of each system:

Skeletal- gives shape and support, protects internal organs, allows
for movement, produces blood cells, stores minerals

Muscular- allows for movement, produces heat through shivering or
exercise

Digestive – breaks down food into useable parts for the rest of the
cells in our body.
Plus: what order does food move through the system and what type
of digestion happens in each organ? – mouth (chemical and
mechanical), esophagus (no digestion), stomach (chemical and
mechanical), small intestine (chemical and nutrients are absorbed
here), and large intestine (none, water is absorbed here)



Circulatory – blood cells deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells of the
body and remove wastes such as carbon dioxide
Plus: four parts of blood- red blood cells- carry oxygen, white blood
cells- fight infection, platelets- form scabs and clots, plasma- liquid
and main transportation component of blood.

Respiratory- brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the
body.

Integumentary- (skin)- this system helps protect internal organs,
prevents bacteria from entering and water from leaving, allows for
vitamin D production, sensitive to touch

Excretory/Urinary-helps the body get rid of waste products, helps
maintain fluid levels

Endocrine-helps control the body’s growth, reaction to stress,
digestion, and development through the use of chemicals called
hormones.

Be able to explain how one system works closely with another to
keep us alive. (For example: skeletal and muscular work together to
help us move)