LESLIE JOHN FRANCIS,
PhD, DLitt, ScD, DD, C.Psychol, FBPsS, FCP
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PUBLICATION PROFILE
Throughout his academic career Leslie J Francis has conducted research at the intersection of the three
disciplines of education, psychology and theology, displaying particular concern with the twin themes
of conceptualisation and measurement. His publications cover 36 main topics.
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Religion, values, and young people
Rural church
Church schools, church colleges
Congregation studies
Attitude toward religion
Psychological type and religion
Preaching and psychological type
Personality and religion
Clergy and psychological type
Church leaving
Clergy studies
Clergy and work-related health
Theology of education
Religious education
Prayer and psychology
Psychology of religion
Empirical theology
Religion in Northern Ireland: teenagers
Science and religion
Beliefs: Religious and paranormal
God images
Religion and positive psychology: happiness
Clergy and personality
Religious affiliation
Religion and mental health
Measurement in psychology
Church vitality studies
Technology and television
Substances and religion
Pentecostal and charismatic studies
Mysticism and religious experience
Religion and suicide
Cathedral studies
Parliament of the World’s Religions
Implicit religion
Spiritual health
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1.
Religious values and young people
Since the 1970s Leslie J Francis has organised and co-ordinated a series of major surveys
exploring the association between religion and values among young people. His early work
developed the Centymca Values Survey that has formed the basis for the current Teenage
Religions and Values Survey. Findings from the surveys have been published in a series of
books and in focused articles.
Books authored
Francis, L. J. (1982). Youth in transit: A profile of 16-25 year olds. Aldershot: Gower. pp viii + 189.
ISBN 0-566-00530-1.
Francis, L. J. (1982). Experience of adulthood: A profile of 26-39 year olds. Aldershot: Gower. pp viii
+ 221. ISBN 0-566-00662-X.
Francis, L. J. (1984). Young and unemployed. Tunbridge Wells: Costello. pp viii + 166. ISBN 0-71040051-9 and ISBN 0-7104-0052-7.
Francis, L. J. (1984). Teenagers and the Church: A profile of church-going youth in the 1980s.
London: Collins Liturgical Publications. pp xvi + 167. ISBN 0-00-599773-9.
Francis, L. J., & Kay, W. K. (1995). Teenage religion and values. Leominster: Gracewing. pp viii +
224. ISBN 0-85244-282-3.
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Drift from the Churches: Attitude toward Christianity during
childhood and adolescence. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp x + 266. ISBN 0-70831330-2.
Francis, L. J. (2001). The values debate: A voice from the pupils. London: Woburn Press. pp x + 246.
ISBN 0-7130-0209-3 and ISBN 0-7130-4029-3.
Francis, L. J., & Martineau, J. (2001). Rural youth. Stoneleigh Park: Acora Publishing. pp viii + 124.
ISBN 0-9516871-9-0.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2005). Urban hope and spiritual health: The adolescent voice.
Peterborough: Epworth. pp viii + 280. ISBN 0-7162-0609-9.
Books edited
Francis, L. J., Kay, W. K., Kerbey A., & Fogwill O. (Eds.). (1995). Fast-moving currents in youth
culture. Oxford: Lynx. pp. 271. ISBN 0-7459-3062-X and ISBN 0-7324-1256-0.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1992). Christianity today: the teenage experience. In J. Astley and D. V. Day (Eds.),
The contours of Christian education (pp. 340-368). Great Wakering: McCrimmons. ISBN 085597-495-8.
Francis, L.J., Wilcox C., & Astley, J. (1992). What is a Christian? Investigating the understanding of
16-19 year olds, In J. Astley and D. V. Day (Eds.), The Contours of Christian Education (pp.
325-339). Gt Wakering: McCrimmons. ISBN 0-85597-495-8.
Francis, L. J. (1994). Belief beyond the churches: the teenage experience. In P. Brierley & B. Myers
(Eds.), UK Christian Schools Book 95-96: south east (pp. 5-12). London: Christian Research.
ISBN 1-853-21120-6.
2
Burton, L., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Growing up Catholic today: The teenage experience. In L. J.
Francis, W. K. Kay, & W.S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 359-381).
Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Francis, L. J., & Evans, T.E. (1996). The relationship between marital disruption and adolescent
values: A study among 13-15 year olds. In C. A. Everett (Ed.), Divorce and remarriage:
International studies (pp. 195-213). New York: Haworth Press. ISBN 0-7890-0319-8.
Francis, L. J. (2001). Religion and values: a quantitative perspective in L. J. Francis, J. Astley, & M.
Robbins (Eds.). The Fourth R for the Third Millennium: education in religion and values for
the global future (pp. 47-78). Dublin: Lindisfarne Books. ISBN 1-85390-507-0.
Francis, L. J. (2001). The social significance of religious affiliation among adolescents in England and
Wales,. In H.-G. Ziebertz (Ed.). Religious Individualisation and Christian Religious
Semantics (pp. 115-138). Münster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4960-).
Francis, L. J. (2001). God images, personal wellbeing and moral values: a survey among 13-15 year
olds in England and Wales. In H.-G. Ziebertz (Ed.). Imagining God: Empirical explorations
from an international perspective (pp. 125-144). Munster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-5425-).
Kay, W. K. & Francis, L. J. (2001). Religious education and school assembly in England and Wales:
what do religious minorities think? In H.-G. Heimbrock, C. Th. Scheilke, & P. Schreiner
(Eds.), Towards religious competence: Diversity as a challenge for education in Europe (pp.
117-128). Munster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-5015-).
Francis, L. J. (2003). Recognising and educating religious minorities in England and Wales, in Y.
Iram (Ed.), Education of minorities and peace education in pluralistic societies (pp. 123-148).
Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97821-4.
Francis, L. J. (2003). A socio-psychological profile of young Anglicans in Wales: a study in empirical
theology. In R. Pope (Ed.), Honouring the past and shaping the future: Essays in honour of
Gareth Lloyd Jones (pp. 233-252). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-401-X.
Francis, L. J. (2004). Empirical theology and hermeneutical religious education: a case study
concerning adolescent attitudes toward abortion. In H. Lombaerts & D. Pollefeyt (Eds.),
Hermeneutics and religious education (pp. 355-373). Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 90-429-1558-7.
Francis, L. J. (2005). Attitudinal dimension of religion; Happiness; Prayer in psychological
perspective; Psychological correlates of religion; Psychological type and religion;
Psychopathology, personality and religion; Purpose in life; Self-esteem. In E.M. Dowling &
W.G. Scarlett (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of religious and spiritual development (pp 23-25, 187,
350-352, 358-359, 361-365, 367-368, 403-404). London: Sage. ISBN 0-7619-2883-9.
Francis, L. J. (2008). Self-assigned religious affiliation: a study among adolescents in England and
Wales. In B. Spalek & A. Imtoual (Eds.), Religion, spirituality and the social sciences:
Challenging marginalisation (pp. 149-161). Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 978-184-742-0411.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2010). The Teenage Religion and Values Survey in England and Wales.
In S. Collins-Mayo & B. Pink Dandelion (Eds.), Religion and Youth (pp. 47-54). Aldershot:
Ashgate. ISBN 978 0 7546 6768 1.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Atkinson, R. W. B. (1987). Market town Christianity today: The teenage response.
Religion Today, 4, 3, 3-5.
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Francis, L. J. (1992). Primary school size and pupil attitudes: Small is happy? Educational
Management and Administration, 20, 100-104.
Francis, L. J. (1993).The identity of Anglicanism: The teenage experience. Collegium, 2(1), 4-12.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (1994). The relationship between Eysenck’s personality factors and fear
of bullying among 13-15 year olds in England and Wales. Evaluation and Research in
Education, 8, 111-118.
Jones, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (1995). The relationship between Eysenck’s personality factors and
attitude towards truancy among 13-15 year olds in England and Wales. Personality and
Individual Differences, 19, 225-233.
Kay, W. K. & Francis, L. J. (1995). The young British atheist: A socio-psychological profile. Journal
of Empirical Theology, 8, 2, 5-26.
Francis, L. J. (1997). Christianity, personality and concern about environmental pollution among 13to 15- year olds. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 18, 7-16.
Francis, L. J., & Evans, T. E. (1997). The relationship between marital disruption and adolescent
values: a study among 13-15 year olds. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 26(3/4), 195-213.
Francis, L. J. (1997). The socio-psychological profile of the teenage television addict. Muslim
Education Quarterly, 15, 4-19.
Francis, L. J. (1999). The benefits of growing up in rural England: A study among 13-15 year old
females. Educational Studies, 25, 335-341.
Francis, L. J. (2000).Who reads the Bible: A study among 13-15 year olds. British Journal of
Religious Education, 22, 165-172.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2004). Belonging without believing: A study in the social significance
of Anglican identity and implicit religion among 13-15 year old males. Implicit Religion, 7,
37-54.
Francis, L. J. (2005). Independent Christians schools and pupil values: An empirical investigation
among 13- to 15-year-old boys. British Journal of Religious Education, 27, 127-141.
Francis, L. J. (2010). Spiritual health and religious formation: The adolescent experience. Crucible,
49, 7-14. ISSN 0011 2100.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2010). The Teenage Religion and Values survey in England and Wales:
An overview. British Journal of Religious Education, 32, 307-320. ISSN 0414 6200.
Francis, L. J., Penny, G., & Baker, S. (2012). Defining and assessing spiritual health: A comparative
study among 13-to 15-year-old pupils attending secular schools, Anglican schools, and private
Christian schools in England and Wales. The Peabody Journal of Education, 87, 351-367.
ISSN 0161 956X.
4
2.
Rural church
Since the early 1980s Leslie J Francis has promoted research into the specific context of the
rural church, rural society, and rural mission. He currently serves as editor of the journal Rural
Theology and as President of the Rural Theology Association.
Books authored
Francis, L. J. (1985). Rural Anglicanism: A future for young Christians? London: Collins Liturgical
Publications. pp 182. ISBN 0-00-599845-X.
Francis, L. J. (1986). Partnership in rural education: Church schools and teacher attitudes. London:
Collins Liturgical Publications. pp 192. ISBN 0-00-599885-9.
Francis, L. J. (1996). Church watch: Christianity in the countryside. London: SPCK. pp viii + 248.
ISBN 0-281-04951-3.
Francis, L. J., & Martineau, J. (1996). Rural praise: A parish workbook for worship in the country
church. Leominster: Gracewing. pp ix + 124. ISBN 0-85244-388-9.
Francis, L. J., Littler, K., & Martineau, M. (2000). Rural ministry. Stoneleigh Park: Acora Publishing.
pp viii + 126. ISBN 0-9516871-6-6.
Francis, L. J., & Martineau, J. (2001). Rural visitors. Stoneleigh Park: Acora Publishing. pp viii + 116.
ISBN 0-9540766-0-5.
Francis, L. J., & Martineau, J. (2001). Rural youth. Stoneleigh Park: Acora Publishing. pp viii + 124.
ISBN 0-9516871-9-0.
Francis, L. J., &Martineau, J. (2002). Rural mission. Stoneleigh Park: Acora Publishing. pp x +130.
ISBN 0-9540766-1-3.
Martineau J., Francis L. J., & Francis, P. (Eds.). (2004). Changing rural life: A Christian response to
key rural issues. Norwich: Canterbury Press. pp. x + 262. ISBN 1-85311-599-1.
Bowden, A., Francis, L.J., Jordan, E., & Simon, O. (2012). Ordained Local Ministry in the Church of
England. London Continuum. ISBN 978 1 4411 5955 7.
Books edited
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (Eds.) (2012). Rural life and rural church: Theological and empirical
perspectives. Sheffield: Equinox. ISBN 987 1 84553 984 9 and 978 1 84553 983 2.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1989). Method and interpretation. In M. Wilson (Ed.), The rural church: Towards 2000
(pp. 69-77). Bulwick: The Rural Theology Association. ISBN 0-951-4899-0-9.
Brewster, C. E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Maintaining a public ministry in rural England:
Work-related psychological health and psychological type among Anglican clergy serving in
multi-church benefices. In. L. J. Francis, & H-G. Ziebertz (Eds.) The public significance of
religion. (pp. 241-265). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978 9004 20706 6.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1990). The impact of church schools on village church life.
Educational Studies, 16, 117-129.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1991). Faith in the Isle of Wight: A profile of rural Anglicanism.
Contact, 105, 28-33
5
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1992). The rural rectory: the impact of a resident priest on local
church life. Journal of Rural Studies, 8, 97-103.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1992). The rural factor: A comparative survey of village churches
and the liturgical work of rural clergy. Modern Churchman, 34, 1-9.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1992). The impact of children’s work on church life in hamlets
and small villages. Journal of Christian Education, 35, 57-63.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1993). Ageing Anglican clergy and performance indicators in the
rural church, compared with the suburban church. Ageing and Society, 13, 339-363.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1997). The rural church is different: The case of Anglican
confirmation. Journal of Empirical Theology, 10 (1), 5-20.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1998). Personality and preference for rural ministry among male
Anglican clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 46, 163-166.
Francis, L. J. (1999). The benefits of growing up in rural England: A study among 13-15 year old
females. Educational Studies, 25, 335-341.
Francis, L. J., Lankshear, D. W., & Jones, S. H. (2000). The influence of the charismatic
movement on local church life: A comparative study among Anglican rural, urban and
suburban churches. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 15, 121-130.
Francis, L. J., & Rutledge, C. J. F. (2000). Are rural clergy in the Church of England under greater
stress? A study in empirical theology. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 11,
173-191.
Francis, L. J., & Littler, K. T., (2001). Personality and preference for rural ministry among Church in
Wales clergymen. The Psychologist in Wales, 11, 3-5.
Littler, K., &.Francis, L. J. (2002). Do villages remain Christian communities? Journal of Beliefs and
Values, 23, 221-224.
Littler, K., & Francis, L. J. (2003). What rural churches say to non-churchgoers. Rural Theology, 1,
57-62.
Francis, L. J., & Littler, K. (2003). Staying away: What keeps rural churches empty? Implicit Religion,
6, 161-169.
Francis, L. J., Smith G., & Robbins, M. (2004). Do introverted clergy prefer rural ministry? Rural
Theology, 2, 127-134, 2004.
Francis, L. J., & Rutledge, C. J. F. (2004). Personality and preference for rural ministry: Replication
and reconsideration. Pastoral Psychology,53, 43-48.
Littler, K., Francis, L. J., & Martineau, J. (2004). I was glad: Listening to visitors to country churches.
Rural Theology, 2, 53-60.
Littler, K. & Francis, L. J. (2005). Ideas of the holy: The ordinary theology of visits to rural churches.
Rural Theology, 3, 49-54.
Roberts, C., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Church closure and membership statistics: Trends in four rural
dioceses. Rural Theology, 4, 37-56.
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Francis, L. J., Walker, D., & Robbins, M. (2009). The Cana in Galilee phenomenon: Influences on
biblical literalism among rural Anglicans today. Rural Theology, 7, 127-134. ISSN 1470 4994.
Robbins, M., Littler, K., & Francis, L. J. (2009). Personality and call to rural ministry. Rural
Theology, 7, 61-65. ISSN 1470 4994.
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3.
Church Schools
Since the early 1970s Leslie J Francis has been concerned with research into church schools,
drawing on empirical, historical, theological and philosophical methods. He has taken a
special interest in the case of Anglican schools.
Books authored
Francis, L. J. (1986). Partnership in rural education: Church schools and teacher attitudes. London:
Collins Liturgical Publications. pp 192. ISBN 0-00-599885-9.
Francis, L. J. (1987). Religion in the primary school: Partnership between church and state? London:
Collins Liturgical Publications. pp 215. ISBN 0-00-599924-3.
Books edited
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (Eds.). (1993). Christian perspectives on Church schools: A
reader. Leominster: Gracewing. pp. xv + 502. ISBN 0-85244-235-1.
Astley, J., Francis, L. J., Sullivan J., & Walker, A. (Eds.). (2004). The idea of a Christian university:
Essays on theology and higher education. Carlisle: Paternoster. pp. xii + 316. ISBN 1-84227260-0.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1992). The distinctiveness and effectiveness of church schools. In B. Wilson (Ed.),
Religion: contemporary issues (pp. 92-110). London: Bellew. ISBN 1-857-250-451.
Curran, M. & Francis, L. J. (1996). Measuring ‘Catholic identity’ among pupils in Catholic secondary
schools. In L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W.S. Campbell, Research in religious education (pp.
383-391). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Wilcox, C., & Francis, L.J. (1996). Church of England schools and teacher attitudes: personal
commitment or professional judgement? In L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell
(Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 311-334). Leominster: Gracewing.. ISBN 085244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Francis, L. J. (1998). Education and schooling. In R. Hannaford (Ed.), A Church for the twenty-first
century: Agenda for the Church of England (pp. 201-239). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 085244-300-5.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Williams-Potter, M. (1999). Student expectations of a church college, in
L. J. Francis (Ed.), Sociology, Theology and the Curriculum (pp. 145-154). London: Cassell.
ISBN 0-304-70485-7.
Francis, L. J. (2003). The way ahead: A critical consideration. In W. K. Kay, L. J. Francis, & K.
Watson (Eds.), Religion in education 4 (pp. 35-71). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244585-7.
Francis, L. J. (2004). Expectations of the Christian campus: Ordinary theology, empirical theology
and student voices. In J. Astley, L. J. Francis, J. Sullivan, & A. Walker (Eds.) The idea of a
Christian university: Essays on theology and higher education (pp. 147-165). Carlisle:
Paternoster. ISBN 1-84227-260-0.
Ap Sion, T., Francis, L. J., & Baker, S. (2009). The theological case for Christian schools in England
and Wales: A qualitative perspective listening to female alumnae. In L. J. Francis, M.
Robbins, & J. Astley (Eds.), Empirical theology in texts and tables: Qualitative, quantitative
and comparative perspectives (pp 217-245). Leiden: Brill. ISSN 1389 1189, ISBN 978 9004
16888 6.
8
Articles
Francis, L. J. (1979). School influence and pupil attitude towards religion. British Journal of
Educational Psychology, 49, 107-123.
Francis, L. J. & Carter, M. (1980). Church aided secondary schools, religious education as an
examination subject and pupil attitudes towards religion. British Journal of Educational
Psychology, 50, 297-300.
Francis, L. J. (1983). The logic of education, theology and the church school. Oxford Review of
Education, 9, 147-162.
Francis, L. J. (1983). Anglican voluntary primary schools and child church attendance. Research in
Education, 30, 1-9.
Francis, L. J. (1984). Roman Catholic schools and pupil attitudes in England. Lumen Vitae, 39, 99108.
Rhymer, J., & Francis, L. J. (1985). Roman Catholic secondary schools in Scotland and pupil attitude
towards religion. Lumen Vitae, 40, 103-110.
Francis, L. J. (1986). Roman Catholic secondary schools: Falling rolls and pupil attitudes. Educational
Studies, 12, 119-127.
Francis, L. J. (1986). Denominational schools and pupil attitude towards Christianity. British
Educational Research Journal, 12, 145-152.
Boyle, J. J., & Francis, L. J. (1986). The influence of differing church aided school systems on pupil
attitude towards religion. Research in Education, 35, 7-12.
Egan, J., & Francis, L. J. (1986). School ethos in Wales: the impact of non-practising Catholic and
non-Catholic pupils on Catholic secondary schools. Lumen Vitae, 41, 159-173.
Francis, L. J., & Egan, J. (1987). Catholic schools and the communication of faith: An empirical
inquiry. Catholic School Studies, 60, 2, 27-34.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1990). The impact of church schools on village church life.
Educational Studies, 16, 117-129.
Francis, L. J., & Egan, J. (1990). The Catholic school as ‘faith community’: An empirical enquiry.
Religious Education, 85, 588-603.
Francis, L. J., & Jewell, A. (1992). Shaping adolescent attitude towards the church: comparison
between Church of England and county secondary schools. Evaluation and Research in
Education, 6, 13-21.
Francis, L. J. (1994). The distinctiveness and effectiveness of church schools in multicultural Britain.
Hong Kong Journal of Religious Education, 6, 11-23.
Francis, L. J. (1995). Church schools and pupil attitudes towards Christianity: A response to Mairi
Levitt. British Journal of Religious Education, 17, 133-139.
Francis, L. J. & Stone, E. A. (1995). School governors and the religious ethos of Church of England
voluntary aided primary schools. Educational Management and Administration, 23, 176-187.
Francis, L.J., & Grindle, Z. (1998). Whatever happened to progressive education? A comparison of
primary school teachers’ attitudes in 1982 and 1996. Educational Studies, 24, 269-279.
9
Francis, L. J. (2000). The domestic and the general functions of Anglican schools in England and
Wales. International Journal of Education and Religion, 1, 100-121.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2000). Religion, personality and wellbeing: The relationship between
church attendance and purpose in life among undergraduates attending an Anglican College in
Wales. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 9, 223-238.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2000). The influence of religion on undergraduates attending an
Anglican college: church attendance, personality and wellbeing. Prologue, 2, 11-19.
Francis, L. J., & Grindle, Z. (2001). The changing ethos of church schools: A survey of teachers
attitudes in 1982 and 1996. Research in Education, 65, 1-9.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Johnson, J. (2001). Shaping teachers’ interpretation of spirituality: The
contribution of Anglican and Free Church Colleges in England and Wales. Journal of
Research on Christian Education, 10, 39-51.
Francis, L. J., & Gibson, H. M. (2001). Growing up Catholic in a Scottish city: The relationship
between denominational identity, denominational schools, and attitude toward Christianity
among eleven to fifteen year olds. Catholic Education: a journal of inquiry and practice, 5,
39-54.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (2001). The relationship between church schools and local church
life: Distinguishing between aided and controlled status. Educational Studies, 27, 425-438.
Francis, L. J. (2002). Catholic schools and Catholic values? A study of moral and religious values
among 13-15 year old pupils attending non-denominational and Catholic schools in England
and Wales. International Journal of Education and Religion, 3, 69-84.
Francis, L. J. (2005). Independent Christians schools and pupil values: An empirical investigation
among 13- to 15-year-old boys. British Journal of Religious Education, 27, 127-141.
ap Siôn T., Francis, L. J., & Baker, S. (2007). Experiencing education in the new Christian schools in
the United Kingdom: Listening to the male graduates. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 28, 1-15.
ISSN 1361-7672.
Davies G., & Francis, L. J. (2007). Three approaches to religious education at key stages one and two
in Wales: How different are church schools? Journal of Belief and Values, 28, 163-182. ISSN
1361-7672.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2010). Teachers at faith schools in England and Wales: State of
research. Theo-Web: Zeitschrift für Religionspädagogik, 9(1), 141-159. ISSN 1863 0502.
Swindells, T., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2010). Shaping attitude toward Christianity among year
seven pupils: The influence of sex, church, home and primary school. Journal of Beliefs and
Values, 31, 343-348. ISSN 1361 7672.
Francis, L.J., Lankshear, D.W., & Robbins, M. (2011). Psychological types of female primary school
teachers in Anglican state-maintained schools in England and Wales: Implications for
continuing professional development. Research in Education, 86, 13-24, ISSN 0034 5237.
Francis, L. J., Penny, G., & Baker, S. (2012). Defining and assessing spiritual health: A comparative
study among 13-to 15-year-old pupils attending secular schools, Anglican schools, and private
Christian schools in England and Wales. The Peabody Journal of Education, 87, 351-367.
ISSN 0161 956X.
10
4.
Congregation studies
Since the 1980s Leslie J Francis has designed a number of studies to listen to local churches,
employing both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Books authored
Francis, L. J. (1996). Church watch: Christianity in the countryside. London: SPCK. pp viii + 248.
ISBN 0-281-04951-3.
Francis, L. J., & Martineau, J. (1996). Rural praise: A parish workbook for worship in the country
church. Leominster: Gracewing. pp ix + 124. ISBN 0-85244-388-9.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Astley, J. (2005). Fragmented faith? Exposing the fault-lines in the
Church of England. Carlisle: Paternoster. pp x + 182. ISBN 1-84227-382-5.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1998). Winterbourne: the church congregation survey. In E.I. Bailey (Ed.), Small is
cosmic: millennial issues in parochial perspective (pp. 48-59). Winterbourne: Winterbourne
PCC.
Francis, L. J. (2000). The pews talk back: the church congregation survey, in J. Astley (Ed.), Learning
in the Way: research and reflection on adult Christian education (pp. 161-186). Leominster:
Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-419-2.
Francis, L. J. (2006). Empirical theology and women bishops: Why listen to local churches? In R.
Bayley (Ed.), Theology Wales: The ordination of women to the episcopate (pp. 34-42).
Cardiff: Church in Wales Publications.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L.J. (2012). The psychological type profile of Australian Catholic
congregations: Psychological theory and congregational studies. In A. W. Ata (Ed.), Catholics
and Catholicism in contemporary Australia: Challenges and achievements (pp. 262-281).
Melbourne, Victoria: David Lovell Publishing. ISBN 9781 8635 551427.
Articles
Francis, L. J. (1978). The secular evaluation of sacred institutions: Synods and the social sciences.
Modern Churchman, 22, 12-17.
Lankshear, D. W., & Francis, L. J. (1991). The use of the Revised Catechism in Anglican churches.
British Journal of Religious Education, 13, 95-100.
Lankshear, D. W., & Francis, L. J. (1991). Social research and the social gospel: Priorities in urban
areas. Crucible, 30, 146-152.
Francis, L. J., &Lankshear, D. W. (1992). The Catholic-Evangelical consensus: A study on the
attitudes of the laity. Contact, 108, 17-22.
Littler, K., & Francis, L. J. (1999). Views on lay ministry: a survey among electoral roll members in
rural Wales. Theology Wales, (Autumn), 17-38.
Littler, K., Francis, L. J., & Martineau, J. (2000). The acceptability of lay liturgical ministry: a survey
among rural Anglican churchgoers. Journal of Empirical Theology, 13(1), 42-54.
Craig, C., Francis, L. J., Bailey. J. & Robbins, M. (2003). Psychological types in Church in
Wales congregations. The Psychologist in Wales, 15, 18-21.
11
Francis, L. J., Duncan, B., Craig, C. L., & Luffman, G. (2004). Type patterns among Anglican
congregations in England. Journal of Adult Theological Education, 1, 66-77.
Francis, L. J., Butler, A., & Craig, C. (2005). Understanding the Parochial Church Council: dynamics
of psychological type and gender. Contact, 147, 25-32.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Robbins, M. (2006). The unconventional beliefs of conventional
churchgoers: The matter of luck. Implicit Religion, 9, 305-314.
Craig, C. L., Williams, A., Francis, L. J., Robbins, M. (2006). Psychological type and lay ministry
among women in the Church in Wales. The Psychologist in Wales, 19, 3-7.
Francis L. J., & Craig, C. L. (2006). Tweenagers in the Church: An empirical perspective on attitude
development. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 27, 95-109.
Francis, L. J., Butler A., Jones, S. H., & Craig, C. L. (2007). Type patterns among active members of
the Anglican Church: a perspective from England. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10,
435-443. ISSN 1367-4676.
Village A., & Francis, L. J. (2008). Attitude toward homosexuality among Anglicans in England: the
effects of theological orientation and personality. Journal of Empirical Theology, 21, 68-87.
ISSN 1046 8064.
Village, A., Francis, L. J., & Craig, C. L. (2009). Church tradition and psychological type preferences
among Anglicans in England. Journal of Anglican Studies, 7, 93-109. ISSN 1740 3553.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., Village, A., & Murray, L. (2010). How homonegative is the typical
Anglican congregation? Modern Believing, 5(2), 6-15. ISSN 1353 1425.
Ross, C. F. J., & Francis, L. J. (2010). The relationship of intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious
orientations to Jungian psychological type among churchgoers in England and Wales. Mental
Health, Religion and Culture, 13, 805-819. ISSN 1367 4676.
Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2010). All in the mind? Psychological, social and religious predictors of
civic volunteerism among churchgoers in England. Research in the Social Scientific Study of
Religion, 21, 1-26. ISSN 1046-8064.
Francis, L.J., Robbins, M., & Craig, C.L. (2011). The psychological type profile of Anglican
churchgoers in England: Compatible or incompatible with their clergy? International Journal
of Practical Theology, 15, 243-259. ISSN 1430 6921.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2011). All are called, but some psychological types are more likely to
respond: Profiling churchgoers in Australia. Research in the Social Scientific Study of
Religion, 22, 213-229. ISSN 1046-8064.
12
5.
Attitude toward religion
The social scientific study of religion recognises that religion is multi dimensional (including
such dimensions as affiliation, belief and practice). Since the 1970s Leslie J Francis has been
emphasising the centrality of the attitudinal dimension of religion, as accessed through the
Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity, the Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward
Judaism, the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam, the Santosh-Francis Scale of
Attitude toward Hinduism, the Astley-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Theistic Belief, and
the Williams Scale of Attitude toward Paganism.
Books authored
Francis, L .J. (1987). Religion in the Primary School. London: Collins Liturgical Publications.
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Drift from the Churches: Attitude toward Christianity during
childhood and adolescence. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp x + 266. ISBN 0-70831330-2.
Books edited
Francis, L. J., Kay, W. K. & Campbell, W. S. (eds) (1996). Research in religious education.
Leominster: Gracewing and Macon, Georgia: Smyth and Helwys. pp. + 470. ISBN 0-85244342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1982). Measurement reapplied: research into the child’s attitude towards religion. In J.
M. Hull (Ed.), New directions in religious education (pp. 23-33). Barcombe: Falmer Press
Ltd. ISBN 0-905273-31-1 and ISBN 0-905-273-30-3.
Francis, L. J. (1984). Monitoring the Christian development of the child. In L. J. Francis, J. Rhymer,
D. Osler, & J. I. H. McDonald (Eds.), Family. school and Church in religious education
(pp.1-25). Edinburgh: New College Department of Christian Ethics and Practical Theology.
Francis, L. J. (1985). Personality and religion: Theory and measurement. In L. B. Brown (Ed.),
Advances in the Psychology of Religion (pp. 171-184). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Francis, L. J. (1988). Monitoring attitude towards Christianity during childhood and adolescence. In
M. Pyysiäinen (Ed.), Kasvatus ja Uskonto: Juhlakirja Professori Kalevi Tammisen (pp. 230247). Helsinki: Werner Söderstrom Osakeghtiö. ISBN 951-0-14816-4 and ISSN 0356-9349.
Greer, J. E., & Francis, L. J. (1990). The religious profile of pupils in Northern Ireland: A comparative
study of pupils attending Catholic and Protestant secondary schools. Journal of Empirical
Theology, 3, 35-50.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Religion, neuroticism, and psychoticism,. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and
Mental Health (pp. 149-160). New York: Oxford University Press.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Christianity today: The teenage experience. In J Astley and D. V. Day (Eds.),
The Contours of Christian Education (pp. 340-368). Great Wakering: McCrimmons.
Francis, L. J., & Gibson, H. M. (1992). Popular religious television and adolescent attitudes towards
Christianity. In J. Astley and D. V. Day (Eds.), The Contours of Christian Education (pp. 369381). Gt Wakering: McCrimmons. ISBN 0-8559-495-8.
Burton, L., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Growing up Catholic today: The teenage experience. In L. J.
Francis, W. K. Kay and W.S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in Religious Education (pp. 359382). Leominster: Fowler Wright Books,
13
Curran, M., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Measuring Catholic identity among pupils in Catholic secondary
schools. In L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay and W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in Religious
Education (pp. 383-392). Leominster: Fowler Wright Books,
Evans, T. E., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Measuring attitude toward Christianity through the medium of
Welsh. In L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education
(pp. 279-293). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Jones, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Religiosity and self-esteem during childhood and adolescence. In
L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 189206). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Robbins, M. & Francis, L. J. (1996). Are religious people happier? A study among undergraduates. In
L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 207218). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Jones, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (1999). Personality type and attitude toward Christianity among student
churchgoers. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 20, 105-109.
Fulljames, P. & Francis, L. J. (2003). Creationism among people in Kenya and Britain. In S. Coleman
& L. Carlin (Eds.), The Cultures of creationism: anti-evolution in English-speaking countries
(pp. 165-173). Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0912-X.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Bhanot, S., & Santosh, R. (2003). Measuring attitudes: the SantoshFrancis Scale of Attitude toward Hinduism. In S. Bhanot & R. Santosh (Eds.), The Hindu
youth research project 2001 (pp. 41-51). Oxford: Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Bhanot, S., & Santosh, R. (2003). Mental health and religion among
Hindu young people. In S. Bhanot & R. Santosh (Eds.), The Hindu youth research project
2001 (pp. 52-59). Oxford: Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies.
Francis, L. J. (2009). Comparative empirical research in religion: Conceptual and operational
challenges within empirical theology. In L. J. Francis, M. Robbins, & J. Astley (Eds.),
Empirical theology in texts and tables: Qualitative, quantitative and comparative perspectives
(pp 127-152). Leiden: Brill. ISSN 1389 1189 ISBN 978 9004 16888 6.
Francis, L. J. (2009). Understanding the attitudinal dimensions of religion and spirituality. In M. De
Souza, L. J. Francis, J. O’Higgins-Norman, & D. G. Scott (Eds.), International handbook of
education for spirituality, care and wellbeing (pp 147-168). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-14020-9017-2.
Articles
Bourke, R., & Francis, L .J. (2000). Personality and religion among music students. Pastoral
Psychology, 48, 437-444.
Francis, L. J. (1977). Readiness for research in religion. Learning for Living, 16, 109-114.
Francis, L. J. (1978). Attitude and longitude: a study in measurement. Character Potential, 8, 119130.
Francis, L. J. (1978). Measurement reapplied: research into the child's attitude towards religion.
British Journal of Religious Education, 1, 45-51.
Francis, L. J. (1979). The child's attitude towards religion: A review of research. Educational
Research, 21, 103-108.
14
Francis, L. J. (1979). The priest as test administrator in attitude research. Journal for the Scientific
Study of Religion, 18, 78-81.
Francis, L. J. (1979). School influence and pupil attitude towards religion. British Journal of
Educational Psychology, 49, 107-123.
Francis, L. J. (1980). The young person’s religion: A crisis of attitude? Scottish Journal of Theology,
33, 159-169.
Francis, L. J. (1980). Paths of holiness? Attitudes towards religion among 9-11 year old children in
England. Character Potential: a record of research, 9, 129-138.
Francis, L. J. (1980). Christianity and the child today: A research perspective on the situation in
England. Occasional Papers: Farmington Institute for Christian Studies, 6.
Francis, L. J. & Carter, M. (1980). Church aided secondary schools, religious education as an
examination subject and pupil attitudes towards religion. British Journal of Educational
Psychology, 50, 297-300.
Francis, L. J. (1980). English research on the attitude of school-age children toward religion. Annual
Review of Research: Religious Education, 1, 77-80.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., Carter, M., & Kay, W.K. (1981). Are introverts more religious? British
Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 101-104.
Francis, L. J. (1981). Anonymity and attitude scores among ten and eleven year old children. Journal
of Experimental Education, 49, 74-76.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., Carter, M., & Kay, W.K. (1981). The relationship between neuroticism
and religiosity among English 15- and 16-year olds. Journal of Social Psychology, 114, 99102.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Kay, W. K. (1982). Eysenck’s personality quadrants and religiosity.
British Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 262-264.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Kay, W. K. (1983). Are introverts still more religious? Personality
and Individual Differences, 4, 211-212.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Kay, W. K. (1983). Are religious children bigger liars? Psychological
Reports, 52, 551-554.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Kay, W. K. (1983). Neuroticism and religiosity among English school
children. Journal of Social Psychology, 121, 149-150.
Francis, L. J., & Kay, W. K. (1984). Attitude towards religion: definition, measurement and
evaluation. British Journal of Educational Studies, 32, 45-50.
Francis, L. J. (1984). Roman Catholic schools and pupil attitudes in England. Lumen Vitae, 39, 99108.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Stubbs, M. T. (1985). Personality and religion among low ability
children in residential special schools. British Journal of Mental Subnormality, 31, 41-45.
Francis, L .J., & Pearson, P. R. (1985). Psychoticism and religiosity among 15 year olds. Personality
and Individual Differences, 6, 397-398.
15
Rhymer, J., & Francis, L. J. (1985). Roman Catholic secondary schools in Scotland and pupil attitude
towards religion. Lumen Vitae, 40, 103-110.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1985). Extraversion and religiosity. Journal of Social Psychology,
125, 269-270.
Pearson, P. R., Francis, L. J., & Lightbown, T. J. (1986). Impulsivity and religiosity. Personality and
Individual Differences, 7, 89-94.
Francis, L. J. (1986). Roman Catholic secondary schools: Falling rolls and pupil attitudes. Educational
Studies, 12, 119-127.
Francis, L. J. (1986). Denominational schools and pupil attitude towards Christianity. British
Educational Research Journal, 12, 145-152.
Boyle, J. J., & Francis, L. J. (1986). The influence of differing church aided school systems on pupil
attitude towards religion. Research in Education, 35, 7-12.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1987). Empathic development during adolescence: religiosity the
missing link? Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 145-148.
Fulljames, P., & Francis, L. J. (1987). The measurement of attitudes toward Christianity among
Kenyan secondary school students. Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 407-409.
Francis, L. J., & Stubbs, M. T. (1987). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity: From childhood into
adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 741-743.
Francis, L. J. (1987). The decline in attitude towards religion among 8-15 year olds. Educational
Studies, 13, 125-134.
Francis, L. J. (1987). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity among 12- to 18-year-old pupils in
Catholic schools. Educational Research, 29, 230-233.
Fulljames, P., & Francis, L. J. (1987). Creationism and student attitudes towards science and
Christianity. Journal of Christian Education, 90, 51-55.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1988). Religiosity and the short-scale EPQ-R indices of E, N and L,
compared with the JEPI, JEPQ and EPQ. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 653-657.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1988). The development of a short form of the JEPQ (JEPQ-S): its
use in measuring personality and religion. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 911-916.
Fulljames, P., & Francis, L. J. (1988). The influence of creationism and scientism on attitudes towards
Christianity among Kenyan secondary school students. Educational Studies, 14, 77-96.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P.R., & Kay, W. K. (1988). Religiosity and lie scores: A question of
interpretation. Social Behaviour and Personality, 16, 91-95.
Francis, L. J. (1988). The development of a scale of attitude towards Christianity among 8-16 year
olds. Collected Original Resources in Education, 12, fiche 1, A04.
Francis, L. J. (1998). The relationship between intelligence and religiosity among 15- to 16- year-olds.
Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 1, 185-196.
Francis, L. J. (1989). Monitoring changing attitudes towards Christianity among secondary school
pupils between 1974 and 1986. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 86-91.
16
Gibson, H. M., & Francis, L. J. (1989). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity among 11- to 16year old pupils in Catholic schools in Scotland. Educational Research, 31, 65-69.
Francis, L. J. (1989). Drift from the churches: Secondary school pupils’ attitudes toward Christianity.
British Journal of Religious Education, 11, 76-86.
Francis, L. J., & McCarron, M. M. (1989). Measurement of attitudes towards Christianity among
Nigerian secondary school students. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 569-571.
Francis, L. J., Lankshear, D. W., & Pearson, P. R. (1989). The relationship between religiosity and the
short form JEPQ (JEPQ-S) indices of E, N, L and P among eleven year olds. Personality and
Individual Differences, 10, 763-769.
Francis, L. J. (1989). Measuring attitude towards Christianity during childhood and adolescence.
Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 695-698.
Pearson, P. R., & Francis, L. J. (1989). The dual nature of the Eysenckian lie scales: are religious
adolescents more truthful? Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1041-1048.
Francis, L. J., Gibson, H. M., & Fulljames, P. (1990). Attitude towards Christianity, creationism,
scientism and interest in science among 11-15 year olds. British Journal of Religious
Education, 13, 4-17.
Gibson, H. M., Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1990). The relationship between social class and
attitude towards Christianity among fourteen- and fifteen-year-old adolescents. Personality
and Individual Differences, 11, 631-635.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1990). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity among pupils in
Protestant secondary schools in Northern Ireland. Personality and Individual Differences, 11,
853-856.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1990). Catholic schools and adolescent religiosity in Northern Ireland:
Shaping moral values. Irish Journal of Education, 24, 40-47.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Lankshear, D. W. (1990). The relationship between social class and
attitude towards Christianity among ten and eleven year old children. Personality and
Individual Differences, 11, 1019-1027.
Francis, L. J. (1990). The religious significance of denominational identity among eleven year old
children in England. Journal of Christian Education, 97, 23-28.
Fulljames, P., Gibson, H. M., & Francis, L. J. (1991). Creationism, scientism, Christianity and
science: a study in adolescent attitudes. British Educational Research Journal, 17, 171-190.
Francis, L. J., Gibson, H. M., & Lankshear, D. W. (1991). The influence of Protestant Sunday Schools
on attitude towards Christianity among 11-15 year olds in Scotland, British Journal of
Religious Education, 14, 35-42.
Francis, L. J., Greer, J. E., & Gibson, H. M. (1991). Reliability and validity of a short measure of
attitude towards Christianity among secondary school pupils in England, Scotland and
Northern Ireland. Collected Original Resources in Education, 15(3), fiche 2, G09.
Greer, J. E., & Francis, L. J. (1991). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity among pupils in
Catholic secondary schools in Northern Ireland. Educational Research, 33, 70-73.
17
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1991). Religiosity, gender and the two faces of neuroticism. Irish
Journal of Psychology, 12, 60-68.
Francis, L. J. (1991). Personality and attitude towards religion among adult churchgoers in England.
Psychological Reports, 69, 791-794.
Francis, L. J., & Montgomery, A. (1992). Personality and attitudes towards Christianity among eleven
to sixteen year old girls in a single sex Catholic school. British Journal of Religious, 14, 114119.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Monitoring attitudes toward Christianity: the 1990 study. British Journal of
Religious Education, 14, 178-182.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Is psychoticism really a dimension of personality fundamental to religiosity?
Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 645-652.
Francis, L. J., & Bennett, G. A. (1992). Personality and religion among female drug misusers. Drug
and Alcohol Dependence, 30, 27-31.
Francis, L. J., Fulljames, P., & Gibson, H. M. (1992). Does creationism commend the gospel? A
developmental study among 11- 17- year-olds. Religious Education, 87, 19-27.
Francis, L. J., Gibson, H. M., & Lankshear, D. W. (1992). Do Sunday schools make a difference?
Crosscurrent, 37, 10-11.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1992). Measuring Christian moral values among Catholic and Protestant
adolescents in Northern Ireland. Journal of Moral Education, 21, 59-65.
Greer, J. E., & Francis, L. J. (1992). Religious experience and attitude toward Christianity among
secondary school children in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 277-279.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Reliability and validity of a short measure of attitude towards Christianity among
nine to eleven year old pupils in England. Collected Original Resources in Education, 16(1),
fiche 3, AO2.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Reliability and validity of the Francis scale of attitude towards Christianity
(adult). Panorama, 4(1), 17-19.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Neuroticism and intensity of religious attitudes among clergy in England.
Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 577-580.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1993). The contribution of religious experience to Christian
development: a study among fourth, fifth and sixth year pupils in Northern Ireland. British
Journal of Religious Education, 15, 38-43.
Francis, L. J., & Gibson, H. M. (1993). Television, pop culture and the drift from Christianity during
adolescence, British Journal of Religious Education, 15, 31-37.
Francis, L. J. (1993).Personality and religion among college students in the UK. Personality and
Individual Differences, 14, 619-622.
Francis, L. J. (1993). Reliability and validity of a short scale of attitude towards Christianity among
adults, Psychological Reports, 72, 615-618.
Lester, D., & Francis, L. J. (1993). Is religiosity related to suicidal ideation after personality and mood
are taken into account? Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 591-592.
18
Francis, L. J., & Gibson, H. M. (1993). Parental influence and adolescent religiosity: a study of church
attendance and attitude toward Christianity among adolescents 11 to 12 and 15 to 16 years
old. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 3, 241-253.
Francis, L. J. (1993). Attitudes towards Christianity during childhood and adolescence: assembling the
jigsaw. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 14(2), 4-6.
Francis, L. J. (1995). Church schools and pupil attitudes towards Christianity: A response to Mairi
Levitt. British Journal of Religious Education, 17, 133-139.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Gibbs, D. (1995). Personality and religion: A study among 8-11 year
olds. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 16(1), 1-6.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, J. M., Brown, L. B., Philipchalk, R., & Lester, D. (1995). Personality and
religion among undergraduate students in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia and
Canada. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 14, 250-262.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, J. M., Philipchalk, R., Lester, D., & Brown, L. B. (1995). Reliability and validity
of a short scale of attitude toward Christianity among students in the UK, USA, Australia and
Canada. Psychological Reports, 77, 431-434.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, J. M., Philipchalk, R., Brown, L. B., & Lester, D. (1995). The internal
consistency reliability and construct validity of the Francis scale of attitude toward
Christianity (adult) among undergraduate students in the UK, USA, Australia and Canada.
Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 949-953.
Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1996). Religion and gender orientation. Personality and Individual
Differences, 20, 119-121.
Carter, M., Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Personality and attitude toward Christianity among
committed adult Christians. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 265-266.
Kay, W. K., Francis, L. J., & Gibson, H. M. (1996). Attitude toward Christianity and the transition to
formal operational thinking. British Journal of Religious Education, 19, 45-55.
Francis, L. J., & Lester, D. (1997). Religion, personality and happiness. Journal of Contemporary
Religion, 12, 81-86.
Wilcox, C., & Francis, L. J. (1997). Personality and religion among A level religious studies students.
International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 1(2), 48-56.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S.H., & Wilcox, C. (1997). Religiosity and dimensions of psychological wellbeing among 16-19 year olds. Journal of Christian Education, 40(1), 15-20.
Francis, L. J. (1998). The social scientific study of religion. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 19, 247250.
Francis, L. J., &Wilcox, C. (1998). Religiosity and femininity: Do women really hold a more positive
attitude toward Christianity? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 462-469.
Orchard, A. & Francis, L. J. (1998). Neuroticism and strength of religious attitudes among
churchgoers in England. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 19, 231-236.
Francis, L. J. (1999). Happiness is a thing called stable extraversion: a further examination of the
relationship between the Oxford Happiness Inventory and Eysenck’s dimensional model of
personality and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 5-11.
19
Francis, L. J., Fearn, M., Astley, J., & Wilcox, C. (1999). The relationship between Christian
commitment and motivation to study religion at A-level: A preliminary investigation. Journal
of Education and Christian Belief, 3, 115-122.
Francis, L. J., & Orchard, A. (1999). The relationship between the Francis Scale of Attitude toward
Christianity and measures of intrinsic, extrinsic and quest religiosity. Pastoral Psychology, 47,
365-371.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1999). Religious experience and attitude toward Christianity among
Protestant and Catholic adolescents in Northern Ireland. Research in Education, 61, 1-7.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1999). Attitude toward Christianity among secondary pupils in Northern
Ireland: persistence of denominational differences? British Journal of Religious Education,
21, 175-180.
Francis, L. J., & Fearn, M. (1999). Religion and personality: A study among A-level students.
Transpersonal Psychology Review, 3(2), 26-30.
Francis, L. J., & Kwiran, M. (1999). Werthaltungen (einstellungen) gegenüber dem christentum bei
deutschen heranwachsenden: die francis-skala. Braunschweiger Beiträge, 89, 50-54.
Francis, L. J., Astley, J., Fearn, M. & Wilcox, C. (1999). Do social scientists hold a less positive
attitude toward Christianity: A study among female A-level students in England. Journal of
Christian Education, 42(2), 35-41.
Francis, L. J. (1999) Personality and attitude toward Christianity among undergraduates. Journal of
Research on Christian Education, 8, 179-195.
Francis, L. J., & Kwiran, M. (1999). Personality and religion among secondary pupils in Germany.
Panorama, 11, 34-44.
Francis, L. J., & Hermans, C. A. M. (2000). Internal consistency reliability and construct validity of
the Dutch translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity among adolescents.
Psychological Reports, 86, 301-307.
Jones, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (1999). Personality type and attitude toward Christianity among student
churchgoers. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 20, 105-109.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2000). Religion and happiness: a study in empirical theology.
Transpersonal Psychology Review, 4(2), 17-22.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Wilcox, C. (2000). Religiosity and happiness: During adolescence,
young adulthood and later life. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 19, 245-257.
Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2000). Personality and religion among female university students in
France. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 229.
Francis, L. J. (2001). Christianity and dogmatism revisited: A study among fifteen and sixteen year
olds in the UK. Religious Education, 96, 211-226.
Fearn, M., Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (2001). Attitude toward Christianity and psychological
type: A survey among religious studies students. Pastoral Psychology, 49, 341-348.
20
Francis, L. J., & Gibson, H. M. (2001). Growing up Catholic in a Scottish city: The relationship
between denominational identity, denominational schools, and attitude toward Christianity
among eleven to fifteen year olds. Catholic Education: a journal of inquiry and practice, 5,
39-54.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (2001). Shaping adolescents’ attitudes toward science and religion in
Northern Ireland: The role of scientism, creationism and denominational schools. Research in
Science and Technological Education, 19, 39-53.
Francis, L. J., Ziebertz, H.-G., & Lewis, C. A. (2002). The psychometric properties of the Francis
Scale of Attitude toward Christianity among German students. Panorama, 14, 153-162.
Francis. L. J., & Enger, T. (2002). The Norwegian translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward
Christianity. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 363-367.
Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. J. (2002). Religiosity and happiness: A study among Israeli female
undergraduates, Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 75-86.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, C. A., & Ng, P. (2002). Assessing attitude toward Christianity among Chinese
speaking adolescents in Hong Kong: The Francis Scale. North American Journal of
Psychology, 4, 431-440.
Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2002). Reliability and validity of a Welsh translation of a short scale of
attitude toward Christianity. Irish Journal of Psychology, 23, 101-108.
Sahin, A., & Francis, L. J. (2002). Assessing attitude toward Islam among Muslim adolescents: The
psychometric properties of the Sahin-Francis scale. Muslim Education Quarterly, 19(4), 3547.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., &White, A. (2003). Correlation between religion and happiness: a
replication. Psychological Reports, 92, 51-52.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Williams, N. (2003). Reliability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward
Christianity among 8 year olds. Psychological Reports, 92, 104.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Boxer, A., Lewis, A., McGuckin, C., & McDaid, C. J. (2003).
Psychological type and attitude toward Christianity: A replication. Psychological Reports, 92,
89-90.
Francis, L. J., & Jackson, C. J. (2003). Eysenck’s dimensional model of personality and religion: are
religious people more neurotic? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 6, 87–100.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2003). Christianity and dogmatism among undergraduate students.
Journal of Beliefs and Values, 24, 89-95.
Francis, L. J., Ziebertz, H.-G., Lewis, C. A. (2003). The relationship between religion and happiness
among German students. Pastoral Psychology, 51, 273-281.
Francis, L. J., Ziebertz, H.-G., & Lewis, C. A. (2003). The relationship between personality and
religion among undergraduate students in Germany. Archiv für Religionspsychologie, 24, 121127.
Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2003). Evaluer l’attitude d’étudiantes françaises à l’égard du
Christianisme: l’Échelle de Francis. Sciences Pastorals, 22, 179-190.
21
Kalbheim, B., Francis, L. J., &. Ziebertz, H.-G. (2003). Christlicher Glaube und Glück: eine
empirische studie zum zusammenhang von religiosität und glückserfahrungen. Archiv für
Religionspsychologie, 25, 42-61.
Hills, P., & Francis, L. J. (2003). Discriminant validity of the Francis Scale of Attitude towards
Christianity with respect to religious orientation. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 6, 277282.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, C. A., & Ng, P. (2003). Psychological health and attitude toward Christianity
among secondary school pupils in Hong Kong. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 4,
231-245.
Fearn, M., Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2003). Religion and personality among religious studies
students: a replication. Psychological Reports, 93, 819-822.
Lewis, C.A., Francis, L. J., & Enger, T. (2003). Reliability and validity of a Norwegian translation of
a short scale of attitude toward Christianity. Individual Differences Research, 1, 230-235.
Francis, L. J., & Bourke, R. (2003). Personality and religion: Applying Cattell’s model among
secondary school pupils. Current Psychology, 22, 125-137.
Francis, L. J., & Thomas, E. M. (2003). (2003). The reliability and validity of the Francis Scale of
Attitude toward Christianity among Welsh speaking 9-11 year olds. The Psychologist in
Wales, 16, 9-14.
Lewis, C. A., Francis, L. J., & Ng, p. (2003). Reliability and validity of a Chinese translation of a
short scale of attitude toward Christianity, Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, 19,
195-200.
Francis, L. J., & Kerr, S. (2003). Personality and religion among secondary school pupils in South
Africa in the early 1990s. Religion and Theology: A journal of contemporary religious
discourse, 10, 224-236.
Francis, L. J., & Thomas, E. M. (2004).Personoliaeth a chrefydd ymysg siaradwyr Cymraeg 9-11
mlwydd oed. Welsh Journal of Education, 12(2), 99-110.
Robbins, M., Babington, P., & Francis, L. J. (2004). Correlations between attitude toward Christianity,
prayer and church attendance among 9 to 11 year olds. Psychological Reports, 94, 305-306.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Lewis, C. A., Quigley, C. F., & Wheeler, C. (2004). Religiosity and
general health among undergraduate students: a response to O’Connor, Cobb and O’Connor.
Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 485-494.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Craig, C. L. (2004). Personality and religion: the relationship between
psychological type and attitude toward Christianity. Archiv für Religionspsychologie, 26, 1533.
Jackson, C. J., & Francis, L. J. (2004). Are interactions in Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory
proximal or distal in the prediction of religiosity: A test of the joint subsystems hypothesis.
Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1197-1209.
Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2004). Reliability and validity of a French translation of a short scale of
attitude toward Christianity. Pastoral Psychology, 52, 459-464.
Francis, L. J., Katz, Y. J., Yablon, Y., & Robbins, M. (2004). Religiosity, personality, and happiness:
A study among Israeli male undergraduates. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 315-333.
22
Bourke, R., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2005). Personality and attitude toward Christianity among
church musicians. North American Journal of Psychology, 7, 85-88.
Williams, E., Robbins, M., & Francis, L J. (2005). When introverts ceased to be more religious: A
study among 12- to 16-year-old pupils. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 26, 77-79.
Francis, L. J. (2005). Gender role orientation and attitude toward Christianity: A study among older
men and women in the United Kingdom. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 33, 179-186.
Francis, L. J., Kerr, S., & Lewis, C. A. (2005). Assessing attitude toward Christianity among
adolescents in South Africa: The Francis scale. South African Journal of Psychology, 35, 147155.
Francis, L. J., & Enger, E. (2005). Psykisk helse og holdning til Kristendommen blant
grunnskoleelever i Norge. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 42, 700-705.
Francis, L. J., Fearn, M., & Lewis, C. A. (2005). The impact of personality and religion on attitudes
toward alcohol among 16- to 18-year olds in Northern Ireland. Journal of Religion and
Health, 44, 267-289.
Francis, L. J. & Greer, J. E. (1990). Catholic schools and adolescent religiosity in Northern Ireland:
Shaping moral values. Irish Journal of Education, 24, 40-47.
Lewis, C. A., Francis, L. J., Ziebertz, H.-G., & Kwiran, M. (2005). Reliability and validity of a
German translation of a short scale of attitude toward Christianity, Individual Differences
Research, 3, 205-212.
Francis, L. J., Sahin, A., & Al-Ansari, e. (2006). The psychometric properties of the Sahin-Francis
Scale of Attitude toward Islam among young adults in Kuwait. Muslim Education Quarterly,
23, 69-82.
Francis, L. J. (2006). Attitude toward Christianity and premarital sex. Psychological Reports, 98, 140.
Williams, E., Robbins M., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Personality and religion among adolescents in
Wales. The Psychologist in Wales, 19, 21-22.
Lewis, C. A., Cruise, S. M., McGuckin, C., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Temporal stability of the Francis
Scale of Attitude toward Christianity among 9- to 11-year-old English children: Test-retest
data over six weeks. Social Behaviour and Personality, 34, 1081-1086.
Williams, E., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Personality and attitude toward Christianity among churchgoers:
A replication. Psychological Reports, 99, 292-294.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2006). Attitude toward Christianity and paranormal belief
among 13- to 16-year-old students. Psychological Reports, 99, 266.
Francis, L. J., ap Siôn, T., Lewis, C. A., Robbins, M., & Barnes, L. P. (2006). Attitude toward
Christianity and religious experience: Replication among 16- to 18-year-old adolescents in
Northern Ireland. Research in Education, 76, 56-61.
Francis L. J., & Katz, Y. J. (2007). Measuring attitude toward Judaism: The internal consistency
reliability of the Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Judaism. Mental Health, Religion and
Culture, 10, 309-324. ISSN 1367-4676.
Bourke R., Francis L. J., & Robbins, M. (2007). Cattell’s personality model and attitude toward
Christianity. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 353-362. ISSN 1367-4676.
23
Francis L. J., & Burton, L. (2007). The relationship between psychological health and attitude toward
Christianity among 11- to 15-year-old pupils in England. Journal of Research on Christian
Education, 16, 83-102. ISSN 1065-6219.
Francis L. J., Robbins M., ap Siôn T, Lewis C. A., & Barnes, L. P. (2007). Psychological health and
attitude toward Christianity among Protestant and Catholic sixth-form pupils in Northern
Ireland. Pastoral Psychology, 56, 157-164. ISSN 0031-2789.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Lewis, C. A., Barnes L. P., & ap Siôn, T. (2007). Attitude toward
Christianity among secondary school pupils in Northern Ireland: Shifts in denominational
differences. Educational Research, 49, 431-436. ISSN 0013-1881.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Santosh, R., & Bhanot, S. (2008). Religion and mental health among
Hindu young people in England. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 341-347. ISSN
1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., Sahin A., & Al-Failakawi, F. (2008). Psychometric properties of two Islamic measures
among young adults in Kuwait: The Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam and the
Sahin Index of Islamic Moral Values. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 3, 9-34. ISSN 15564908.
Francis, L. J., &Thomas, E. (2008).Welsh language adaptation of the short-form Junior Eysenck
Personality Questionnaire Revised (JEPQR-S). Psychologist in Wales, 21, 25-32. ISSN 14684756.
Francis, L. J., Santosh, Y. R., Robbins M., &Vij, S. (2008). Assessing attitude toward Hinduism: The
Santosh-Francis Scale. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 609-621. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., Hills P. R., Schludermann, E. & Schludermann, S. (2008). Religion, psychological wellbeing, and personality: A study among undergraduate students in Canada. Research in the
Social Scientific Study of Religion, 19, 1-16. ISSN 0922 2936.
Flere, S. Klanjsek, R., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2009). The psychometric properties of the
Slovenian translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity: A study among
Roman Catholic undergraduate students. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 29, 313-319. ISSN
1361 7672.
Francis, L. J., & Hermans, C.A.M. (2009). Psychological health and attitude toward Christianity: a
study among pupils attending Catholic schools in the Netherlands. Journal of Religious
Education, 57 (2), 47-55. ISSN 1442 018X.
Francis, L. J., Ispas, D. Robbins, M., Ilie A., & Iliescu, D. (2009). The Romanian translation of the
Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity: Internal consistency reliability, re-test reliability
and construct validity among undergraduate students within a Greek Orthodox culture.
Pastoral Psychology, 58, 49-54. ISSN 0031 2789.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., Astley, J., & Robbins, M. (2009). The relationship between paranormal
beliefs and attitude towards theistic beliefs. Journal for the Society of Psychical Research,
73(1), 33-40. ISSN 0037 1475.
Astley, J., & Francis, L. J. (2010). Promoting positive attitudes toward science and religion among
sixth-form pupils: Dealing with scientism and creationism. British Journal of Religious
Education.32, 189-200. ISSN 0141 6200.
24
Elken, A., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2010). The Estonian translation of the Francis Scale of
Attitude toward Christianity: Internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Journal of
Beliefs and Values, 31, 231-234. ISSN 1361 7672
Francis, L. J., Quesnell, M., & Lewis, C. A. (2010). Assessing attitude toward Christianity among
adolescents in the Czech Republic: The Francis Scale. Irish Journal of Psychology, 31, 125134. ISSN 0303 3910.
Hancock, L., Tiliopoulos, N, & Francis, L. J. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Francis Scale of
Attitude to Christianity among Australian Christians. Journal of Religious Education, 58(4),
72-75. ISSN 1442 018X.
Swindells, T., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2010). Shaping attitude toward Christianity among year
seven pupils: The influence of sex, church, home and primary school. Journal of Beliefs and
Values, 31, 343-348. ISSN 1361 7672.
Tiliopoulos, N., Francis, L. J., & Slattery, M. (2010), The internal consistency reliability of the
Santosh-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Hinduism among Hindu Bunts in South India. North
American Journal of Psychology, 12, 185-190. ISSN 1527 7143.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Billington, U. (2010). The Williams Scale of Attitude toward Paganism:
Development and application among British Pagans. Archive for the Psychology of Religion,
32, 179-193. ISSN 0084 6724.
Flere, S., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). The psychometric properties of the Serbian translation
of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity: A study among Eastern Orthodox
students. Pastoral Psychology, 60, 217-222. ISSN 0031 2789.
Lesmana, C. B. J., Tiliopoulos, N., & Francis, L. J. (2011). The internal consistency reliability of the
Santosh-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Hinduism among Balinese Hindus. International
Journal of Hindu Studies, 15, 293-301. ISSN 1022 4556.
Tiliopoulos, N., Francis, L. J., & Slattery, M. (2011). The affective dimension of religion and
happiness among Hindu Bunts in South India. Transpersonal Psychology Review, 14(2), 2529. ISSN 1336 6991.
Village, A., Francis, L. J., & Brockett, A. (2011). Religious affect among adolescents in a multi-faith
society: The role of personality and religious identity. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 32, 295301. ISSN 1361 7672.
Astley, J., Francis, L.J., & Robbins, M. (2012). Assessing attitude towards religion: The AstleyFrancis Scale of Attitude toward Theistic Belief. British Journal of Religious Education, 34,
183-193. ISSN 0141-6200.
Francis, L. J., Elken, A., & Robbins, M. (2012). The affective dimension of religion and personal
happiness among students in Estonia. Journal of Research in Christian Education, 21, 84-90.
ISSN 1065 6219.
25
6.
Psychological type and religion
Psychological type theory has its roots in the pioneering theory of Carl Jung, and has been
extended and made known through the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Since the early 1990s
Leslie J Francis has pioneered theoretical and empirical research on the connection between
psychological type theory and both the psychology of religion and empirical theory. He has
developed the Francis Psychological Type Scale (FPTS) and the SIFT method of biblical
hermeneutics and liturgical preaching. (See also Personality and religion, Preaching and
psychological type, Clergy and psychological type).
Books edited
Francis, L. J. (2005). Faith and psychology: Personality, religion and the individual. London: Darton,
Longman and Todd. pp xiv + 154. ISBN 0-232-52544-7.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (2009). Psychological type theory and religious and spiritual experience. In M. De
Souza, L. J. Francis, J. O’Higgins-Norman, & D. G. Scott (Eds.), International Handbook of
education for spirituality, care and wellbeing (pp 125-146). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-14020-9017-2.
Brewster, C. E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Maintaining a public ministry in rural England:
Work-related psychological health and psychological type among Anglican clergy serving in
multi-church benefices. In. L. J. Francis, & H-G. Ziebertz (Eds.) The public significance of
religion. (pp. 241-265). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978 9004 20706 6.
Francis, L. J. (2011). Applying the SIFT method. In J. Vincent (Ed.). Stilling the storm: Contemporary
responses to Mark 4:35-5:1 (pp. 79-87). Blandford Forum: Deo Publishing. ISBN 9781905679171.
Francis, L.J., Annis, J., Robbins, M., ap Sion, T., & Williams, E. (2012). National heritage and
spiritual awareness: A study in psychological type theory among visitors to St Davids
Cathedral. In F-V. Anthony, & H-G. Ziebertz (Eds.), Religious identity and national heritage:
Empirical theological perspectives (pp. 123-147). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978 9004 22875 7.
Francis, L.J., Powell, R., & Robbins, M. (2012). Profiling Catholic priests in Australia: An empirical
study applying psychological type theory. In A. W. Ata (Ed.), Catholics and Catholicism in
contemporary Australia: Challenges and achievements (pp. 282-298). Melbourne, Victoria:
David Lovell Publishing. ISBN 9781 8635 551427
Francis, L.J., and Robbins, M. (2012). The theology of religions and psychological type: An empirical
enquiry among participants at the Parliament of the World’s Reigions. In J. Astley, L.J.
Francis, M. Robbins, & M. Selçuck, M. (Eds.) (2012). Teaching religion, teaching truth:
Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 205-222). Oxford: Peter Lang. ISBN 978 3 0343
0818 2.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L.J. (2012). The psychological type profile of Australian Catholic
congregations: Psychological theory and congregational studies. In A. W. Ata (Ed.), Catholics
and Catholicism in contemporary Australia: Challenges and achievements (pp. 262-281).
Melbourne, Victoria: David Lovell Publishing. ISBN 9781 8635 551427.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Ross, C. J. F. (1997). The perceiving function and Christian spirituality:
distinguishing between sensing and intuition. Pastoral Sciences, 16, 93-103.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (1998). Personality and Christian belief among adult churchgoers.
Journal of Psychological Type, 47, 5-11.
26
Jones, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (1999). Personality type and attitude toward Christianity among student
churchgoers. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 20, 105-109.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (1999). Psychological type and tolerance for religious uncertainty.
Pastoral Psychology, 47, 253-259.
Francis, L.J., & Jones, S. H. (1999). The scale properties of the MBTI Form G (Anglicised) among
adult churchgoers. Pastoral Sciences Journal, 18, 107-126.
Francis, L. J., & Louden, S. H. (2000). Mystical orientation and psychological type: A study among
student and adult churchgoers. Transpersonal Psychology Review, 4(1), 36-42.
Francis, L. J., & Ross, C. F. J. (2000). Personality type and quest orientation of religiosity. Journal of
Psychological Type, 55, 22-25.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H., (2000). Psychological type and happiness: A study among adult
churchgoers. Journal of Psychological Type, 54, 36-41.
Francis, L. J. (2001). Personality type and communicating the gospel. Modern Believing, 42(1), 32-46.
Fearn, M., Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (2001). Attitude toward Christianity and psychological
type: A survey among religious studies students. Pastoral Psychology, 49, 341-348.
Francis, L. J. (2002). Psychological type and mystical orientation: Anticipating individual differences
within congregational life. Pastoral Sciences, 21, 77-93.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Boxer, A., Lewis, A., McGuckin, C., & McDaid, C. J. (2003).
Psychological type and attitude toward Christianity: A replication. Psychological Reports, 92,
89-90.
Craig, C., Francis, L. J., Bailey. J. & Robbins, M. (2003). Psychological types in Church in
Wales congregations. The Psychologist in Wales, 15, 18-21.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Craig, C. L. (2004). Personality and religion: the relationship between
psychological type and attitude toward Christianity. Archiv für Religionspsychologie, 26, 1533.
Francis, L. J., Duncan, B., Craig, C. L., & Luffman, G. (2004). Type patterns among Anglican
congregations in England. Journal of Adult Theological Education, 1, 66-77.
Ross, C. F. J., Francis, L. J., & Craig, C. L. (2005). Dogmatism, religion and psychological type.
Pastoral Psychology, 53.
Francis, L. J., Butler, A., & Craig, C. (2005). Understanding the Parochial Church Council: dynamics
of psychological type and gender. Contact, 147, 25-32.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (2005). Understanding human relationships: A theology and psychology
of individual differences. Crucible, (July-September) 8-13.
Craig, C. L., Bigio, J., Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2005). Psychological types of student members
of a Christian Union in Wales. The Psychologist in Wales, 18, 11-15.
Jones, S. H., Francis, L. J., & Craig, C. L. (2005). Charismatic experience and psychological type: An
empirical enquiry. Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association, 25, 39-53.
27
Francis, L. J., (2006). Psychological types of female trainee primary school teachers in Wales:
Teaching in a changing educational climate. Journal of Psychological Type, 66, 7-13.
Craig, C. L., Williams, A., Francis, L. J., Robbins, M. (2006). Psychological type and lay ministry
among women in the Church in Wales. The Psychologist in Wales, 19, 3-7.
Ross C. F. J., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Psychological type and Christian religious affiliation among
female undergraduates in Wales. Journal of Psychological Type, 66, 69-78.
Francis, L. J., Village, A., Robbins M., & Ineson, K. (2007). Mystical orientation and psychological
type: An empirical study among guests staying at a Benedictine Abbey. Studies in Spirituality,
17, 207-223. ISSN 0926-6453.
Francis, L. J. (2007). Faith and psychology: The contribution of empirical research and Jungian
psychological type theory to practical and pastoral theology. Psychology of Religion:
American Psychological Association Division 36 Newsletter, 32(2), 1-10.
Francis, L. J., Butler A., Jones, S. H., & Craig, C. L. (2007). Type patterns among active members of
the Anglican Church: a perspective from England. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10,
435-443. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis L. J., & Robbins, M. (2008). Psychological type and prayer preferences: A study among
Anglican clergy in the United Kingdom. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 67-84.
ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., Craig, C. L., & Hall, G. (2008). Psychological type and attitude toward Celtic
Christianity among committed churchgoers in the United Kingdom: An empirical study.
Journal of Contemporary Religion, 23, 181-191. ISSN 1353-7903.
Fawcett, B., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2009). Psychological type profile of religiously committed
male and female Canadian Baptist youth: a study among participants at Tidal Impact. Journal
of Youth Ministry, 8, 25-38. ISSN 1541 0412.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Village, A.(2009). Psychological type and the pulpit: An empirical
enquiry concerning preachers and the SIFT method of biblical hermeneutics. HTS Theological
Studies, 65(1), art.#161, 1-7. ISSN 0259 9422.
Village, A., Francis, L. J., & Craig, C. L. (2009). Church tradition and psychological type preferences
among Anglicans in England. Journal of Anglican Studies, 7, 93-109. ISSN 1740 3553.
Craig, C. L. Francis, L. J., & Barwick, J. (2010). Psychological type preferences of Christian groups:
Comparison with the UK population norms. Journal of Psychological Type, 70, 31-39. ISSN
1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., & Craig, C. L. (2010). Psychological types of bilingual and monolingual female
undergraduate students in Wales. Journal of Psychological Type, 70, 115-122.
Francis, L. J., Mansfield, S., Williams, E., & Village, A. (2010). Applying psychological type theory
to Cathedral visitors: A case study of two cathedrals in England and Wales. Visitor Studies,
13, 175-186. ISSN 1064 5578.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Murray, L. (2010). Psychological type and religious orientation: Do
introverts and extraverts go to church for different reasons? Mental Health, Religion and
Culture, 13, 821-827. ISSN 1367 4676.
28
Ross, C. F. J., & Francis, L. J. (2010). The relationship of intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious
orientations to Jungian psychological type among churchgoers in England and Wales. Mental
Health, Religion and Culture, 13, 805-819. ISSN 1367 4676.
Fawcett, B., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). The scale properties of the Adolescent form of the
Francis Psychological Type Scales (FPTSA) among Canadian Baptist youth. Pastoral
Psychology, 60, 201-216. ISSN 0031 2789.
Fawcett, B. G., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Imagining themselves as ministers: How
religiously committed Baptist youth respond to the Revised Payne Index of Ministry Styles
(PIMS2). Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 264-285. ISSN 1046 8064.
Francis, L. J., Barlow, R., & Martineau, J. (2011). Outreach at the county show: A study in
psychological profiling. Rural Theology, 9, 61-67. ISSN 1470 4994.
Francis, L. J., & Holmes, P. (2011). Ordained Local Ministers: The same Anglican orders, but of
different psychological temperaments? Rural Theology, 9, 151-160. ISSN 1470 4994.
Francis, L. J., Ineson, K., & Robbins, M. (2011). To whom the Abbey appeals: A study in
psychological type. Rural Theology, 8, 131-142. ISSN 1470 4994.
Francis, L.J., & Jones, S. H. (2011). Reading and proclaiming the resurrection: An empirical study in
psychological type theory among trainee and experienced preachers employing Mark 16 and
Matthew 28. Journal of Empirical Theology, 24, 1-18. ISSN 0922 2936.
Francis, L.J., Lankshear, D.W., & Robbins, M. (2011). Psychological types of female primary school
teachers in Anglican state-maintained schools in England and Wales: Implications for
continuing professional development. Research in Education, 86, 13-24, ISSN 0034 5237.
Francis, L.J., Robbins, M., & Craig, C.L. (2011). The psychological type profile of Anglican
churchgoers in England: Compatible or incompatible with their clergy? International Journal
of Practical Theology, 15, 243-259. ISSN 1430 6921.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Whinney, M. (2011). Women priests in the Church of England:
Psychological type profile. Religions, 2, 389-397. ISSN 2077 1444.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Wulff, K. (2011). Psychological type profile of clergywomen and
clergymen serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA): Implications for strengths and
weaknesses in ministry. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 192-211. ISSN
1046-8064.
Francis, L. J., Village, A., Robbins, M., & Wulff, K. (2011). Work-related psychological health
among clergy serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA): Testing the idea of balanced affect.
Review of Religious Research, 53, 9-22. ISSN 0034 673X.
Francis, L. J., Whinney, M., Burton, L., & Robbins, M. (2011). Psychological type preferences of
male and female Free Church Ministers in England. Research in the Social Scientific Study of
Religion, 22, 251-263. ISSN 1046-8064.
Kay, W. K., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). A distinctive leadership for a distinctive network of
churches? Psychological type theory and the Apostolic Networks. Journal of Pentecostal
Theology, 20, 306-322. ISSN 0966 7369.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2011). All are called, but some psychological types are more likely to
respond: Profiling churchgoers in Australia. Research in the Social Scientific Study of
Religion, 22, 213-229. ISSN 1046-8064.
29
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Ryland, A. (2011). Do introverts appreciate the same things as
extraverts within a ministry team? A study among leaders within the Newfrontiers network of
churches in the United Kingdom. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 306314. ISSN 1046-8064.
Tilley, D., Francis, L. J., Robbins M., & Jones, S. H. (2011). Apprentice clergy? The relationship
between expectations in ministry and the psychological type profile of training incumbents
and curates in the Church of England. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22,
286-305. ISSN 1046-8064.
Francis, L. J., Gubb, S., & Robbins, M. (2012). Work-related psychological health and psychological
type among Lead Elders within the Newfrontiers network of churches in the United Kingdom.
Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 40, 223-245. ISSN 1085 2352.
Francis, L. J., & Village, A. (2012). The psychological temperament of Anglican clergy in ordained
local ministry (OLM): The conserving, serving pastor? Journal of Empirical Theology, 25, 5776.
30
7.
Preaching and psychological type
Since the 1990s Leslie J Francis has pioneered research-based innovation within the fields of
hermeneutics and preaching. Drawing on Jungian psychological type theory he has refined the
SIFT method of biblical hermeneutics and liturgical preaching.
Books authored
Francis, L. J. (1997). Personality type and scripture: Exploring Marks’ gospel. London: Mowbray. pp
vi + 154. ISBN 0-304-70087-8.
Francis, L. J., & Atkins, P. (2000). Exploring Luke’s Gospel: A guide to the gospel readings in the
Revised Common Lectionary. London: Mowbray. pp x + 244. ISBN 0-264-67524-X.
Francis, L. J., & Atkins, P. (2001). Exploring Matthew’s Gospel: A guide to the gospel readings in the
Revised Common Lectionary. London: Mowbray. pp x +224. ISBN 0-264-67531-2.
Francis, L. J., & Atkins, P. (2002). Exploring Mark’s Gospel: An aid for readers and preachers using
year B of the Revised Common Lectionary. London: Continuum. pp viii + 248. ISBN 0-82646562-5.
Francis, L. J., & Village, A. (2008). Preaching with all our souls: A study in Hermeneutics and
psychological type. London: Continuum. pp. x + 171. ISBN 978 0 8264 93262.
Francis, L. J. (2009). The Gospel in the Willows. London: Darton Longman and Todd. pp. 182. ISBN
978-0-232-52772-8
Books edited
Day, D., Astley, J., & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (2005). Making connections: A reader on preaching.
Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. x + 291. ISBN 0-7546-5009-X and ISBN 0-7546-5003-0.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (2005). Psychological type and biblical hermeneutics: SIFT method of preaching. In D.
Day, J. Astley, & L. J. Francis (Eds.) Making connections: A reader on preaching (pp. 75-82).
Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5009-X and ISBN 0-7546-5003-0.
Francis, L. J. (2006). Mark and psychological type. In J. Vincent (Ed.), Mark’s Gospel of action:
Personal and community responses (pp. 98-108). London: SPCK. ISBN 0-281-05831-8.
Francis, L. J. (2007). Psychological types. In F. Watts (Ed.), Jesus and psychology (pp. 137-154).
London: Darton, Longman and Todd. ISBN 0-232-52709-1.
Francis, L. J. (2007). Personality type and scripture. In W. G. Rollins & D. A. Kille (Eds.),
Psychological insight into the Bible: Texts and readings (pp. 95-96). Grand Rapids, Michigan:
William B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4155-1.
Francis, L. J. (2010). Preaching and personality: the SIFT approach. In G. Stevenson (Ed.). The future
of preaching (pp. 159-176). Norwich: SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-04362-1.
Francis, L. J. (2011). Applying the SIFT method. In J. Vincent (Ed.). Stilling the storm: Contemporary
responses to Mark 4:35-5:1. Blandford Forum: Deo Publishing. ISBN 978-1905679171.
Articles
Francis, L. J. (2003). Psychological type and biblical hermeneutics: SIFT method of preaching. Rural
Theology, 1, 13-23.
31
Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2005). The relationship of psychological type preferences to biblical
interpretation. Journal of Empirical Theology, 18(1), 74-89.
Francis, L. J. (2006). Psychological type and liturgical preaching: The SIFT method. Liturgy, 21(3),
11-20.
Francis, L. J. (2010). Five loaves and two fishes: An empirical study in psychological type and
biblical hermeneutics among Anglican preachers. HTS Theological Studies, 66(1) article 811,
1-5. ISSN 0259 9422.
Francis, L.J., & Jones, S. H. (2011). Reading and proclaiming the resurrection: An empirical study in
psychological type theory among trainee and experienced preachers employing Mark 16 and
Matthew 28. Journal of Empirical Theology, 24, 1-18. ISSN 0922 2936.
32
8.
Personality and religion
Since the 1970s Leslie J Francis has undertaken a series of studies exploring the connection
between established models of personality and aspects of religion. This research tradition has
concentrated specifically on the three dimensional model of personality proposed by Hans
Eysenck, and has also used the 16 factor model proposed by Cattell, the big five factor model,
and psychological type theory. (see also Psychological type and religion).
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1985). Personality and religion: theory and measurement. In L. B. Brown (Ed.),
Advances in the psychology of religion (pp. 171-184). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08027948-1.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Religion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and
Mental Health (pp. 149-160). New York: Oxford University Press, pp 149-160. ISBN 0-19506985-4.
Francis, L. J. (1994). Personality and religious development during childhood and adolescence. In L.
B. Brown (Ed.), Religion, personality and mental health (pp. 94-118). New York: SpringerVerlag. ISBN 0-387-97773-2 and ISBN 3-540-97773-2.
Lewis J. M. & Francis L. J. (1996). Personality and attitude towards religious education among
adolescents. In L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious
education (pp. 229-238). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312053-7.
Francis, L. J. (2004). Personality theory, empirical theology and normativity. In J.A. van der Ven &
M. Scherer-Rath (Eds.), Normativity and empirical research in theology (pp. 137-158).
Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9-004-12663-5.
Francis, L. J. (2005). Prayer, personality and purpose in life among churchgoing and non-churchgoing
adolescents. In L. J. Francis, M. Robbins, & J. Astley (Eds.), Religion, education and
adolescence: International empirical perspectives (pp. 15-38). Cardiff: University of Wales
Press. ISBN 0-7083-1957-2.
Articles
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., Carter, M., & Kay, W.K. (1981). Are introverts more religious? British
Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 101-104.
Crookes, T. G., Pearson, P. R., Francis, L. J., & Carter, M. (1981). Extraversion and performance on
raven's matrices in 15-16 year old children: An examination of Anthony's theory of the
development of extraversion. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 109-111.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., Carter, M., & Kay, W.K. (1981). The relationship between neuroticism
and religiosity among English 15- and 16-year olds. Journal of Social Psychology, 114, 99102.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Kay, W. K. (1982). Eysenck’s personality quadrants and religiosity.
British Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 262-264.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Kay, W. K. (1983). Are introverts still more religious? Personality
and Individual Differences, 4, 211-212.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Kay, W. K. (1983). Are religious children bigger liars? Psychological
Reports, 52, 551-554.
33
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Kay, W. K. (1983). Neuroticism and religiosity among English school
children. Journal of Social Psychology, 121, 149-150.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P. R., & Stubbs, M. T. (1985). Personality and religion among low ability
children in residential special schools. British Journal of Mental Subnormality, 31, 41-45.
Francis, L .J., & Pearson, P. R. (1985). Psychoticism and religiosity among 15 year olds. Personality
and Individual Differences, 6, 397-398.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1985). Extraversion and religiosity. Journal of Social Psychology,
125, 269-270.
Pearson, P. R., Francis, L. J., & Lightbown, T. J. (1986). Impulsivity and religiosity. Personality and
Individual Differences, 7, 89-94.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1988). Religiosity and the short-scale EPQ-R indices of E, N and L,
compared with the JEPI, JEPQ and EPQ. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 653-657.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1988). The development of a short form of the JEPQ (JEPQ-S): its
use in measuring personality and religion. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 911-916.
Francis, L. J., Pearson, P.R., & Kay, W. K. (1988). Religiosity and lie scores: A question of
interpretation. Social Behaviour and Personality, 16, 91-95.
Francis, L. J., Lankshear, D. W., & Pearson, P. R. (1989). The relationship between religiosity and the
short form JEPQ (JEPQ-S) indices of E, N, L and P among eleven year olds. Personality and
Individual Differences, 10, 763-769.
Pearson, P. R., & Francis, L. J. (1989). The dual nature of the Eysenckian lie scales: are religious
adolescents more truthful? Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1041-1048.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1991). Religiosity, gender and the two faces of neuroticism. Irish
Journal of Psychology, 12, 60-68.
Francis, L. J. (1991). Personality and attitude towards religion among adult churchgoers in England.
Psychological Reports, 69, 791-794.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Is psychoticism really a dimension of personality fundamental to religiosity?
Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 645-652.
Francis, L. J., & Bennett, G. A. (1992). Personality and religion among female drug misusers. Drug
and Alcohol Dependence, 30, 27-31.
Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. (1992). The relationship between personality and religiosity in an Israeli
sample. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31, 153-162.
Francis, L. J. (1992). The personality characteristics of student members of the Cambridge Intercollegiate Christian Union. College Student Journal, 26, 310-315.
Francis, L. J. (1993). Personality and religion among college students in the UK. Personality and
Individual Differences, 14, 619-622.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1993). The personality characteristics of student churchgoers.
Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 373-380.
34
Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1994). Personality, prayer and church attendance among 16-18 year old
girls in England. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 243-246.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Gibbs, D. (1995). Personality and religion: A study among 8-11 year
olds. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 16(1), 1-6.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, J. M., Brown, L. B., Philipchalk, R., & Lester, D. (1995). Personality and
religion among undergraduate students in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia and
Canada. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 14, 250-262.
Kay, W. K., &Francis, L. J. (1995). Personality, mental health and glossolalia. Pneuma, 17, 253-263.
Carter, M., Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Personality and attitude toward Christianity among
committed adult Christians. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 265-266.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Martineau, J. (1996). Personality and religion: Who goes to church for
fun? Irish Journal of Psychology, 17, 71-74.
Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1996). Prayer, church attendance and personality revisited: A study
among 16 to 19 year old girls. Psychological Reports, 79, 1265-1266.
Francis, L. J. & Astley, J. (1996). Personality and prayer among adult churchgoers: A replication.
Social Behaviour and Personality, 24, 405-408.
Francis, L. J. (1996). Personality and prayer among adult churchgoers. Irish Journal of Psychology,
17, 282-289.
Wilcox, C., & Francis, L. J. (1997). Personality and religion among A level religious studies students.
International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 1(2), 48-56.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (1997). Personality and charismatic experience among adult Christians.
Pastoral Psychology, 45, 421-428.
Francis, L. J., & Daniel, E. D. (1997). Personality and prayer among churchgoing Methodists in
England. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 18, 235-237.
Francis, L. J., Astley, J., Kay, W. K., & Carter, M. (1997). Is adult Christian education mainly for
stable extraverts? Studies in the Education of Adults, 29, 191-199.
Francis, L. J., & Bolger, J. (1997). Personality, prayer and church attendance in later life. Social
Behaviour and Personality, 25, 335-338.
Francis, L. J. (1997). Personality, prayer and church attendance among undergraduate students.
International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 7, 127-132.
Francis, L. J. (1998). Dogmatism and Eysenck’s two-dimensional model of personality revisited.
Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 571-573.
Francis, L. J. (1998). The relationship between intelligence and religiosity among 15 to 16 year olds.
Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 1, 185-196.
Orchard, A. & Francis, L. J. (1998). Neuroticism and strength of religious attitudes among
churchgoers in England. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 19, 231-236.
Francis, L. J., & Fearn, M. (1999). Religion and personality: A study among A-level students.
Transpersonal Psychology Review, 3(2), 26-30.
35
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Kelly, P. (1999). Personality and church attendance among female
hockey players. Social Behaviour and Personality, 27, 519-522.
Francis, L. J. (1999) Personality and attitude toward Christianity among undergraduates. Journal of
Research on Christian Education, 8, 179-195.
Francis, L. J., & Kwiran, M. (1999). Personality and religion among secondary pupils in Germany.
Panorama, 11, 34-44.
Bourke, R., Francis, L. J. (2000). Personality and religion among music students. Pastoral
Psychology, 48, 437-444.
Kaldor, P., & Francis, L. J. (2000). Personality and popular Christian belief in an Australian
population survey. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 21, 227-232.
Fearn, M., Booker, B. B., &.Francis, L. J., (2001). Personality and church attendance among artists.
Journal of Beliefs and Values, 22, 225-228.
Kaldor, P., Francis, L. J., & Fisher, J. W. (2002). Personality and spirituality: Christian prayer and
Eastern meditation are not the same. Pastoral Psychology, 50, 165-172.
Bourke, R., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2002). Personality and prayer among practising Quakers.
The Psychologist in Wales, 13, 10-12.
Kaldor, P., Francis, L. J., & Hughes, P. (2002). Personality and community involvement: Is
churchgoing different? Journal of Beliefs and Values, 23, 101-105.
Francis, L. J., & Jackson, C. J. (2003). Eysenck’s dimensional model of personality and religion: are
religious people more neurotic? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 6, 87–100.
Francis, L. J., Bourke, R., & Robbins, M. (2003). Quakerism: A faith for introverts? Pastoral
Psychology, 51, 387-390.
Fearn, M., Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2003). Religion and personality among religious studies
students: a replication. Psychological Reports, 93, 819-822.
Francis, L. J., & Bourke, R. (2003). Personality and religion: Applying Cattell’s model among
secondary school pupils. Current Psychology, 22, 125-137.
Francis, L. J., & Kerr, S. (2003). Personality and religion among secondary school pupils in South
Africa in the early 1990s. Religion and Theology: A journal of contemporary religious
discourse, 10, 224-236.
Hills, P., Francis, L. J., Argyle, M., & Jackson, C. J. (2004). Primary personality trait correlates of
religious practice and orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 61-73.
Francis, L. J., & Thomas, E. M. (2004).Personoliaeth a chrefydd ymysg siaradwyr Cymraeg 9-11
mlwydd oed. Welsh Journal of Education, 12(2), 99-110.
Jackson, C. J., & Francis, L. J. (2004). Are interactions in Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory
proximal or distal in the prediction of religiosity: a test of the joint subsystems hypothesis.
Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1197-1209.
Lewis, C. A., Francis, L. J., & Enger, T. (2004). Personality, prayer, and church attendance among a
sample of 11 and 18 year olds in Norway. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 7, 269-274.
36
Bourke, R., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2005). Personality and attitude toward Christianity among
church musicians. North American Journal of Psychology, 7, 85-88.
Williams, E., Robbins, M., & Francis, L J. (2005). When introverts ceased to be more religious: A
study among 12- to 16-year-old pupils. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 26, 77-79.
Williams, E., Robbins M., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Personality and religion among adolescents in
Wales. The Psychologist in Wales, 19, 21-22.
Williams, E., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Personality and attitude toward Christianity among churchgoers:
A replication. Psychological Reports, 99, 292-294.
Bourke R., Francis L. J., & Robbins, M. (2007). Cattell’s personality model and attitude toward
Christianity. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 353-362. ISSN 1367-4676.
Williams, E., Francis L. J., & Robbins, M. (2007). Personality and paranormal belief: A study among
adolescents. Pastoral Psychology, 56, 9-14. ISSN 0031-2789.
Francis, L. J., & Pocock, N. (2009). Personality and religious maturity. Pastoral Psychology, 57, 235242. ISSN 0031 2789.
Francis, L. J., & Williams, E. (2009). Alternative spiritualities: Difference personalities? An empirical
enquiry concerning paranormal beliefs and traditional religiosity among 14- to 16-year-old
students. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 20, 69-84. ISSN 1046 8064.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Billington, U. (2009). Neuroticism and intensity of religious affect
among practising British pagans. Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies,
11, 223-239. ISSN 1528 0268.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Robbins, M. (2009). Christianity, paranormal belief and personality: A
study among 13- to 16-year-old pupils in England and Wales. Archive for the Psychology of
Religion, 31, 337-344. ISSN 0084 6724.
Francis, L. J. (2010). Personality and religious orientation: Shifting sands on firm foundations? Mental
Health, Religion and Culture, 13, 793-803. ISSN 1367 4676.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Robbins, M. (2010). Personality, conventional Christian belief and
unconventional paranormal belief: A study among teenagers. British Journal of Religious
Education 31, 31-39. ISSN 0084 6724.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., McIlroy, D., Clarke, R., & Pritchard, L. (2010). Three religious
orientations and five personality factors: An exploratory study among adults in England.
Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 13, 771-775. ISSN 1367 4676.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Williams, E. (2010). Conventional Christian belief and unconventional
paranormal belief among teenagers in Northern Ireland: A personality and individual
differences approach. Irish Journal of Psychology, 31, 87-94. ISSN 0303-3910.
Village, A., Francis, L. J., & Brockett, A. (2011). Religious affect among adolescents in a multi-faith
society: The role of personality and religious identity. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 32, 295301. ISSN 1361 7672.
37
9.
Clergy and psychological type
Since the 1990s Leslie J Francis has pioneered a range of empirical studies designed to apply
psychological type theory to the field of clergy studies. This research is both ecumenical and
international. (see also Clergy and personality).
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (2008). Psychological type and leadership styles: How to discern which type of leader
you are. In J. Nelson (Ed.), How to become a creative church leader (pp. 26-35). Norwich:
Canterbury Press. ISBN 9-781-853-11813-5.
Brewster, C. E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Maintaining a public ministry in rural England:
Work-related psychological health and psychological type among Anglican clergy serving in
multi-church benefices. In. L. J. Francis, & H-G. Ziebertz (Eds.) The public significance of
religion. (pp. 241-265). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978 9004 20706 6.
Francis, L.J., Powell, R., & Robbins, M. (2012). Profiling Catholic priests in Australia: An empirical
study applying psychological type theory. In A. W. Ata (Ed.), Catholics and Catholicism in
contemporary Australia: Challenges and achievements (pp. 282-298). Melbourne, Victoria:
David Lovell Publishing. ISBN 9781 8635 551427
Articles
Francis, L. J., Payne, V.J., & Jones, S. H. (2001). Psychological types of male Anglican clergy in
Wales. Journal of Psychological Type, 56, 19-23.
Francis, L. J., Penson, A. W., & Jones, S. H. (2001). Psychological types of male and female Bible
college students in England. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 4, 23-32.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2002). Psychological types of male evangelical church leaders. Journal
of Belief and Values, 23, 217-220.
Francis, L. J., & Payne, J. V. (2002). The Payne Index of Ministry Styles (PIMS): Ministry styles and
psychological type among male Anglican clergy in Wales. Research in the Social Scientific
Study of Religion, 13, 125-141.
Craig, C. L., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2004). Psychological type and sex differences among
church leaders in the United Kingdom. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 25, 3-13.
Craig, C. L., Horsfall, T., & Francis, L. J. (2005). Psychological types of male evangelical missionary
personnel training in England: a role for thinking type men? Pastoral Psychology, 53, 475482.
Francis, L. J., Craig, C. L., Horsfall, T., & Ross, C. J. F. (2005). Psychological types of male and
female evangelical lay church leaders in England, compared with United Kingdom population
norms. Fieldwork in Religion, 1, 69-83.
Craig, C. L., Duncan, B., & Francis, L. J., (2006). Safeguarding tradition: Psychological type
preferences of male vergers in the Church of England. Pastoral Psychology, 54, 457-463.
Craig, C. L., Duncan, B., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Psychological type preferences of Roman Catholic
priests in the United Kingdom. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 27, 157-164.
Lewis, C. A., Turton, D. W., & Francis, L. J. (2007). Clergy work-related psychological health, stress,
and burnout: An introduction to the special issue of Mental Health, Religion and Culture.
Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 1-8. ISSN 1367-4676.
38
Francis, L. J., Craig C. L., & Butler, A. (2007). Psychological types of male evangelical Anglican
seminarians in England. Journal of Psychological Type, 67, 11-17. ISSN 0895-8750.
Francis, L. J., Nash, P., Nash, S., & Craig, C. L. (2007). Psychology and youth ministry:
psychological type preferences of Christian youth workers in the United Kingdom. Journal of
Youth Ministry, 5(2), 73-90. ISSN 1541-0412.
Francis, L. J., Craig, C. L., Whinney, M., Tilley, D. & Slater, P. (2007). Psychological typology of
Anglican clergy in England: Diversity, strengths, and weaknesses in ministry. International
Journal of Practical Theology, 11, 266-284. ISSN 1430 6921.
Kay W. K., Francis L. J., & Craig, C. (2008). Psychological type preferences of male British
Assemblies of God theological college students: Tough-minded or tender-hearted? Journal of
the European Pentecostal Theological Association, 28, 6-20. ISSN 1812-4461.
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (2008). Psychological type preferences of female Bible College students
in England. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 29, 101-105. ISSN 1361-7672.
Francis, L. J., Wulff, K., & Robbins, M. (2008). The relationship between work-related psychological
health and psychological type among clergy serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA).
Journal of Empirical Theology, 21, 166-182. ISSN 0922 2936.
Francis, L. J., Gubb, S., & Robbins, M. (2009). Psychological type profile of Lead Elders within the
Newfrontiers network of churches in the United Kingdom. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 30,
61-69. ISSN 1361 7672.
Francis, L. J., Hancocks, G., Swift, C., & Robbins, M. (2009). Distinctive call, distinctive profile: The
psychological type profile of Church of England full-time hospital chaplains. Practical
Theology, 2, 269-284. ISSN 1756 073X.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Kaldor, K., & Castle, K. (2009). Psychological type and work-related
psychological health among clergy in Australia, England and New Zealand. Journal of
Psychology and Christianity, 28, 200-212. ISSN 0733 4273.
Burton, L., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2010). Psychological type profile of Methodist circuit
ministers in Britain: similarities with and differences from Anglican clergy. Journal of
Empirical Theology, 23, 64-81. ISSN 0922 2936.
Francis, L. J., Littler, K., & Robbins, M. (2010). Psychological type and Offa’s Dyke: Exploring
differences in the psychological type profile of Anglican clergy serving in England and Wales.
Contemporary Wales, 23, 240-251. ISBN 978-0-7883-2313-7.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2010). Work-related psychological health among Church of England
clergywomen: Individual differences and psychological type. Review of Religious Research,
52, 57-71. ISSN 0034 673X.
Francis, L.J., Robbins, M., & Craig, C.L. (2011). The psychological type profile of Anglican
churchgoers in England: Compatible or incompatible with their clergy? International Journal
of Practical Theology, 15, 243-259. ISSN 1430 6921.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Whinney, M. (2011). Women priests in the Church of England:
Psychological type profile. Religions, 2, 389-397. ISSN 2077 1444.
39
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Wulff, K. (2011). Psychological type profile of clergywomen and
clergymen serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA): Implications for strengths and
weaknesses in ministry. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 192-211. ISSN
1046-8064.
Francis, L. J., Village, A., Robbins, M., & Wulff, K. (2011). Work-related psychological health
among clergy serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA): Testing the idea of balanced affect.
Review of Religious Research, 53, 9-22. ISSN 0034 673X.
Francis, L. J., Whinney, M., Burton, L., & Robbins, M. (2011). Psychological type preferences of
male and female Free Church Ministers in England. Research in the Social Scientific Study of
Religion, 22, 251-263. ISSN 1046-8064.
Kay, W. K., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). A distinctive leadership for a distinctive network of
churches? Psychological type theory and the Apostolic Networks. Journal of Pentecostal
Theology, 20, 306-322. ISSN 0966 7369.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Ryland, A. (2011). Do introverts appreciate the same things as
extraverts within a ministry team? A study among leaders within the Newfrontiers network of
churches in the United Kingdom. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 306314. ISSN 1046-8064.
Tilley, D., Francis, L. J., Robbins M., & Jones, S. H. (2011). Apprentice clergy? The relationship
between expectations in ministry and the psychological type profile of training incumbents
and curates in the Church of England. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22,
286-305. ISSN 1046-8064.
Francis, L. J., Gubb, S., & Robbins, M. (2012). Work-related psychological health and psychological
type among Lead Elders within the Newfrontiers network of churches in the United Kingdom.
Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 40, 223-245. ISSN 1085 2352.
Francis, L. J., & Village, A. (2012). The psychological temperament of Anglican clergy in ordained
local ministry (OLM): The conserving, serving pastor? Journal of Empirical Theology, 25, 5776.
40
10.
Church leaving
Working with Philip Richter since the 1990s, Leslie J Francis has been concerned to listen to
church leavers employing both qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Books authored
Richter, P., & Francis, L. J. (1998). Gone but not forgotten: church leaving and returning. London:
Darton, Longman and Todd. pp xvi + 192 (ISBN 0-232-52236-7).
Francis, L. J., & Richter, P. (2007). Gone for good? Church-leaving and returning in the 21st century.
Peterborough: Epworth. pp viii + 360. ISBN 0-7162-0633-0.
Books edited
Francis, L. J. & Katz, Y. J. (Eds.). (2000). Joining and leaving religion: research perspectives.
Leominster: Gracewing. pp. x +336. ISBN 0-85244-517-2.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. & Brierley, P. W. (1997). The changing face of the British churches: 1975-1995. In M.
Bar-Lev & W. Shaffir (Eds.), Leaving religion and religious life (pp. 159-184). Greenwich,
Connecticut: JAI Press. ISBN 0-7623-0215-1.
41
11.
Clergy studies
Since the 1990s Leslie J Francis has co-ordinated a series of studies designed to listen to and
to profile clergy across a range of denominations. (see also Clergy and psychological type,
Clergy and work-related health).
Books authored
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (1999). The long diaconate: 1987-1994. Leominster: Gracewing. pp vi +
250. ISBN 0-85244-472-9.
Louden, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (2003). The naked parish priest: What priests really think they’re
doing. London: Continuum. pp viii + 232. ISBN 0-8264-6798-9.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Astley, J. (2005). Fragmented faith? Exposing the fault-lines in the
Church of England. Carlisle: Paternoster. pp x + 182. ISBN 1-84227-382-5.
Haley, J. M., & Francis, L. J. (2006). British Methodism: What circuit ministers really think.
Peterborough: Epworth. pp x + 326. ISBN 0-7162-0614-5.
Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2009). The mind of the Anglican clergy: Assessing attitudes and beliefs
in the Church of England. Lampeter: Mellen. ISBN 978 0 7734 4803 2.
Books edited
Francis, L. J. & Jones, S. H. (Eds.). (1996). Psychological perspectives on Christian ministry: A
reader. Leominster: Gracewing. pp. + 424. ISBN 0-85244-332-3.
Francis, J. M. M., & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (1998).Tentmaking: perspectives on self-supporting
ministry. Leominster: Gracewing. pp xviii + 436. ISBN 0-85244-369-2.
Booklets
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Kay, W. K. (2000). Pastoral care today: Practice, problems and
priorities in churches today. Farnham: CWR. pp. 32. ISBN 1-85345-169-X.
Francis, L. J ., & Robbins, M. (2004). Personality and the practice of ministry. Cambridge: Grove
Books. pp. 28. ISBN 1-85174-558-0.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. & Robbins, M. (1999). The selection process: comparing the experiences of stipendiary
and non-stipendiary Anglican clergywomen in the UK. In I. Lukatis & W. Lukatis (Eds.),
Education for Leadership: special aspect, gender (pp 151-160.). Hanover: Verlag
Sozialwissenschaftliche Studiengesellschaft,
Francis, L.J., Ryland, A., & Robbins, M. (2011). Emotional intelligence among church leaders:
applying the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale within Newfrontiers. In. S. Boag, & N.
Tiliopoulos (Eds.), Personality and individual differences: theory, assessment and application
(pp. 141-149). New York: Nova Science. ISBN 978 1611 22 070 4.
Articles
Rees, R. L. D., & Francis, L. J. (1991). Clergy response rates to work-related questionnaires: a
relationship between age, work load and burnout? Social Behaviour and Personality, 19, 4551.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1993). Ageing Anglican clergy and performance indicators in the
rural church, compared with the suburban church. Ageing and Society, 13, 339-363.
42
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1994). Deployment of ageing clergy within the Church of
England. Psychological Reports, 75, 366.
Francis, L. J. (1994). Priority given to rural and urban ministry in initial clergy training in the Church
of England. Crucible, 33, 186-189.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1994). Survey response rate as a function of age: A study among
clergy. Psychological Reports, 75, 1569-1570.
Robbins, M., Astley, J., & Francis, L. J. (1995). Christian education: Cinderella in ministerial training
priorities. British Journal of Theological Education, 7, 1, 3-12.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1995). Ageing clergy and ministry among children: A study of
Evangelical Anglican churches. Journal of Christian Education, 38, 1, 59-63.
Francis, L. J. & Robbins, M. (1995). Survey response rate as a function of age: Are female clergy
different? Psychological Reports, 77, 499-506.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (1995). The perceived role of psychology in the initial training of
Christian ministers of religion in the United Kingdom. Journal of Psychology and Theology,
23, 208-221.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Lankshear, D. W. (1995). Ageing Anglican clergy and effectiveness in
urban ministry. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 9(3), 23-33.
Randall, K. J., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Clergy response rates to surveys: Are they really a function of
age? Psychological Reports, 79, 701-702.
Francis, L. J., & Thomas, T. HL (1996). Are Anglo Catholic priests more feminine? A study among
male Anglican clergy. Pastoral Sciences, 15, 15-22.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (1996). A woman’s voice in a man’s world: Listening to women clergy
in the Church in Wales before the vote. Contemporary Wales, 9, 74-90.
Francis, L. J., & Thomas, T. H. (1996). Mystical orientation and personality among Anglican clergy.
Pastoral Psychology, 45, 99-105.
Francis, L. J., & Thomas, T. H. (1997). Are charismatic ministers less stable? A study among male
Anglican clergy. Review of Religious Research, 39, 61-69.
Jones, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (1997). The fate of the Welsh clergy: An attitude survey among male
clerics in the Church in Wales. Contemporary Wales, 10, 182-199.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (1999). The relationship between personality and
satisfaction/dissatisfaction with ministry among female stipendiary Anglican clergy in the UK.
Pastoral Psychology, 47, 439-444.
Robbins, M., Hair, J., & Francis, L. J. (1999). Personality and attraction to the charismatic movement:
a study among Anglican clergy. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 20, 239-246.
Francis, L. J., & Louden, S. H. (2000). The Francis-Louden Mystical Orientation Scale (MOS): A
study among Roman Catholic priests. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 11,
99-116.
43
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2000). Role prioritisation among clergywomen: The influence of
personality and church tradition among female stipendiary Anglican clerics in the UK. British
Journal of Theological Education, 11, 7-23.
Francis, L. J., Little, K. T., & Thomas, T. H. (2000). Fenced fonts or open doors? Implicit religion and
baptismal policy among clergy in the Church in Wales. Implicit Religion, 3, 73-86.
Jones. S .H., & Francis, L. J. (2000). Assessing guilt among non-stipendiary Anglican clergy in
Britain and Ireland: Gender differences. Pastoral Sciences, 19, 175-189.
Littler, K. T., Francis, L. J., & Thomas, T. H. (2001). Guarded gateway or wider witness? An
empirical survey of confirmation policy and practice among clergy in the Church in Wales.
Theology Wales, 36-54.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Louden, S. H., & Haley, J. M. (2001). A revised psychoticism scale for the
Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: A study among clergy. Psychological Reports,
88, 1131-1134.
Francis, L. J., & Turton, D. (2002). Are charismatic clergy more satisfied with their ministry? A study
among male parochial clergy in the Church of England. Mental Health, Religion and Culture,
5, 135-142.
Randall, K. J., & Francis, L. J., (2002). Are evangelical Anglican clergy as happy as they could be? A
quantitative perspective in empirical theology. British Journal of Theological Education,
13(1), 57-73.
Smith, G., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2002). Establishment or disestablishment? A survey among
Church of England clergy. Implicit Religion, 5, 105-120.
Littler, K. T., Francis, L. J., & Thomas, T. H. (2002). The admission of children to communion before
confirmation: A survey among Church in Wales’ clerics. Contact, 139, 24-38
Jones, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (2003). The pastoral care of the Anglican clergy: A matter of low selfesteem? Journal of Empirical Theology, 16(1), 20-30.
Smith, G., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2003). Who wants establishment? A comparison of clerical
and lay opinion in the Church of England. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 24, 349-365.
Francis, L. J. (2004). The impact of age, personality and churchmanship on baptism policy among
Anglican clergy in Wales. Modern Believing, 45(1), 20-32.
Village A., & Francis, L. J. (2008). Attitude toward homosexuality among Anglicans in England: the
effects of theological orientation and personality. Journal of Empirical Theology, 21, 68-87.
ISSN 1046 8064.
Astley, J., & Francis, L. J. (2009). Young vocations to ordained ministry in the Church of England: A
qualitative study. Practical Theology, 2, 253-267. ISSN 1756 073X.
Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2010). Have Anglo-catholics lost their vision for mission agencies? An
empirical enquiry among newly ordained clergy in Britain. Journal of Anglican Studies, 8, 5981. ISSN 1740 1553.
Ap Siôn, T., Francis, L. J., & Windsor, C. (2011). How Anglican clergy perceive Freemasonry: A
complementary system, an incompatible enemy, or a harmless eccentricity. Journal of
Contemporary Religion, 26, 225-243. ISSN 1353 7903.
44
Brewster, C., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). In ordained ministry there is neither male nor
female? The personality profile of male and female Anglican clergy engaged in multi-parish
rural ministry. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33, 241-251. ISSN 0084 6724.
Fawcett, B. G., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Imagining themselves as ministers: How
religiously committed Baptist youth respond to the Revised Payne Index of Ministry Styles
(PIMS2). Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 264-285. ISSN 1046 8064.
Francis, L. J., & Holmes, P. (2011). Ordained Local Ministers: The same Anglican orders, but of
different psychological temperaments? Rural Theology, 9, 151-160. ISSN 1470 4994.
Francis, L. J., & Littler, K. (2011). The Francis-Littler Charismatic Orientation Scale (COS): A study
in personality theory among Anglican clergymen. PentecoStudies, 10, 72-86. ISSN 20413599.
Jones, S. J., Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2011). Assessing the impact of Ordained Local Ministry on
the performance of Church of England dioceses, 1991-2003. Practical Theology. 4, 213-225.
ISSN 1756 073X.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Ryland, A. (2011). Do introverts appreciate the same things as
extraverts within a ministry team? A study among leaders within the Newfrontiers network of
churches in the United Kingdom. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 306314. ISSN 1046-8064.
Robbins, M., Littler, K., & Francis, L. J. (2011). The personality characteristics of Anglican
clergymen and clergywomen: The search for sex differences. Pastoral Psychology, 60, 877881. ISSN 0031 2789.
Rolph, J., Francis, L. J., Charlton, R., Robbins, M., & Rolph, P. (2011). Women ministers of word and
sacrament within the United Reformed Church: A health check. Journal of Beliefs and Values,
32, 19-32. ISSN 1361 7672.
Rolph, J., Rolph, R., Charlton, R., & Francis. L. J. (2011). Getting out in the countryside walking: The
health, lifestyle, and recreational pursuits of URC Ministers. Rural Theology, 9, 49-59. ISSN
1470 4994.
Tilley, D., Francis, L. J., Robbins M., & Jones, S. H. (2011). Apprentice clergy? The relationship
between expectations in ministry and the psychological type profile of training incumbents
and curates in the Church of England. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22,
286-305. ISSN 1046-8064.
Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2011). The visibility of mission agencies in general and USPG in
particular among recently ordained Anglican clergy: an empirical enquiry. Transformation,
28, 129-137. ISSN 0258 7696.
Berry, A., Francis, L. J., Rolph, J., & Rolph, P. (2012). Ministry and stress: Listening to Anglican
clergy in Wales. Pastoral Psychology, 61, 105-178. ISSN 0031 2789.
Francis, L. J., Gubb, S., & Robbins, M. (2012). Work-related psychological health and psychological
type among Lead Elders within the Newfrontiers network of churches in the United Kingdom.
Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 40, 223-245. ISSN 1085 2352.
Francis, L. J., & Village, A. (2012). The psychological temperament of Anglican clergy in ordained
local ministry (OLM): The conserving, serving pastor? Journal of Empirical Theology, 25, 5776.
45
12.
Clergy and work-related health
Since the 1990s Leslie J Francis has co-ordinated a series of studies concerned with clergy
work-related health. This research has included developing a modified form of the Maslach
Burnout Inventory and designing the Francis Burnout Inventory.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. & Turton, D. W. (2004). Recognising and understanding burnout among the clergy: a
perspective from empirical theology. In D. Herl & M.L. Berman (Eds.), Building bridges over
troubled waters: Enhancing pastoral care and guidance (pp. 307-331). Lima, Ohio:
Wyndham Hall Press. ISBN 1-55605-367-3.
Francis, L. J. & Turton, D. W. (2004). Reflective ministry and empirical theology: Antidote to clergy
stress? In C. A. M. Hermans, & M. E. Moore (Eds.), Hermeneutics and empirical research in
practical theology: The contribution of empirical theology by Johannes A van der Ven (pp.
245-265). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9-004-14208-8.
Brewster, C. E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Maintaining a public ministry in rural England:
Work-related psychological health and psychological type among Anglican clergy serving in
multi-church benefices. In. L. J. Francis, & H-G. Ziebertz (Eds.) The public significance of
religion (pp. 241-265). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978 9004 20706 6.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Rodger, R. (1994). The influence of personality on clergy role prioritization, role
influences, conflict and dissatisfaction with ministry. Personality and Individual Differences,
16, 947-957.
Francis, L. J., & Rutledge, C. J. F. (2000). Are rural clergy in the Church of England under greater
stress? A study in empirical theology. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 11,
173-191.
Turton, D. W., & Francis, L. J. (2002). Assessing ministerial job satisfaction: the reliability of the
revised MJSS among male Anglican clergy. Review of Religious Research, 44, 169-172.
Francis, L. J., Kaldor, P., Shevlin, M., & Lewis, A. (2004). Assessing emotional exhaustion among the
Australian clergy: Internal reliability and construct validity of the Scale of Emotional
Exhaustion in Ministry (SEEM). Review of Religious Research, 45, 269-277.
Francis, L. J., Louden, S. H., & Rutledge, C. J. F., (2004). Burnout among Roman Catholic parochial
clergy in England and Wales: Myth or reality? Review of Religious Research, 46, 5-19.
Hills, P., Francis, L. J., & Rutledge, C. J. F. (2004). The factor structure of a measure of burnout
specific to clergy, and its trial application with respect to some individual personal
differences. Review of Religious Research, 46, 27-42.
Rutledge, C. J. F. & Francis, L. J. (2004). Burnout among male Anglican parochial clergy in England:
Testing a modified form of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Research in the Social Scientific
Study of Religion, 15, 71-93.
Francis, L. J., Kaldor, P., Robbins, M., & Castle, K., (2005). Happy but exhausted? Assessing two
dimensions of work-related psychological health among clergy in Australia, England and New
Zealand. Pastoral Sciences, 24, 101-120.
Hills, P. R., & Francis, L. J. (2005). Global and differential work satisfaction among newly ordained
Anglican clergy: demographic factors, personality variables and theological orientation.
Journal of Empirical Theology, 18, 187-204.
46
Turton, D. W., & Francis, L. J. (2006). The relationship between parental images and ministerial job
satisfaction among Anglican clergymen in England. Research in the Social Scientific Study of
Religion, 17, 105-122.
Francis, L. J., Turton, D. W., & Louden, S. H. (2007). Dogs, cats and Catholic parochial clergy in
England and Wales: Exploring the relationship between companion animals and work-related
psychological health. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 47-60. ISSN 1367-4676.
Turton, D. W., & Francis, L. J. (2007). The relationship between attitude toward prayer and
professional burnout among Anglican parochial clergy in England: Are praying clergy
healthier clergy? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 61-74. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., Hills, P., & Rutledge, C. J. F. (2008). Clergy work-related satisfaction in parochial
ministry: The influence of personality and churchmanship. Mental Health, Religion and
Culture, Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 327-339. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., Wulff, K., & Robbins, M. (2008). The relationship between work-related psychological
health and psychological type among clergy serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA).
Journal of Empirical Theology, 21, 166-182. ISSN 0922 2936.
Charlton, R., Rolph, J., Francis, L. J., Rolph, P., & Robbins, M. (2009). Clergy work-related
psychological health: Listening to the ministers of word and sacrament within the United
Reformed Church in England. Pastoral Psychology, 58, 133-149. ISSN 0031 2789.
Francis, L. J., Hills, P., & Kaldor, P. (2009). The Oswald Clergy Burnout Scale: Reliability, factor
structure and preliminary application among Australian clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 58, 243252. ISSN 0031 2789.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Kaldor, K., & Castle, K. (2009). Psychological type and work-related
psychological health among clergy in Australia, England and New Zealand. Journal of
Psychology and Christianity, 28, 200-212. ISSN 0733 4273.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Rolph, J., Turton, D., & Rolph, P. (2010). The relationship between
recalled self-esteem as a child and current levels of professional burnout among Anglican
clergy in England. Pastoral Psychology, 59, 551-561. ISSN 1031 2789.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2010). Work-related psychological health among Church of England
clergywomen: Individual differences and psychological type. Review of Religious Research,
52, 57-71. ISSN 0034 673X.
Francis, L. J., Village, A., Robbins, M., & Wulff, K. (2011). Work-related psychological health
among clergy serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA): Testing the idea of balanced affect.
Review of Religious Research, 53, 9-22. ISSN 0034 673X.
Rolph, J., Francis, L. J., Charlton, R., Robbins, M., & Rolph, P. (2011). Women ministers of word and
sacrament within the United Reformed Church: A health check. Journal of Beliefs and Values,
32, 19-32. ISSN 1361 7672.
Rolph, J., Rolph, R., Charlton, R., & Francis. L. J. (2011). Getting out in the countryside walking: The
health, lifestyle, and recreational pursuits of URC Ministers. Rural Theology, 9, 49-59. ISSN
1470 4994.
Berry, A., Francis, L. J., Rolph, J., & Rolph, P. (2012). Ministry and stress: Listening to Anglican
clergy in Wales. Pastoral Psychology, 61, 105-178. ISSN 0031 2789.
47
Francis, L. J., Gubb, S., & Robbins, M. (2012). Work-related psychological health and psychological
type among Lead Elders within the Newfrontiers network of churches in the United Kingdom.
Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 40, 223-245. ISNN 1085 2352.
48
13.
Theology of Education
Since the 1970s Leslie J Francis has concentrated on developing research-based reflective
practice in the area of the church’s work among children and young people. As well as
promoting research in this field, he has developed a range of resources including the Teddy
Horsley series of books for young people.
Books authored
Francis, L. J. (1984). Teenagers and the Church: A profile of church-going youth in the 1980s.
London: Collins Liturgical Publications. pp xvi + 167. ISBN 0-00-599773-9.
Francis, L. J., & Astley, J. (2002). Children, churches and Christian learning. London: SPCK. pp 298
+ vi. ISBN 0-281-05532-7.
Books edited
Francis, L. J., & Thatcher, A. (Eds.). (1990). Christian perspectives for education: A reader in the
theology of education. Leominster: Gracewing. pp. xii + 394. ISBN 0-85244-161-4.
Astley, J. & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (1992). Christian perspectives on faith development: A reader.
Leominster: Gracewing and Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. pp. xxiv + 411. ISBN 055244-220-3.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (Eds.). (1993). Christian perspectives on Church schools: A
reader. Leominster: Gracewing. pp. xv + 502. ISBN 0-85244-235-1.
Astley, J., & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (1994). Critical perspectives on Christian education. Leominster:
Gracewing. pp xii + 513. ISBN 0-85244-8.
Astley, J. & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (1996). Christian theology and religious education. London: SPCK.
pp. xiv + 289. ISBN 0-281-04853-3.
Astley, J., Francis, L. J., & Crowder, C. (Eds.). (1996). Theological perspectives on Christian
formation: A reader on theology and Christian education. Leominster: Fowler Wright and
Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. pp. xix + 464. ISBN 0-85244-288-2 and ISBN 0-80280771-1.
Francis, L. J. (Ed.). (1999). Sociology, theology and the curriculum. London: Cassell. pp. xii + 214.
ISBN 0-304-70485-7.
Articles
Francis, L. J. (1979). Theology and education: A research perspective. Scottish Journal of Theology,
32, 61-70.
Francis, L. J. (1983). The logic of education, theology and the church school. Oxford Review of
Education, 9, 147-162.
Francis, L. J. (1990). Theology of education. British Journal of Educational Studies, 38, 349-364.
49
14.
Religious education
Religious education has been a key motivator for much of Leslie J Francis’ research. Some
key texts display this concern.
Books edited
Francis, L. J., Kay, W. K. & Campbell, W. S. (eds) (1996). Research in religious education.
Leominster: Gracewing and Macon, Georgia: Smyth and Helwys. pp. + 470. ISBN 0-85244342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (1997). Religion in education: 1. Leominster: Gracewing. pp. xii
+ 372. ISBN 0-85244-425-7.
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (1998). Religion in education: 2. Leominster: Gracewing. pp. xiv
+ 423. ISBN 0-85244-426-5.
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (2000). Religion in education: 3. Leominster: Gracewing. pp xiv +
479. ISBN 0-85244-427-3.
Francis, L. J., Astley, J., & Robbins, M. (Eds.). (2001). The fourth R for the third millenium:
Education in religion and values for the global future. Dublin: Lindisfarne Books. pp. 254.
ISBN 1-85390-507-0.
Kay, W. K., Francis, L. J., & Watson, K. (Eds.). (2003). Religion in education: 4. Leominster:
Gracewing. pp xiv + 41. ISBN 0-85244-585-7.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Astley, J. (Eds.). (2005). Religion, education and adolescence:
International, empirical perspectives. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. xii + 258. ISBN
0-7083-1957-2.
Astley, J., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (Eds.). (2007). Peace or violence: The ends of religion and
education. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. ix + 222. ISBN 0-7083-2078-5.
Astley, J., Francis, L.J., Robbins, M. and Selçuck, M. (Eds.) (2012). Teaching religion, teaching truth:
Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Oxford: Peter Lang. pp. xii + 281. ISBN 978 3 0343
0818 2.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. & Lewis, J. M. (1996). Who wants RE? A socio-psychological profile of adolescent
support for religious education. In J. Astley & L.J . Francis (Eds.), Christian Theology and
Religious Education: connections and contradictions (pp. 223-246). London, SPCK. ISBN 0281-04853-3.
Francis, L. J. (1996). Religious education. In P. Gordon (Ed.), A guide to educational research (pp.
105-146). London: Woburn Press. ISBN 0-7130-0192-5 and 0-7130-4024-6.
Francis, L. J. (2000). Research in religious education and church school studies, in W. K. Kay & L. J.
Francis (Eds.), Religion in Education: volume 3 (pp. 347-430). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN
0-85244-427-3.
Kay, W. K. & Francis, L. J. (2001). Religious education and school assembly in England and Wales:
what do religious minorities think? In H.-G. Heimbrock, C. Th. Scheilke, & P. Schreiner
(Eds.), Towards religious competence: Diversity as a challenge for education in Europe (pp.
117-128). Munster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-5015-0.
50
Francis, L. J. (2004). Research in religious education: a perspective from England and Wales. In R.
Larsson & C. Gustavsson (Eds.), Towards a European perspective on religious education (pp.
279-295). Stockholm: Artos and Norma. ISBN 91-7580-276-7.
Lewis, C. A., Barnes, L. P., Kieran, P., Cruise, S. M., Francis, L. J., & McGuckin, (2009). Ireland: the
teachers’ perspective on goals of religious education. In H-G Ziebertz, & U. Riegel (Eds.),
How teachers in Europe teach religion: An international empirical study in 16 Countries (pp.
81-95). Munster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 978-3-643-10043-6.
Francis, L. J. (2011). Empirical research. In L. P. Barnes (Ed.). Debates in Religious Education (pp.
157-167). London: Routledge. ISBN 978 0415 58391 6
Articles
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (1985). The seamless robe: Interdisciplinary enquiry in religious
education. British Journal of Religious Education, 7, 64-67.
Francis, L. J. (1984). Christianity and beliefs about religious education: A research note. Journal of
Christian Education, 81, 21-26, 1984
Astley, J., Francis, L. J., Burton, L., & Wilcox, C. (1997). Distinguishing between aims and methods
in RE: A study among secondary RE teachers. British Journal of Religious Education, 19,
171-185.
Francis, L. J., Astley, J., Wilcox, C., & Burton, L. (1999). The influence of in-service training on
teacher attitudes towards religious education in non-denominational schools in England.
Journal of In-Service Education, 25, 173-185.
Francis, L. J., Fearn, M., Astley, J., & Wilcox, C. (1999). The relationship between Christian
commitment and motivation to study religion at A-level: A preliminary investigation. Journal
of Education and Christian Belief, 3, 115-122.
Astley, J., & Francis, L. J. (2000). Teaching theology to undergraduates: Are mature students easier to
please? Journal of Beliefs and Values, 21, 117-120.
Astley, J., Francis, L. J., Wilcox, C., & Burton, L. (2000). How different is religious education in
Catholic schools? A study of teacher aims in RE. International Journal of Education and
Religion, 1, 267-281.
Francis, L. J., & Fearn, M. (2001). Assessing and interpreting learning preferences among A-level
religious studies students: The Revised Index of Learning Styles. British Journal of Religious
Education, 24, 41-51.
Francis, L. J., & Davies, G. (2002). School worship in the primary school: A premature obituary.
Panorama, 14, 37-43.
Fearn, M., & Francis, L. J. (2004). From A-level to higher education: Student perceptions of teaching
and learning in theology and religious studies. Discourse, 3(2), 58-91.
Loman, S. E., & Francis, L. J. (2004). Promoting the symbolic interpretation of scripture among year
seven pupils: evaluating an educational programme by the Loman Index of Biblical
Interpretation. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 25, 347-351.
Francis, L. J. (2005). Religion, education and adolescence: International and empirical perspective.
Panorama, 17, 106-115.
51
Loman, S. E., & Francis, l. J. (2006). The Loman Index of Biblical Interpretation: distinguishing
between literal, symbolic and rejecting modes among 11- to 14-year-olds. British Journal of
Religious Education, 28, 131-140.
Francis, L., J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Teaching secondary RE at faith schools in England and Wales:
Listening to the teachers. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 32, 219-233. ISSN 1361 7672.
52
15.
Prayer and psychology
While the topic of prayer was crucial to research on the psychology of religion during the
early years of the twentieth century, the subject was largely neglected until a renewed interest
emerged in the mid 1980s. Leslie J Francis was part of this renaissance.
Books edited
Francis, L. J., & Astley, J. (Eds.). (2001). Psychological perspectives on prayer: A reader.
Leominster: Gracewing. pp. xiv + 392. ISBN 0-85244-518-0.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (2005). Prayer, personality and purpose in life among churchgoing and non-churchgoing
adolescents. In L. J. Francis, M. Robbins, & J. Astley (Eds.), Religion, education and
adolescence: International empirical perspectives (pp. 15-38). Cardiff: University of Wales
Press. ISBN 0-7083-1957-2.
Ap Sion, T., & Francis, L. J. (2009). The psychology of prayer: A review of empirical research. In M.
De Souza, L. J. Francis, J. O’Higgins-Norman, & D. G. Scott (Eds.), International handbook
of education for spirituality, care and wellbeing (pp. 247-268). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN
978-1-4020-9017-2.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Brown, L. B. (1990). The predisposition to pray: A study of the social influence on
the predisposition to pray among eleven year old children in England. Journal of Empirical
Theology, 3, 2, 23-34.
Francis, L. J., & Brown, L. B. (1991). The influence of home, church and school on prayer among
sixteen year old adolescents in England. Review of Religious Research, 33, 112-122.
Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1994). Personality, prayer and church attendance among 16-18 year old
girls in England. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 243-246.
Francis, L. J., & Burton, L. (1994). The influence of personal prayer on purpose in life among
Catholic adolescents. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 15(2), 6-9.
Francis, L. J. & Evans, T. E. (1995). The psychology of Christian prayer: A review of empirical
research, Religion, 25, 371-388.
Montgomery, A., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Relationship between personal prayer and school-related
attitudes among 11-16-year old girls. Psychological Reports, 78, 787-793.
Francis, L. J., & Evans, T. E. (1996). The relationship between personal prayer and purpose in life
among churchgoing and non-churchgoing 12-15 year olds in the UK. Religious Education, 91,
9-21.
Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1996). Prayer, church attendance and personality revisited: A study
among 16 to 19 year old girls. Psychological Reports, 79, 1265-1266.
Francis, L. J. & Astley, J. (1996). Personality and prayer among adult churchgoers: A replication.
Social Behaviour and Personality, 24, 405-408.
Francis, L. J., & Gibbs, D. (1996). Prayer and self-esteem among 8-11 year olds in the UK. Journal of
Social Psychology, 136, 791-793.
Francis, L. J. (1996). Personality and prayer among adult churchgoers. Irish Journal of Psychology,
17, 282-289.
53
Francis, L. J., & Daniel, E. D. (1997). Personality and prayer among churchgoing Methodists in
England. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 18, 235-237.
Francis, L. J., & Bolger, J. (1997). Personality, prayer and church attendance in later life. Social
Behaviour and Personality, 25, 335-338.
Francis, L. J. (1997). Personality, prayer and church attendance among undergraduate students.
International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 7, 127-132.
L.J. Francis, L. J., & Johnson, P. (1999). Mental health, prayer and church attendance among primary
school teachers. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 2, 153-158.
Bourke, R., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2002). Personality and prayer among practising Quakers.
The Psychologist in Wales, 13, 10-12.
Robbins, M., Babington, P., & Francis, L. J. (2003). Personal prayer and school-related attitudes
among 8- to 11-year-olds. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 24, 245-248.
Robbins, M., Babington, P., & Francis, L. J. (2004). Correlations between attitude toward Christianity,
prayer and church attendance among 9 to 11 year olds. Psychological Reports, 94, 305-306.
Lewis, C. A., Francis, L. J., & Enger, T. (2004). Personality, prayer, and church attendance among a
sample of 11 and 18 year olds in Norway. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 7, 269-274.
Robbins, M., &. Francis, L. J. (2005). Purpose in life and prayer among Catholic and Protestant
adolescents in Northern Ireland. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 14, 73-93.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2006). Prayer, purpose in life, personality and social attitudes among
non-churchgoing 13- to 15-year-olds in England and Wales. Research in the Social Scientific
Study of Religion, 17, 123-155.
Turton, D. W., & Francis, L. J. (2007). The relationship between attitude toward prayer and
professional burnout among Anglican parochial clergy in England: Are praying clergy
healthier clergy? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 61-74. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis L. J., & Robbins, M. (2008). Psychological type and prayer preferences: A study among
Anglican clergy in the United Kingdom. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 67-84.
ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., Robbins M., Lewis C. A., & Barnes, L .P. (2008). Prayer and psychological health: A
study among sixth-form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland.
Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 85-92. ISSN 1367-4676.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Edwards, B. (2008). Prayer, personality and happiness: A study among
undergraduate students in Wales. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, Mental Health,
Religion and Culture, 11, 93-99. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2009). Prayer, purpose in life, and attitude toward substances: A study
among 13- to 15-year-olds in England and Wales. Counselling and Spirituality, 28(2), 83-104.
ISSN 0713 3383.
54
16.
Psychology of religion
The psychology of religion has underpinned Leslie J Francis’ theoretical and empirical
research. Some key texts display this concern.
Books edited
DeSouza, M., Francis, L. J., O’Higgins-Norman, J., & Scott, D. G. (Eds.). (2009). International
handbook of education for spirituality, care and wellbeing. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. xxvii +
1238. ISBN 978-1-4020-9017-2.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1995). The psychology of religion. In J. R. Hinnells (Ed.) A new dictionary of religions
(pp. 394-397). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18139-3.
Articles
Francis, L. J. (1978). The psychology of religion: Revived not yet reborn. Bulletin of the British
Psychological Society, 31, 44-45.
Francis, L. J. (1979). The psychology of religion: Beyond revival. Bulletin of the British
Psychological Society, 32, 141-142.
Francis, L. J. (1979). Research and the development of religious thinking. Educational Studies, 5, 109115.
Francis, L. J. (1981). Developments in the psychology of religion. Bulletin of the British
Psychological Society, 34, 387-388.
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (1983). Progress in the psychology of religious development. Lumen
Vitae, 38, 343-346.
Francis, L. J. (1983). Psychological studies of religion head for derailment. Religion, 13, 127-136.
Francis, L. J. (1997). The psychology of gender differences in religion: a review of empirical research.
Religion, 27, 81-96.
Francis, L. J. (2005). Faith and psychology: integration and application. Expository Times, 117, 58-63.
Schnell, T., Francis, L. J., Lewis, C. A. (2011). Psychological perspectives on implicit religion.
Implicit Religion, 4, 385-386. ISSN 1463 9955.
55
17.
Empirical theology
Leslie J Francis has been part of the international movement to shape the field of empirical
theology. He was a founding member of the editorial board of Journal of Empirical Theology
and of the International Society for Empirical Research in Theology (ISERT). He is a former
Vice President of ISERT. Some key texts display this concern.
Books edited
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Astley, J. (Eds.). (2009). Empirical theology in texts and tables:
Qualitative, quantitative and comparative perspectives. Leiden: Brill. pp. 400. ISSN 1389
1189 and ISBN 978 9004 16888 6.
Francis, L. J., & Ziebertz, H-G. (Eds.). (2011). The public significance of religion. Leiden: Brill. pp. xi
+ 495. ISBN 978 9004 20706 6.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (2003). A socio-psychological profile of young Anglicans in Wales: a study in empirical
theology. In R. Pope (Ed.), Honouring the past and shaping the future: Essays in honour of
Gareth Lloyd Jones (pp. 233-252). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-401-X.
Francis, L. J. & Turton, D. W. (2004). Recognising and understanding burnout among the clergy: a
perspective from empirical theology. In D. Herl & M.L. Berman (Eds.), Building bridges over
troubled waters: Enhancing pastoral care and guidance (pp. 307-331). Lima, Ohio:
Wyndham Hall Press. ISBN 1-55605-367-3.
Francis, L. J. (2004). Personality theory, empirical theology and normativity. In J.A. van der Ven &
M. Scherer-Rath (Eds.), Normativity and empirical research in theology (pp. 137-158).
Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9-004-12663-5.
Francis, L. J. & Turton, D. W. (2004). Reflective ministry and empirical theology: Antidote to clergy
stress? In C. A. M. Hermans, & M. E. Moore (Eds.), Hermeneutics and empirical research in
practical theology: The contribution of empirical theology by Johannes A van der Ven (pp.
245-265). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9-004-14208-8.
Francis, L. J. (2004). Empirical theology and hermeneutical religious education: a case study
concerning adolescent attitudes toward abortion. In H. Lombaerts & D. Pollefeyt (Eds.),
Hermeneutics and religious education (pp. 355-373). Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 90-429-1558-7.
Francis, L. J. (2006). Empirical theology and women bishops: Why listen to local churches? In R.
Bayley (Ed.), Theology Wales: The ordination of women to the episcopate (pp. 34-42).
Cardiff: Church in Wales Publications.
Francis, L. J. (2007). Empirical theology: Defining the task and selecting the tools. In H. Streib (Ed.),
Religion inside and outside traditional institutions (pp. 35-53). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-0415792-7.
Ap Sion, T., Francis, L. J., & Baker, S. (2009). The theological case for Christian schools in England
and Wales: A qualitative perspective listening to female alumnae. In L. J. Francis, M.
Robbins, & J. Astley (Eds.), Empirical theology in texts and tables: Qualitative, quantitative
and comparative perspectives (pp. 217-245). Leiden: Brill. ISSN 1389 1189, ISBN 978 9004
16888 6.
Francis, L. J. (2009). Comparative empirical research in religion: Conceptual and operational
challenges within empirical theology. In L. J. Francis, M. Robbins, & J. Astley (Eds.),
Empirical theology in texts and tables: Qualitative, quantitative and comparative perspectives
(pp. 127-152). Leiden: Brill. ISSN 1389 1189 ISBN 978 9004 16888 6.
56
Francis, L.J., and Robbins, M. (2012). The theology of religions and psychological type: An empirical
enquiry among participants at the Parliament of the World’s Reigions. In J. Astley, L.J.
Francis, M. Robbins, & M. Selçuck, M. (Eds.) (2012). Teaching religion, teaching truth:
Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 205-222). Oxford: Peter Lang. ISBN 978 3 0343
0818 2.
Articles
Francis, L. J., Lankshear, D. W., & Jones, S. H. (1998). Evangelical identity among young people: a
comparative study in empirical theology. Anvil, 15, 255-26.
Francis, L.J. (2002). Personality theory and empirical theology. Journal of Empirical Theology, 15,
37-53.
57
18.
Religion in Northern Ireland: teenagers
After meeting John Greer at a conference in New York in 1980, Leslie J Francis collaborated
with Greer’s pioneering research (began 1968) on the religious worldview of young people
growing up in the Protestant and Catholic communities. Following Greer’s death in 1994,
Francis has continued to maintain Greer’s sequence of studies over time.
Chapters
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1992). The teenage voice: the religious profile of pupils attending
Catholic and Protestant secondary schools in Northern Ireland. In P. Brierley (Ed.). The Irish
Christian Handbook (pp. 20-23). London: MARC Europe. ISBN 0-94769-797-7.
Francis, L. J. (1996). John E Greer: research pioneer in religious education. In L. J. Francis, W. K.
Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in Religious Education (pp. 11-30). Leominster:
Fowler Wright Books. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2007). God images and moral values among Protestant and Catholic
adolescents in Northern Ireland. In P. Heggy (Ed.), What do we Imagine God to be? The
function of ‘God images’ in our lives (pp. 109-122). Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 07734-5488-8.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1990). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity among pupils in
Protestant secondary schools in Northern Ireland. Personality and Individual Differences, 11,
853-856.
Greer, J. E., & Francis, L. J. (1990). The religious profile of pupils in Northern Ireland: A comparative
study of pupils attending Catholic and Protestant secondary schools. Journal of Empirical
Theology, 3(2), 35-50.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1990). Catholic schools and adolescent religiosity in Northern Ireland:
Shaping moral values. Irish Journal of Education, 24(2), 40-47.
Francis, L. J., Greer, J. E., & Gibson, H. M. (1991). Reliability and validity of a short measure of
attitude towards Christianity among secondary school pupils in England, Scotland and
Northern Ireland. Collected Original Resources in Education, 15(3), fiche 2, G09.
Greer, J. E., & Francis, L. J. (1991). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity among pupils in
Catholic secondary schools in Northern Ireland. Educational Research, 33, 70-73.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1992). Measuring Christian moral values among Catholic and Protestant
adolescents in Northern Ireland. Journal of Moral Education, 21, 59-65.
Greer, J. E., & Francis, L. J. (1992). Religious experience and attitude toward Christianity among
secondary school children in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 277-279.
Greer, J. E., &Francis, L. J. (1992). Measuring ‘rejection of Christianity’ among 14-16 year old
adolescents in Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland. Personality and Individual
Differences, 13, 1345-1348.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1993). The contribution of religious experience to Christian
development: a study among fourth, fifth and sixth year pupils in Northern Ireland. British
Journal of Religious Education, 15, 38-43.
Francis, L. J. (1995). John E. Greer: Research pioneer in religious education. Panorama, 7(1), 8-22.
58
Francis, L. J. (1997). John Edmund Greer 1932-1996: An appreciation. British Journal of Religious
Education, 19, 71-72.
Francis, L.J. & Greer, J. E. (1999). Attitude toward science among secondary pupils in Northern
Ireland: relationship with sex, age and religion. Research in Science and Technological
Education, 17, 67-74.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1999). Religious experience and attitude toward Christianity among
Protestant and Catholic adolescents in Northern Ireland. Research in Education, 61, 1-7.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1999). Attitudes towards creationism and evolutionary theory: the debate
among secondary pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland. Public
Understanding of Science, 8, 93-103.
Francis, L.J., & Greer, J. E. (1999). Measuring attitude toward science among secondary school
students: the affective domain, Research in Science and Technological Education, 17, 219226.
Francis, L. J., Gilpin, G., & Robbins, M. (1999). The reliability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward
Alcohol among student members of the Christian Union in Northern Ireland and Scotland.
Irish Journal of Psychology, 20, 89-92.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (2001). Shaping adolescents’ attitudes toward science and religion in
Northern Ireland: the role of scientism, creationism and denominational schools. Research in
Science and Technological Education, 19, 39-53.
Francis, L. J., Fearn, M., & Lewis, C. A. (2005). The impact of personality and religion on attitudes
toward alcohol among 16-18 year olds in Northern Ireland. Journal of Religion and Health,
44, 267-289.
Fearn, M., Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2005). Internal consistency reliability of the Francis Scale of
Attitude toward Alcohol among adolescents in Northern Ireland. Psychological Reports, 97,
321-324.
Robbins, M., &. Francis, L. J. (2005). Purpose in life and prayer among Catholic and Protestant
adolescents in Northern Ireland. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 14, 73-93.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Barnes L. P., & Lewis, C. A. (2006). Sixth-form religion in Northern
Ireland: The Protestant profile 1968-1998. British Journal of Religious Education, 28, 3-18.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Barnes, L. P., & Lewis, C. A. (2006). Religiously affiliated schools in
Northern-Ireland: The persistence of denominational differences in pupils’ religious and moral
values. Journal of Empirical Theology, 19, 182-202.
Francis, L. J., ap Siôn, T., Lewis, C. A., Robbins, M., & Barnes, L. P. (2006). Attitude toward
Christianity and religious experience: Replication among 16- to 18-year-old adolescents in
Northern Ireland. Research in Education, 76, 56-61.
Francis L. J., Robbins M., ap Siôn T, Lewis C. A., & Barnes, L. P. (2007). Psychological health and
attitude toward Christianity among Protestant and Catholic sixth-form pupils in Northern
Ireland. Pastoral Psychology, 56, 157-164. ISSN 0031-2789.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Lewis, C. A., Barnes L. P., & ap Siôn, T. (2007). Attitude toward
Christianity among secondary school pupils in Northern Ireland: Shifts in denominational
differences. Educational Research, 49, 431-436. ISSN 0013-1881.
59
Francis, L. J., Robbins M., Lewis C. A., & Barnes, L .P. (2008). Prayer and psychological health: A
study among sixth-form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland.
Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 85-92. ISSN 1367-4676.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2008). Still worlds apart: The worldviews of adolescent males attending
Protestant can Catholic secondary schools in Northern Ireland. Research in Education, 80, 2636. ISSN 0034 5237.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Lewis, C. A. (2009). Introducing the Modified Paranormal Belief Scale:
Distinguishing between classic paranormal beliefs, religious paranormal beliefs and
conventional religiosity among undergraduates in Northern Ireland and Wales. Archive for the
Psychology of Religion, 31, 345-356. ISSN 0084 6724.
Lewis, C. A., Shevlin, M., Francis, L. J., & Quigley, C. F. (2011) The association between church
attendance and psychological health in Northern Ireland: A national representative survey
allowing for sex difference and denominational difference. Journal of Religion and Health,
50, 986-995. ISSN 0022 4197.
60
19.
Science and religion
The interface between science, technology and religion has shaped a series of studies coordinated by Leslie J Francis across a range of cultures.
Chapters
Fulljames, P. & Francis, L. J. (2003). Creationism among people in Kenya and Britain. In S. Coleman
& L. Carlin (Eds.), The Cultures of creationism: anti-evolution in English-speaking countries
(pp. 165-173). Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0912-X.
Articles
Fulljames, P., & Francis, L. J. (1987). Creationism and student attitudes towards science and
Christianity. Journal of Christian Education, 90, 51-55.
Fulljames, P., & Francis, L. J. (1988). The influence of creationism and scientism on attitudes towards
Christianity among Kenyan secondary school students. Educational Studies, 14, 77-96.
Francis, L. J., Gibson, H. M., & Fulljames, P. (1990). Attitude towards Christianity, creationism,
scientism and interest in science among 11-15 year olds. British Journal of Religious
Education, 13, 4-17.
Fulljames, P., Gibson, H. M., & Francis, L. J. (1991). Creationism, scientism, Christianity and
science: a study in adolescent attitudes. British Educational Research Journal, 17, 171-190.
Francis, L. J., Fulljames, P., & Gibson, H. M. (1991). Does creationism commend the gospel? A
developmental study among 11-17 year olds. Religious Education, 87, 19-27.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1999). Attitudes towards creationism and evolutionary theory: the debate
among secondary pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland. Public
Understanding of Science, 8, 93-103.
Francis, L.J., & Greer, J. E. (1999). Measuring attitude toward science among secondary school
students: the affective domain, Research in Science and Technological Education, 17, 219226.
Francis, L. J., Astley, J., Fearn, M. & Wilcox, C. (1999). Do social scientists hold a less positive
attitude toward Christianity: A study among female A-level students in England. Journal of
Christian Education, 42(2), 35-41.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (2001). Shaping adolescents’ attitudes toward science and religion in
Northern Ireland: the role of scientism, creationism and denominational schools. Research in
Science and Technological Education, 19, 39-53.
Astley, J., & Francis, L. J. (2010). Promoting positive attitudes toward science and religion among
sixth-form pupils: Dealing with scientism and creationism. British Journal of Religious
Education, 32, 189-200. ISSN 0141 6200.
61
20.
Beliefs: religious and paranormal
Leslie J Francis has been concerned to identify and to measure different belief systems,
including different ways of holding Christian beliefs, and alternative belief systems, with a
particular interest in the paranormal.
Chapters
Gibson, H. M., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Measuring Christian fundamentalist belief among adolescents
in Scotland. In L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.). Research in religious
education (pp. 249-256). Leominster: Fowler Wright Books. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN
1-57312-053-7.
Articles
Francis, L. J. (1984). Dimensions of Christian belief. Educational Studies, 10, 103-111.
Francis, L. J. (1997). Personal and social correlates of the ‘closed mind’ among sixteen year old
adolescents in England. Educational Studies, 23, 429-437.
Francis, L. J. (1998). Dogmatism and Eysenck’s two-dimensional model of personality revisited.
Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 571-573.
Francis, L. J. (2001). Christianity and dogmatism revisited: A study among fifteen and sixteen year
olds in the UK. Religious Education, 96, 211-226.
Astley, J., & Francis, L. J. (2002). Christian education and critical openness: An empirical
investigation among undergraduates. Religious Education, 97, 4-22.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2003).Christianity and dogmatism among undergraduate students.
Journal of Beliefs and Values, 24, 89-95.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2006). Attitude toward Christianity and paranormal belief
among 13- to 16-year-old students. Psychological Reports, 99, 266.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Williams, E. (2006). Believing and implicit religion beyond the
churches: religion, superstition, luck and fear among 13- to 15-year-old girls in Wales.
Implicit Religion, 9, 74-89.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Robbins, M. (2006). The unconventional beliefs of conventional
churchgoers: The matter of luck. Implicit Religion, 9, 305-314.
Francis L. J., & Williams, E. (2007). Drawing back the veil: Paranormal belief among adolescents.
Christian Parapsychologist, 17, 170-185. ISSN 0308-6194.
Williams, E., Francis L. J., & Robbins, M. (2007). Personality and paranormal belief: A study among
adolescents. Pastoral Psychology, 56, 9-14. ISSN 0031-2789.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Robbins, M. (2008). Church attendance, implicit religion and belief in
luck: The relationship between conventional religiosity and alternative spirituality among
adolescents. Implicit Religion, 11, 239-254. ISSN 1463 9955.
Francis, L. J., & Williams, E. (2009). Contacting the spirits of the dead: Paranormal belief and the
teenage worldview. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 18, 20-35. ISSN 1065 6217.
Francis, L. J., & Williams, E. (2009). Alternative spiritualities: Difference personalities? An empirical
enquiry concerning paranormal beliefs and traditional religiosity among 14- to 16-year-old
students. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 20, 69-84. ISSN 1046 8064.
62
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Robbins, M. (2009). Christianity, paranormal belief and personality: A
study among 13- to 16-year-old pupils in England and Wales. Archive for the Psychology of
Religion, 31, 337-344. ISSN 0084 6724.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., Astley, J., & Robbins, M. (2009). The relationship between paranormal
beliefs and attitude towards theistic beliefs. Journal for the Society of Psychical Research,
73(1), 33-40. ISSN 0037 1475.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Lewis, C. A. (2009). Introducing the Modified Paranormal Belief Scale:
Distinguishing between classic paranormal beliefs, religious paranormal beliefs and
conventional religiosity among undergraduates in Northern Ireland and Wales. Archive for the
Psychology of Religion, 31, 345-356. ISSN 0084 6724.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Robbins, M. (2010). Personality, conventional Christian belief and
unconventional paranormal belief: A study among teenagers. British Journal of Religious
Education 31, 31-39. ISSN 0084 6724.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Williams, E. (2010). Conventional Christian belief and unconventional
paranormal belief among teenagers in Northern Ireland: A personality and individual
differences approach. Irish Journal of Psychology, 31, 87-94. ISSN 0303-3910.
63
21.
God images
The study of God images provides a creative interface between empirical theology and the
psychology of religion.
Chapters
Astley, J., & Francis, L. J (1996). A level gospel study and adolescents’ images of Jesus. In L. J.
Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 239-247).
Leominster: Fowler Wright Books. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Francis, L. J. (2001). God images, personal wellbeing and moral values: a survey among 13-15 year
olds in England and Wales. In H.-G. Ziebertz (Ed.). Imagining God: Empirical explorations
from an international perspective (pp. 125-144). Munster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-5425-).
Francis, L. J. (2007). God images and empathy: A study among secondary school pupils in England.
In P. Heggy (Ed.), What do we imagine God to be? The function of ‘God images’ in our lives
(pp. 67-88.). Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-5488-8.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Kerr, S. (2007). God images and self-esteem among secondary school
pupils in South Africa. In P. Heggy (Ed.), What do we imagine God to be? The function of
‘God images’ in our lives (pp. 89-107). Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-5488-8.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2007). God images and moral values among Protestant and Catholic
adolescents in Northern Ireland. In P. Heggy (Ed.), What do we Imagine God to be? The
function of ‘God images’ in our lives (pp. 109-122). Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 07734-5488-8.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Astley, J. (1997). The quest for the psychological Jesus: influences of personality on
images of Jesus. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 16, 247-259.
Francis, L. J., Gibson, H. M., & Robbins, M. (2001). God images and self-worth among adolescents in
Scotland. Mental Health Religion and Culture, 4, 103-108.
Francis, L. J. (2005). God images and self-esteem: a study among 11-18 year olds. Research in the
Social Scientific Study of Religion, 16, 105-121.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M. & Gibson, H. M. (2006). A revised semantic differential scale
distinguishing between negative and positive God images. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 27,
237-240.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Kerr, S. (2006). God images and empathy among a group of secondary
school pupils in South Africa. Religion and Theology: A journal of contemporary religious
discourse, 13, 175-194.
64
22.
Religion and positive psychology: happiness
Theories in the psychology of religion are concerned with mapping the correlates of individual
differences in religiosity in terms of positive psychology and areas of personal development.
Leslie J Francis’ research in this area has concentrated specifically on areas like self esteem,
empathy, and happiness.
Chapters
Jones, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Religiosity and self-esteem during childhood and adolescence. In
L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 189206). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Robbins, M. & Francis, L. J. (1996). Are religious people happier? A study among undergraduates. In
L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 207218). Leominster: Gracewing. ISBN 0-85244-342-0 and ISBN 1-57312-053-7.
Francis, L. J. (2005). Prayer, personality and purpose in life among churchgoing and non-churchgoing
adolescents. In L. J. Francis, M. Robbins, & J. Astley (Eds.), Religion, education and
adolescence: International empirical perspectives (pp. 15-38). Cardiff: University of Wales
Press. ISBN 0-7083-1957-2.
Francis, L. J. (2007). God images and empathy: A study among secondary school pupils in England.
In P. Heggy (Ed.), What do we imagine God to be? The function of ‘God images’ in our lives
(pp. 67-88.). Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-5488-8.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Kerr, S. (2007). God images and self-esteem among secondary school
pupils in South Africa. In P. Heggy (Ed.), What do we imagine God to be? The function of
‘God images’ in our lives (pp. 89-107). Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-5488-8.
Francis, L. J. (2010), Religion and happiness: Perspectives from psychology of religion, positive
psychology and empirical theology. In J. Atherton, E. Graham, & I. Steedman (Eds.), The
practices of happiness: Political economy, religion and wellbeing (pp.113-124). London:
Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-55097-0.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1987). Empathic development during adolescence: religiosity the
missing link? Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 145-148.
Francis, L. J. (1992). The influence of religion, gender and social class on attitudes toward school
among eleven-year-olds in England. Journal of Experimental Education, 60, 339-348, 1992
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (1994). Well-being and its educational consequences. Spectrum, 26(1), 914.
Francis, L. J., & Burton, L. (1994). The influence of personal prayer on purpose in life among
Catholic adolescents. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 15(2), 6-9.
Francis, L. J., & Evans, T. E. (1996). The relationship between personal prayer and purpose in life
among churchgoing and non-churchgoing 12-15 year olds in the UK. Religious Education, 91,
9-21.
Francis, L. J., & Lester, D. (1997). Religion, personality and happiness. Journal of Contemporary
Religion, 12, 81-86.
Francis, L. J., & Bolger, J. (1997). Religion and psychological well-being in later life. Psychological
Reports, 80, 1050.
65
Francis, L. J., Jones, S.H., & Wilcox, C. (1997). Religiosity and dimensions of psychological wellbeing among 16-19 year olds. Journal of Christian Education, 40(1), 15-20.
Francis, L. J., & Bolger, J. (1997). Personality and psychological well-being in later life. Irish Journal
of Psychology, 18, 444-447.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2000). Religion and happiness: a study in empirical theology.
Transpersonal Psychology Review, 4(2), 17-22.
Francis, L. J. (2000) The relationship between bible reading and purpose in life among 13-15 year
olds. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 3, 27-36.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Wilcox, C. (2000). Religiosity and happiness: During adolescence,
young adulthood and later life. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 19, 245-257.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H., (2000). Psychological type and happiness: A study among adult
churchgoers. Journal of Psychological Type, 54, 36-41.
Fisher, J. W., Francis, L. J., & Johnson, P. (2000). Assessing spiritual health via four domains of
spiritual wellbeing: The SH4DI. Pastoral Psychology, 49, 133-145.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2000). Religion, personality and wellbeing: The relationship between
church attendance and purpose in life among undergraduates attending an Anglican College in
Wales. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 9, 223-238.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2000). The influence of religion on undergraduates attending an
Anglican college: church attendance, personality and wellbeing. Prologue, 2, 11-19.
Francis, L. J., & Kaldor, P. (2001). The relationship between religion and purpose in life in an
Australian population sample. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 12, 53-63.
Francis, L. J., & Kaldor, P. (2002). The relationship between psychological well-being and Christian
faith and practice in an Australian population sample. Journal for the Scientific Study of
Religion, 41, 179-184.
Francis, L. J., & Kaldor, P. (2002). The relationship between religion and Rosenberg’s measure of self
esteem in an Australian population sample. Transpersonal Psychology Review, 6(1), 53-59.
Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. J. (2002). Religiosity and happiness: A study among Israeli female
undergraduates. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 75-86.
Fisher, J. W., Francis, L. J., & Johnson, P. (2002). The personal and social correlates of spiritual wellbeing among primary school teachers. Pastoral Psychology, 51, 3-11.
Francis, L. J., Ziebertz, H.-G., Lewis, C. A. (2003). The relationship between religion and happiness
among German students. Pastoral Psychology, 51, 273-281.
Kalbheim, B., Francis, L. J., &. Ziebertz, H.-G. (2003). Christlicher Glaube und Glück: eine
empirische studie zum zusammenhang von religiosität und glückserfahrungen. Archiv für
Religionspsychologie, 25, 42-61.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Lewis, C. A., Quigley, C. F., & Wheeler, C. (2004). Religiosity and
general health among undergraduate students: a response to O’Connor, Cobb and O’Connor.
Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 485-494.
66
Francis, L. J., Katz, Y. J., Yablon, Y., & Robbins, M. (2004). Religiosity, personality, and happiness:
A study among Israeli male undergraduates. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 315-333.
Robbins, M., &. Francis, L. J. (2005). Purpose in life and prayer among Catholic and Protestant
adolescents in Northern Ireland. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 14, 73-93.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2006). Rejection of Christianity and self-esteem. North
American Journal of Psychology, 8, 193-195.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2006). Prayer, purpose in life, personality and social attitudes among
non-churchgoing 13- to 15-year-olds in England and Wales. Research in the Social Scientific
Study of Religion, 17, 123-155.
Hills, P. R., Francis, L. J., & Jennings, P. (2006). Religious behaviour, personality and dimensions of
self-esteem among 13- to 15-year-old adolescents. Journal of Research on Christian
Education, 15, 61-76.
Robbins, M., Francis L. J., & Williams, E. (2007). Church attendance and self-esteem among
adolescents. The Psychologist in Wales, 20, 4-5. ISSN 1468 4756.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Edwards, B. (2008). Prayer, personality and happiness: A study among
undergraduate students in Wales. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, Mental Health,
Religion and Culture, 11, 93-99. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis L. J., &Robbins M. (2008). The relationship between denominational affiliation and spiritual
health among weekly churchgoing 13-15-year-old adolescents in England. Journal of
Education and Christian Belief, 12, 21-39. ISSN 1366-5456.
Francis, L. J., Hills P. R., Schludermann, E. & Schludermann, S. (2008). Religion, psychological wellbeing, and personality: A study among undergraduate students in Canada. Research in the
Social Scientific Study of Religion, 19, 1-16. ISSN 0922 2936.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2009). Prayer, purpose in life, and attitude toward substances: A study
among 13- to 15-year-olds in England and Wales. Counselling and Spirituality, 28(2), 83-104.
ISSN 0713 3383.
Francis, L. J., Jewell, A., & Robbins, M. (2010). The relationship between religious orientation
personality and purpose in life among an older Methodist sample. Mental Health, Religion
and Culture, 13, 777-791. ISSN 1367 4676.
Francis, L. J., Rolph, J., Rolph, P. W., & Robbins, M. (2010).Personality and the happiness of others:
A study among 13- to 15-year-old adolescents. Applied Psychology: Health and Wellbeing, 2,
241-249. ISSN 1758 0846.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Village, A. (2010). Marriage, religion and human flourishing: How
sustainable is the classic Durkeim thesis in contemporary Europe? Mental Health, Religion
and Culture, 13, 93-104. ISSN 1367 4676.
Tiliopoulos, N., Francis, L. J., & Slattery, M. (2011). The affective dimension of religion and
happiness among Hindu Bunts in South India. Transpersonal Psychology Review, 14(2), 2529. ISSN 1336 6991.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Implicit religion and the quest for meaning:
Purpose in life and transcendental beliefs. Implicit Religion, 14, 45-65. ISSN 1463 9955.
67
Francis, L. J., Elken, A., & Robbins, M. (2012). The affective dimension of religion and personal
happiness among students in Estonia. Journal of Research in Christian Education. 21, 84-90.
ISSN 1065 6219.
68
23.
Clergy and personality
Since the 1980s Leslie J Francis has pioneered a range of empirical studies designed to apply
the insights of personality psychology to clergy. This research has employed the three
dimensions of personality proposed by Eysenck and the 16 personality factors proposed by
Cattell. (see also Clergy and psychological type).
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1999).Dimensions of personality and aspects of ministry: Eysenck and clergy in the
UK. In B. Russell (Ed.), Formation in a changing church (pp. 51-75). Uppsala: University of
Uppsala Press. ISBN 91-87986-03-5.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (1999).The influence of personality on role prioritisation among
Anglican clergywomen in the UK. In I. Lukatis & W. Lukatis (Eds.), Education for
Leadership: special aspect, gender (pp. 42-50). Hanover: Verlag Sozialwissenschaftliche
Studiengesellschaft. ISBN 3-932011-59-7.
Francis, L. J. & Rodger, R. (1994). The personality profile of Anglican clergymen, in D. Willows & J.
Swinton (Eds.), Spiritual dimensions of pastoral care: Practical theology in a
multidisciplinary context (pp. 66-71). London: Jessica Kingsley. ISBN 1-85302-892-4.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1991). Personality characteristics of mid-career Anglican clergy.
Social Behaviour and Personality, 19, 81-84.
Francis, L. J. (1991). The personality characteristics of Anglican ordinands: Feminine men and
masculine women? Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1133-1140.
Jones, D. L., & Francis, L. J. (1992). Personality profile of Methodist ministers in England.
Psychological Reports, 70, 538.
Francis, L. J., & Thomas, T.H. (1992). Personality profile of conference-going clergy in England.
Psychological Reports, 70, 682.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Neuroticism and intensity of religious attitudes among clergy in England.
Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 577-580.
Francis, L. J. (1992). Male and female clergy in England: Their personality differences, gender
reversal? Journal of Empirical Theology, 5(2), 31-38.
Francis, L. J., & Rodger, R. (1994). The personality profile of Anglican clergymen. Contact, 113, 2732.
Francis, L. J., & Rodger, R. (1994). The influence of personality on clergy role prioritization, role
influences, conflict and dissatisfaction with ministry. Personality and Individual Differences,
16, 947-957.
Francis, L. J., & Kay, W. K. (1995). The personality characteristics of Pentecostal ministry candidates.
Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 581-594.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (1996). Differences in the personality profile of stipendiary and nonstipendiary female Anglican parochial clergy in Britain and Ireland. Contact, 119, 26-32.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Rutledge, C. (1997). The personality characteristics of Anglican
stipendiary parochial clergy in England: gender differences revisited. Personality and
Individual Differences, 23, 199-204.
69
Louden, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (1999). The personality profile of Roman Catholic parochial secular
priests in England and Wales. Review of Religious Research, 41, 65-79.
Francis, L. J., & Musson, D. J. (1999). Male and female Anglican clergy: Gender reversal on the
16PF? Journal of Empirical Theology, 12 (2), 5-16.
Musson, D. J., & Francis, L. J. (2000). The psychometric properties of the 16PF among male Anglican
clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 48, 231-240.
Musson, D. J., Hammersley, P., & Francis, L. J. (2000). The personality profile of male and female
trainee readers in the Church of England compared to Anglican clergy: the 16PF. Pastoral
Psychology, 49, 69-80.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Fletcher-Marsh, W. (2000). Personality profile of Anglican
clergywomen in Canada and England: A cross cultural comparison on the EPQR-S. Pastoral
Sciences, 19, 79-90.
Francis, L. J., Louden, S. H., Robbins, M., & Rutledge, C. F. J. (2000). Unmasking the clerical
persona: Interpretting the correlation between neuroticism and lie scale scores among Roman
Catholic and male and female Anglican clergy. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 3, 133141.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Jackson, C. J., & Jones, S. H. (2000). Personality theory and male
Anglican clergy: The EPP. Contact, 113, 27-36.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., Haley, J. M., & Kay, W. K. (2001). The personality characteristics of
Methodist ministers: Feminine men and masculine women? Journal for the Scientific Study of
Religion, 40, 123-128.
Louden, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (2001). Are Catholic priests in England and Wales attracted to the
charismatic movement emotionally less stable? British Journal of Theological Education,
11(2), 65-76.
Francis, L. J., & Littler, K. T., (2001). Personality and preference for rural ministry among Church in
Wales clergymen. The Psychologist in Wales, 11, 3-5.
Francis, L. J., & Louden, S. H. (2001). Parish ministry and Roman Catholic regular clergy: Applying
Eysenck’s dimensional model of personality. International Journal of Practical Theology, 5,
216-226.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., Jackson, C. J., &.Robbins, M. (2001). The feminine personality profile of
male Anglican clergy in Britain and Ireland: a study employing the Eysenck Personality
Profiler. Review of Religious Research, 43, 14-23.
Musson, D. J., & Francis, L. J. (2002). A comparison of the psychometric properties of the 16PF4 and
16PF5 among male Anglican clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 54, 281-289.
Francis, L. J. (2002). The personality characteristics of male Evangelical clergy: Denominational
differences in the UK. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 5, 175-181.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2003). Personality and glossolalia: A study among male evangelical
clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 51, 391-396.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., Robbins, M., & Jackson, C. J. (2003). The personality profile of female
Anglican clergy in Britain and Ireland: A study employing the Eysenck Personality Profiler.
Archiv für Religionspsychologie, 25, 222-231.
70
Francis, L. J. (2003). Living without the clerical persona: Lie scale scores among male Evangelical
clergy. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 14, 103-111.
Jones, S. H., Francis, L. J., & Jackson, C. (2004).The relationship between religion and anxiety: a
study among Anglican clergymen and clergywomen. Journal of Psychology and Theology,
32, 137-142.
Francis, L. J., Smith G., & Robbins, M. (2004). Do introverted clergy prefer rural ministry? Rural
Theology, 2, 127-134.
Francis, L. J., Jackson, C. J., & Jones, S. H. (2004). Assessing the personality of clergy: abbreviated
Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP-A). Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 15,
1-16.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Robbins, M. (2004). Clergy personality and collaborative ministry: The
way ahead for stable extraverts? Pastoral Psychology, 53, 33-42.
Francis, L. J., & Rutledge, C. J. F. (2004). Personality and preference for rural ministry: Replication
and reconsideration. Pastoral Psychology,53, 43-48.
Robbins, M., Littler, K., & Francis, L. J. (2009). Personality and call to rural ministry. Rural
Theology, 7, 61-65. ISSN 1470 4994.
Brewster, C., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). In ordained ministry there is neither male nor
female? The personality profile of male and female Anglican clergy engaged in multi-parish
rural ministry. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33, 241-251. ISSN 0084 6724.
Francis, L. J., & Littler, K. (2011). The Francis-Littler Charismatic Orientation Scale (COS): A study
in personality theory among Anglican clergymen. PentecoStudies, 10, 72-86. ISSN 20413599.
Robbins, M., Littler, K., & Francis, L. J. (2011). The personality characteristics of Anglican
clergymen and clergywomen: The search for sex differences. Pastoral Psychology, 60, 877881. ISSN 0031 2789.
71
24.
Religious affiliation
The possibility of introducing a question on religion for the first time in 2001 to the census for
England and Wales raised the profile of the social significance of religious affiliation (as
distinct from belief or practice). As chair of the Religious Affiliates sub-group convened by
the Office for National Statistics, Leslie J Francis developed both conceptual and empirical
perspectives on religious affiliation.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (2001). The social significance of religious affiliation among adolescents in England and
Wales,. In H.-G. Ziebertz (Ed.). Religious Individualisation and Christian Religious
Semantics (pp. 115-138). Münster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4960-).
Francis, L. J. (2003). Recognising and educating religious minorities in England and Wales, in Y.
Iram (Ed.), Education of minorities and peace education in pluralistic societies (pp. 123-148).
Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97821-4.
Francis, L. J. (2003). Religion and social capital: the flaw in the 2001 census in England and Wales. In
P. Avis (Ed.), Public Faith: the state of religious belief and practice in Britain (pp. 45-64).
London: SPCK. ISBN 0-281-05531-9.
Francis, L. J. (2008). Self-assigned religious affiliation: a study among adolescents in England and
Wales. In B. Spalek & A. Imtoual (Eds.), Religion, spirituality and the social sciences:
Challenging marginalisation (pp. 149-161). Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 978-184-742-0411.
Francis, L. J. (2008) Religion as a persisting predictor of cultural diversity in the UK. In H-G Ziebertz
& U. Riegel (Eds.), Europe: Secular or post-secular (pp. 167-190). Münster: Lit Verlat. ISBN
978-382-581-5783.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., (2011). The public significance of religion and the changing context of
family life in Britain 1983-2005: An examination of marriage, cohabitation and divorce. In L.
J. Francis & H-G. Ziebertz (Eds.), The public significance of religion (pp. 287-314). Leiden:
Brill. ISBN 978 9004 20706 6.
Articles
Francis, L. J. (1992). Attitude towards alcohol, church attendance and denominational identity. Drug
and Alcohol Dependence, 31, 45-50.
Francis, L. J. (1994). Denominational identity, church attendance and drinking behaviour among
adults in England. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 39(3), 27-33.
Francis, L. J. (2008). Family, denomination and the adolescent worldview: An empirical enquiry
among 13- to 15-year-old girls in England and Wales. Marriage and Family Review, 43, 185204. ISSN 0149-4929.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Village, A. (2009). Changing patterns of religious affiliation, church
attendance and marriage across five areas of Europe since the early 1980s: Trends and
associations. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 30, 173-182. ISSN 1361 7672.
Village, A., Williams, E., & Francis, L.J. (2010). Does religion make a difference? Assessing the
effect of Christian affiliation and practice on divorce in the UK, 1985-2005. Journal of
Divorce and Remarriage, 51, 327-338. ISSN 1050 2556.
Village, A., Williams, E., & Francis, L. J. (2010). Living in sin? Religion and cohabitation in Britain
1985-2005. Marriage and Family Review, 46, 468-497. ISSN 0149 4929.
72
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Village, (2011). Multifaith Britain and family life: Changing patterns of
marriage, cohabitation and divorce among different faith groups between 1983-2005. Journal
of Contemporary Religion, 26, 33-41. ISSN 1353 7903.
Lewis, C. A., Shevlin, M., Francis, L. J., & Quigley, C. F. (2011) The association between church
attendance and psychological health in Northern Ireland: A national representative survey
allowing for sex difference and denominational difference. Journal of Religion and Health,
50, 986-995. ISSN 0022 4197.
Village, A., Francis, L. J., & Brockett, A. (2011). Religious affect among adolescents in a multi-faith
society: The role of personality and religious identity. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 32, 295301. ISSN 1361 7672.
73
25.
Religion and mental health
Empirical research concerning the association between religion and mental health has
followed a number of different strategies. Leslie J Francis proposed a correlational strategy
employing the neuroticism and psychoticism scales developed by Eysenck.
Chapters
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Bhanot, S., & Santosh, R. (2003). Mental health and religion among
Hindu young people. In S. Bhanot & R. Santosh (Eds.), The Hindu youth research project
2001 (pp. 52-59). Oxford: Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies.
Articles
L.J. Francis, L. J., & Johnson, P. (1999). Mental health, prayer and church attendance among primary
school teachers. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 2, 153-158.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, C. A., & Ng, P. (2003). Psychological health and attitude toward Christianity
among secondary school pupils in Hong Kong. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 4,
231-245.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Williams, E. (2004). Mental health and rejection of Christianity.
Panorama, 16, 86-94.
Francis L. J., & Burton, L. (2007). The relationship between psychological health and attitude toward
Christianity among 11- to 15-year-old pupils in England. Journal of Research on Christian
Education, 16, 83-102. ISSN 1065-6219.
Francis L. J., Robbins M., ap Siôn T, Lewis C. A., & Barnes, L. P. (2007). Psychological health and
attitude toward Christianity among Protestant and Catholic sixth-form pupils in Northern
Ireland. Pastoral Psychology, 56, 157-164. ISSN 0031-2789.
Francis, L. J., Robbins M., Lewis C. A., & Barnes, L .P. (2008). Prayer and psychological health: A
study among sixth-form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland.
Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 85-92. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Santosh, R., & Bhanot, S. (2008). Religion and mental health among
Hindu young people in England. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 341-347. ISSN
1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., & Hermans, C.A.M. (2009). Psychological health and attitude toward Christianity: a
study among pupils attending Catholic schools in the Netherlands. Journal of Religious
Education, 57 (2), 47-55. ISSN 1442 018X.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, C. A., & Robbins, M. (2010). Religious orientation, mental health and culture:
Conceptual and empirical perspective. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 13, 659-666.
ISSN 1367-4676.
74
26.
Measurement in psychology
Issues of measurement in psychology are fundamental to Leslie J Francis’ research
programmes. This concern is well illustrated by his work on the assessment of attitude toward
religion. From time to time specific studies have been published on examining instruments
before exploring findings on the association between these instruments and indices or
measures of religion.
Chapters
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Craig, C. L. (2007). Two different operationalisations of psychological
type: Comparing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter. In R.
A. Degregorio (Ed.), New Developments in Psychological Testing (pp. 119-138). New York:
Nova Science Publishers Inc. ISBN 1-600-21702-8.
Articles
Crookes, T. G., Pearson, P. R., Francis, L. J., & Carter, M. (1981). Extraversion and performance on
raven's matrices in 15-16 year old children: An examination of Anthony's theory of the
development of extraversion. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 109-111.
Pearson, P. R., & Francis, L. J. (1984). The comparability of the JEPI, JEPQ and EPQ among 15- to
16-year olds. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 743-745.
Francis, L. J., & Pearson, P. R. (1989). The relationship between social class and neuroticism among
English 16 year olds. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 695-697.
Pearson, P. R., Lankshear, D. W., & Francis, L.J. (1989), Personality and social class among eleven
year old children. Educational Studies, 15, 107-113.
Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., & Pearson, P. R. (1991). The dual nature of the EPQ lie scale among
university students in Australia. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 989-991.
Francis, L. J., Philipchalk, R., & Brown, L. B. (1991). The comparability of the short form EPQ-R
with the EPQ among students in England, the USA, Canada and Australia. Personality and
Individual Differences, 12, 1129-1132.
Francis, L. J. (1991). The dual nature of the EPQ lie scale among college students in England.
Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1255-1260.
Francis, L. J., Philipchalk, R., & Pearson, P.R. (1991). The dual nature of the EPQ lie scale among
college students in the USA. Psychological Reports, 69, 511-514.
Katz, Y. J., & Francis, L. J. (1991). The dual nature of the EPQ lie scale? A study among university
students in Israel. Social Behaviour and Personality, 19, 217-222.
Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., & Philipchalk, R. (1992). The development of an abbreviated form of the
Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England,
Canada, the USA and Australia. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 443-449.
Francis, L. J., Fulljames, P., & Kay, W. K. (1992). The functioning of the EPQ lie scale among
religious subjects in England. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11, 255-261.
Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. J. (1992). The comparability of the short form EPQ-R indices of
extraversion, neuroticism, and the lie scale with the EPQ for a sample of 190 student teachers
in Israel. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 695-700.
75
Francis, L. J. & Montgomery, A. (1993). Personality and school related attitudes among 11-16 year
old girls. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 647-654.
Francis, L. J. (1993). The dual nature of the Eysenckian neuroticism scales: a question of sex
differences? Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 43-59.
Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1995). Self-esteem: Coopersmith and Rosenberg compared.
Psychological Reports, 76, 1050.
Francis, L. J., Carter, M., & Jones, S. H. (1995). The properties of the Lipsitt Self-Concept Scale in
relationship to sex, social desirability, neuroticism and extraversion. Personality and
Individual Differences, 19, 619-624.
Francis, L. J. & Jones, S. H. (1996). Social class and self-esteem. Journal of Social Psychology, 136,
405-406.
Francis, L. J. (1996). The relationship between Rosenberg’s construct of self-esteem and Eysenck’s
two-dimensional model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 483-48.
Francis, L. J. (1996). The development of an abbreviated form of the Revised Junior Eysenck
Personality Questionnaire (JEPQR-A) among 13-15 year olds. Personality and Individual
Differences, 21, 835-844.
Francis, L. J. (1997). Coopersmith’s model of self-esteem: Bias toward the stable extravert? Journal
of Social Psychology, 137, 139-142.
Wilcox, C., & Francis, L. J. (1997). Beyond gender stereotyping: Examining the validity of the Bem
Sex Role Inventory among 16-19 year old females in England. Personality and Individual
Differences, 23, 9-13.
Wilcox, C., & Francis, L. J. (1997). The relationship between neuroticism and the perceived social
desirability of feminine characteristics among 16-19 year old females. Social Behaviour and
Personality, 25, 291-294.
Francis, L. J. (1998). Is there gender bias in the short form Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory?
Educational Research, 40, 83-89.
Francis, L. J., Brown, L .B., Lester, D., Philipchalk, R. (1998). Happiness as stable extraversion: a
cross-cultural examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory
among students in the UK, USA, Australia and Canada. Personality and Individual
Differences, 24, 167-171.
Francis, L. J. (1998). Self-esteem as a function of personality and gender among 8-11 year olds: is
Coopersmith’s index fair? Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 159-165.
Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1998). The relationship between Eysenck’s personality dimensions and
Bem’s masculinity and femininity scales revisited. Personality and Individual Differences, 25,
683-687.
Francis, L. J., Kelly, P., & Jones, S. H. (1998). The personality profile of female students who play
hockey. Irish Journal of Psychology, 19, 394-399.
Francis, L. J., & Jackson, C. J. (1998), The social desirability of toughmindedness: A study among
undergraduates. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 19, 400-403.
76
Francis, L. J. (1999). Happiness is a thing called stable extraversion: a further examination of the
relationship between the Oxford Happiness Inventory and Eysenck’s dimensional model of
personality and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 5-11.
Jackson, C. J., & Francis, L. J. (1999). Interpreting the correlation between neuroticism and lie scale
scores. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 59-63.
Francis, L. J., Wilcox, C., & Jones, S. H. (1999). Is Bradburn’s measure of psychological well-being
fair to introverts? A study among 16 to 18 year old students. Psychological Reports, 85, 689696.
Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1999). Personality and sex role orientation among 17-19 year old females
in England. Irish Journal of Psychology, 20, 172-178.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (2000). The relationship between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and
the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire among adult churchgoers. Pastoral Psychology, 48,
377-386.
Katz, Y. J., & Francis, L J. (2000). Hebrew Revised Eysenck Personality Questionniare: Short form
(EPQR-S) and abbreviated form (EPQR-A). Social Behaviour and Personality, 28, 555-560.
Francis, L. J., Katz, Y. J., & Jones, S. H. (2000). The reliability and validity of the Hebrew version of
the Computer Attitude Scale. Computers and Education: An international journal, 35, 149159.
Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. J. (2000). Internal consistency reliability and validity of the Hebrew
translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Psychological Reports, 87, 193-196.
Bourke, R., & Francis, L. J., (2000). Comparing Cattell’s personality factors and Eysenck’s
personality dimensions among adolescents. Irish Journal of Psychology, 21, 98-102.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Louden, S. H., & Haley, J. M. (2001). A revised psychoticism scale for the
Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: A study among clergy. Psychological Reports,
88, 1131-1134.
Francis, L. J., & Kaldor, P. (2001). The scale properties of the abbreviated Revised Eysenck
Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A) in an Australian Population Study. Irish Journal of
Psychology, 22, 59-65.
Lewis, C. A., Francis, L. J., Shevlin, M., & Forrest, S. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the
French translation of the abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
(EPQR-A). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18, 179-185.
Lewis, C. A., Francis, L. J., & Ziebertz, H.-G. (2002). The internal consistency reliability and
construct validity of the German translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory. North
American Journal of Psychology, 4, 211-220.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Bradford, A. (2003). Reliability and construct validity for Scale of
Rejection of Christianity. Psychological Reports, 92, 65-66.
Francis, L. J., Fearn, M., & Booker, B. B. (2003). Artistic creativity: Personality and the diurnal
rhythm. North American Journal of Psychology, 5, 147-152.
77
Navratil, M., C. McGuckin, C., C. A Lewis, C. A, M. Shevlin, M., & Francis . L. J. (2004).
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Czech translation of abbreviated form of the Revised
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A) among Czech students. Ceskoslovenska
Psychologie, 47, 451-459.
Jackson, C. J., & Francis, L. J. (2004). Primary scale structure of the Eysenck Personality Profiler
(EPP). Current Psychology, 22, 295-305.
Bourke, R., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2004). Locating Cattell’s personality factors within
Eysenck’s dimensional model of personality: a study among adolescents. North American
Journal of Psychology, 6, 167-174.
Francis, L. J., & Jackson, C. J. (2004). Which version of the Eysenck Personality Profiler is best? 6-,
12-, or 20-items per scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1659-1666.
Hills, P., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2005). The development of the Revised Religious Life
Inventory (RLI-R) by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and
Individual Differences, 38, 1389-1399.
Francis, L. J., Quigley, C. F., Robbins, M., & Lewis, C. A. (2005). The General Health Questionnaire
and Eysenck’s three dimensional model of personality. Psychological Reports, 97, 288-290.
Francis, L. J., Lewis, C. A., & Ziebertz, H.-G. (2006). The short-form Revised Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire (EPQR-S): a German edition. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 34,
197-204.
Francis, L. J., & Pocock, N. (2007). Assessing religious maturity: the development of a short form of
the Religious Status Inventory (RSInv-S10). Journal of Empirical Theology, 20, 179-199.
ISSN 0922-2936.
Francis, L. J. (2007). Introducing the New Indices of Religious Orientation (NIRO): Conceptualisation
and measurement. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 585-602. ISSN 1367-4676.
Francis, L. J., Craig C. L., & Robbins, M. (2007). The relationship between psychological type and
three major dimensions of personality. Current Psychology, 25, 257-271. ISSN 0737-8262.
Hills, P. R., Francis, L. J., & Thomas, E. (2007). The psychometric properties and factor structure of a
Welsh translation of the school short form of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory.
Research in Education, 78, 103-109. ISSN 0034-5237.
Francis, L.J. (2007). Personality and sex role orientation: Extraverted masculinity and tenderminded
femininity? The Irish Journal of Psychology, 28, 153-158.
Francis, L. J., Craig C. L., & Robbins, M. (2008).The relationship between the Keirsey Temperament
Sorter and the short-form revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Journal of Individual
Differences, 29, 116-120. ISSN 1614-0001.
Francis, L. J., & Hills, P. R. (2008). The development of the Meaning in Life Index (MILI) and its
relationship with personality and religious behaviours and beliefs among UK undergraduate
students. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11, 211-220. ISSN 1367-4676.
Ponsoda, V., Abad, F. J., Francis, L. J., &Hills, P. R. (2008). Gender differences in the Coopersmith
Self-Esteem Inventory: The incidence of differential item functioning. Journal of Individual
Differences, 29, 217-222. ISSN 1614-0001.
78
Brockett, A., Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2009). Internal consistency reliability and construct validity
of the Attitude toward Muslim Proximity Index (AMPI): A measure of social distance. British
Journal of Religious Education, 31, 241-249. ISSN 0141 6200.
Brockett, A., Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2010). Assessing outgroup prejudice among secondary
pupils in Northern England: Introducing the Outgroup Prejudice Index (OPI). Research in
Education, 86: 67-77.
Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Edwards, B. (2010). Happiness as stable extraversion: Internal
consistency reliability and construct validity of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among
undergraduate students. Current Psychology, 29, 89-94. ISSN 1046 1310
Hills, P. R., Francis, L. J., & Jennings, P. (2011). The school short-form Coopersmith Self-esteem
Inventory: Revised and improved. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 26, 62-71. ISSN
0829-5735.
79
27.
Church vitality studies
Leslie J Francis has been concerned since the mid 1980s to employ qualitative data and
statistical tools to identify, describe and test trends of growth and decline in church life.
Books authored
Francis, L. J., & Williams, K. (1991). Churches in fellowship: Local councils of churches in England.
London: BCC/CCBI. pp xiv + 105. ISBN 0-85169-211-7.
Booklets
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1991). Continuing in the way: Children, young people and the
church. London: National Society. pp. 28. ISBN 0-901819-16-6.
Lankshear D.W., & Francis, L. J. (1991). Diocesan profiles: Statistics on children, young people and
the Church of England. London: National Society. pp. 28.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1995). In the Catholic way: Children, young people and the
church. London: National Society. pp. 32. ISBN 0-901819-37-9.
Francis, L. J. & Lankshear, D. W. (1995). In the Evangelical way: Children, young people and the
church. London: National Society. pp. 32. ISBN 0-901819-38-7.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1990). The impact of church schools on village church life.
Educational Studies, 16, 117-129.
Lankshear, D. W., & Francis, L. J. (1991). The use of the Revised Catechism in Anglican churches.
British Journal of Religious Education, 13, 95-100.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1991). Do small churches hold a future for children and young
people? Modern Churchman, 33, 15-19.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1991). Faith in the Isle of Wight: A profile of rural Anglicanism.
Contact, 105, 28-33
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1991). Shared Pilgrimage: The impact of children’s work on adult
church membership. Journal of Empirical Theology, 4, 24-31.
Francis, L. J. (1991). Evaluating local Councils of Churches in England: A study in attitudes towards
local ecumenism. One in Christ, 27, 383-388
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1991). The impact of church schools on urban church life. School
Effectiveness and School Improvement, 2, 324-335.
Francis, L. J. (1991). Measuring attitudes towards local ecumenism in England. Social Behaviour and
Personality, 19, 273-276.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1992). The impact of children's work on village church life.
Spectrum, 21, 35-45.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1992). The rural rectory: the impact of a resident priest on local
church life. Journal of Rural Studies, 8, 97-103.
L.J. Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1992). Church provision for pre-school children: Impact on
urban church life. Research in Education, 48, 55-64.
80
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1992). The impact of children’s work on church life in hamlets
and small villages. Journal of Christian Education, 35, 57-63.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1993). Changing trends in Anglican confirmation: The
implications for local church life, Journal of Empirical Theology, 6, 1, 64-76.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1993). Asking about baptism: Straw polls and fenced fonts.
Modern Churchman, 34(5), 88-92.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1996). The comparative strength of Evangelical and Catholic
Anglican churches in England. Journal of Empirical Theology, 9, 1, 5-22.
Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Lankshear, D. W. (1996). Baptism policy and church growth in Church
of England rural, urban and suburban parishes. Modern Believing, 37, 11-24.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (1997). The rural church is different: The case of Anglican
confirmation. Journal of Empirical Theology, 10 (1), 5-20.
Francis, L. J., Lankshear, D. W., & Jones, S. H. (1998). Evangelical identity among young people: a
comparative study in empirical theology. Anvil, 15, 255-26.
Francis, L. J., Lankshear, D. W., & Jones, S. H. (2000). The influence of the charismatic
movement on local church life: A comparative study among Anglican rural, urban and
suburban churches. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 15, 121-130.
Francis, L. J., & Lankshear, D. W. (2001). The relationship between church schools and local church
life: Distinguishing between aided and controlled status. Educational Studies, 27, 425-438.
Roberts, C., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Church closure and membership statistics: Trends in four rural
dioceses. Rural Theology, 4, 37-56.
Roberts, C., Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Hills, P. R. (2006). The ordination of women and the
Church of England today: Two integrities, but one pattern of decline in membership statistics.
Journal of Anglican Studies, 4, 201-218.
Fawcett, B., & Francis, L. J. (2009). The relationship between baptismal status and spiritual practices
among committed Baptist Youth. Journal of Youth and Theology, 8(2), 10-21. ISSN 1741
0819.
Francis, L. J., & Roberts, C. (2009). Growth or decline in the Church of England during the Decade of
Evangelism: Did the churchmanship of the bishop matter? Journal of Contemporary Religion,
24, 67-81. ISSN 1353 7903.
Francis, L. J., Laycock, P., & Village, A. (2010). Statistics for evidence-based policy in the Church of
England: Predicting diocesan performance. Review of Religious Research, 52, 207-220. ISSN
0034 673X.
Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2010). An anatomy of change: Profiling cohort difference in beliefs and
attitudes among Anglicans in England. Journal of Anglican Studies, 8, 59-81. ISSN 1740
1553.
Jones, S. J., Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2011). Assessing the impact of Ordained Local Ministry on
the performance of Church of England dioceses, 1991-2003. Practical Theology. 4, 213-225.
ISSN 1756 073X.
81
28.
Technology and television
Given the importance of television and technology in shaping contemporary society, Leslie J
Francis has consistently focused some studies in this area. The Francis Scale of Attitude
toward Computers has become a recognised instrument in the field.
Chapters
Francis, L. J. (1995). The measurement of attitudes toward computers among undergraduate students
in Wales: the comparison of four scales in relationship to sex, age, personality and religion. In
Y.J. Katz (Ed.), Computers in education: Pedagogical and psychological implications (pp.
85-112). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Science. ISBN 954-885-4023.
Articles
Gibson, H. M., & Francis, L. J. (1992). Who watches the news? Adolescents and television.
Psychological Reports, 71, 50.
Gibson, H. M., & Francis, L. J. (1992). A profile of television viewing and programme preferences
among secondary school pupils in Scotland. Collected Original Resources in Education, 16
(1), fiche 2, FO9.
Francis, L. J., & Gibson, H. M. (1993). Television, pop culture and the drift from Christianity during
adolescence, British Journal of Religious Education, 15, 31-37.
Francis, L. J., & Gibson, H. M. (1993). The influence of age, sex, social class and religion on
television viewing time and programme preferences among 11-15 year olds. Journal of
Educational Television, 19, 25-35.
Francis, L. J. (1993). Measuring attitude toward computers among undergraduate college students:
The affective domain. Computers and Education, 20, 251-255.
Gibson, H. M., & Francis, L. J. (1993). The relationship between television viewing preferences and
interest in science among 11-15 year olds. Research in Science and Technological Education,
11, 185-190.
Francis, L. J. (1994). The relationship between computer related attitudes and gender stereotyping of
computer use. Computers and Education, 22, 283-289.
Katz, Y. J., & Francis, L. J. (1995). Personality, religiosity and computer oriented attitudes among
trainee teachers in Israel. Computers in Human Behaviour, 11, 1-8.
Francis, L. J., & Evans, T. E. (1995). The reliability and validity of the Bath County Computer
Attitude Scale. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 12, 135-146.
Evans, T. E., Katz, Y. J., & Francis, L. J. (1995). Psychometric properties of the Hebrew version of
the Francis Attitude Toward Computers Scale. Psychological Reports, 77, 1003-1010.
Katz, Y. J., Evans, T. E., & Francis, L. J. (1995). The reliability and validity of the Hebrew version of
the Bath County Computer Attitude scale. Journal of Educational Computing Research 13,
237-244.
Francis, L. J. & Katz, Y. J. (1996). The gender stereotyping of computer use among female
undergraduate students in Israel and the relationship with computer-related attitudes. Journal
of Educational Media, 22, 79-86.
82
Francis, L. J., Katz, Y. J., & Evans, T. (1996). The relationship between personality and attitudes
towards computers among female undergraduate students in Israel. British Journal of
Educational Technology, 27, 164-170.
Francis, L. J. (1997). The socio-psychological profile of the teenage television addict. Muslim
Education Quarterly, 15, 4-19.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (1999). The Computer Attitude Scale: Review and commendation.
Collected Original Resources in Education, 23(3), fish 1, AO6.
83
29.
Substances and religion
A strand of Leslie J Francis’ research has maintained an interest in the area of attitudes toward
alcohol and substances, and the role of religion in shaping attitude in these areas. The Francis
Scale of Attitude toward Alcohol has become a recognised instrument in this field.
Articles
Francis, L. J. (1992). Attitude towards alcohol, church attendance and denominational identity. Drug
and Alcohol Dependence, 31, 45-50.
Francis, L. J., & Mullen, K. (1993). Religiosity and attitudes towards drug use among 13-15 year olds
in England. Addiction, 88, 665-672.
Francis, L. J. (1994). Denominational identity, church attendance and drinking behaviour among
adults in England. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 39, 3, 27-33.
Mullen, K. & Francis, L. J. (1995). Religiosity and attitudes towards drug use among Dutch school
children. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 41, 16-25.
Burton, L. & Francis, L. J. (1995). Feeling grown up: the differential role of alcohol and tobacco
among male and female adolescents. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 16, 2, 3-6.
Francis, L. J. (1996). The relationship between Eysenck’s personality factors and attitude towards
substance use among 13 to 15 year olds. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 633-640.
Francis, L. J. (1997).The impact of personality and religion on attitude towards substance use among
13-15 year olds. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 44, 95-103.
Francis, L.J., & Mullen, K. (1997). Denominational and sectarian influence on adolescent attitude
towards drug use in England and Wales. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 42, 3, 8196.
Francis, L. J., Gilpin, G., & Robbins, M. (1999). The reliability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward
Alcohol among student members of the Christian Union in Northern Ireland and Scotland.
Irish Journal of Psychology, 20, 89-92.
Francis, L. J. (2002). The relationship between bible reading and attitude toward substance use among
13-15 year olds. Religious Education, 97, 44-60.
Francis, L. J., Fearn, M., & Lewis, C. A. (2005). The impact of personality and religion on attitudes
toward alcohol among 16-18 year olds in Northern Ireland. Journal of Religion and Health,
44, 267-289.
Fearn, M., Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2005). Internal consistency reliability of the Francis Scale of
Attitude toward Alcohol among adolescents in Northern Ireland. Psychological Reports, 97,
321-324.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2009). Prayer, purpose in life, and attitude toward substances: A study
among 13- to 15-year-olds in England and Wales. Counselling and Spirituality, 28(2), 83104.ISSN 0713 3383.
84
30.
Pentecostal and Charismatic Studies
Leslie J Francis’ long-standing collaboration with Professor William K Kay has led to a
growing interest in Pentecostal and Charismatic Studies.
Articles
Francis, L. J., & Kay, W. K. (1995). The personality characteristics of Pentecostal ministry candidates.
Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 581-594.
Kay, W. K., &Francis, L. J. (1995). Personality, mental health and glossolalia. Pneuma, 17, 253-263.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (1997). Personality and charismatic experience among adult Christians.
Pastoral Psychology, 45, 421-428.
Francis, L. J., & Thomas, T. H. (1997). Are charismatic ministers less stable? A study among male
Anglican clergy. Review of Religious Research, 39, 61-69.
Robbins, M., Hair, J., & Francis, L. J. (1999). Personality and attraction to the charismatic movement:
a study among Anglican clergy. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 20, 239-246.
Francis, L. J., Lankshear, D. W., & Jones, S. H. (2000). The influence of the charismatic
movement on local church life: A comparative study among Anglican rural, urban and
suburban churches. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 15, 121-130.
Louden, S. H., & Francis, L. J. (2001). Are Catholic priests in England and Wales attracted to the
charismatic movement emotionally less stable? British Journal of Theological Education,
11(2), 65-76.
Francis, L. J., & Turton, D. (2002). Are charismatic clergy more satisfied with their ministry? A study
among male parochial clergy in the Church of England. Mental Health, Religion and Culture,
5, 135-142.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2003). Personality and glossolalia: A study among male evangelical
clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 51, 391-396.
Francis, L. J., & Jones, S. H. (2005). Charismatic experience and emotional stability: A study among
adult Christians. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 16, 124-131.
Jones, S. H., Francis, L. J., & Craig, C. L. (2005). Charismatic experience and psychological type: An
empirical enquiry. Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association, 25, 39-53.
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Mysticism and religious experience
Leslie J Francis’ long-standing association with the Alister Hardy Religious Experience
Research Centre (some time as chair of the Research Committee and currently as Chair of the
Trust) has led to a growing interest in religious experience in general and in mysticism in
particular. The Francis-Louden Mystical Orientation Scale has become a recognised
instrument in this field.
Articles
Greer, J. E., & Francis, L. J. (1992). Religious experience and attitude toward Christianity among
secondary school children in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 277-279.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1993). The contribution of religious experience to Christian
development: a study among fourth, fifth and sixth year pupils in Northern Ireland. British
Journal of Religious Education, 15, 38-43.
Francis, L. J., & Greer, J. E. (1999). Religious experience and attitude toward Christianity among
Protestant and Catholic adolescents in Northern Ireland. Research in Education, 61, 1-7.
Francis, L. J., & Louden, S. H. (2000). Mystical orientation and psychological type: A study among
student and adult churchgoers. Transpersonal Psychology Review, 4(1), 36-42.
Francis, L. J., & Louden, S. H. (2000). The Francis-Louden Mystical Orientation Scale (MOS): A
study among Roman Catholic priests. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 11,
99-116.
Francis, L. J. (2002). Psychological type and mystical orientation: Anticipating individual differences
within congregational life. Pastoral Sciences, 21, 77-93.
Bourke, R., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2004). Mystical orientation among church musicians.
Transpersonal Psychology Review, 8(2), 14-19.
Francis, L. J., & Louden, S. H. (2004). A short index of mystical orientation (SIMO): a study among
Roman Catholic priests. Pastoral Psychology, 53, 49-51.
Francis, L. J. (2006). The God experience (who has it and why?): Perspectives from empirical
theology. Modern Believing, 47, 4-21.
Francis, L. J., ap Siôn, T., Lewis, C. A., Robbins, M., & Barnes, L. P. (2006). Attitude toward
Christianity and religious experience: Replication among 16- to 18-year-old adolescents in
Northern Ireland. Research in Education, 76, 56-61.
Francis, L. J., Village, A., Robbins M., & Ineson, K. (2007). Mystical orientation and psychological
type: An empirical study among guests staying at a Benedictine Abbey. Studies in Spirituality,
17, 207-223. ISSN 0926-6453.
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Religion and suicide
Leslie J Francis’ first post-doctoral research fellowship was located in a department concerned
with suicidology, shaping an ongoing concern with the connection between religion and
suicidal ideation.
Articles
Lester, D., & Francis, L. J. (1993). Is religiosity related to suicidal ideation after personality and mood
are taken into account? Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 591-592.
Hills, P. R., & Francis, L. J. (2005). The relationships of religiosity and personality with suicidal
ideation. Mortality, 10, 286-293.
Kay, W. K., & Francis, L. J. (2006). Suicidal ideation among young people in the UK: Churchgoing as
an inhibitory influence? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 9, 127-140.
Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (2009). The spiritual revolution and suicidal ideation: An empirical
enquiry among 13- to 15-year-old adolescents in England and Wales. International Journal of
Children’s Spirituality, 14, 261-272. ISSN 1364 436X.
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33.
Cathedral studies
Leslie J Francis’ current position as Canon Theologian and Canon Treasurer at Bangor
Cathedral has helped to shape a developing interest in empirically-based cathedral studies.
Leslie J Francis’ research agenda in this field has focused especially on cathedral congregation
and cathedral visitors.
Articles
Williams, E., Francis L. J., Robbins M., & Annis, J. (2007). Visitor experiences of St Davids
Cathedral: the two worlds of pilgrims and secular tourists. Rural Theology, 5, 111-123. ISSN
1470-4994.
Francis, L. J, Williams, E., Annis J., & Robbins, M. (2008). Understanding cathedral visitors:
psychological type and individual differences in experience and appreciation. Tourism
Analysis, 13, 71-80. ISSN 1083-5423.
Francis, L. J., Mansfield, S., Williams, E., & Village, A. (2010). Applying psychological type theory
to Cathedral visitors: A case study of two cathedrals in England and Wales. Visitor Studies,
13, 175-186. ISSN 1064 5578.
Francis, L. J., & Williams, E. (2010). Not all cathedral congregations look alike: Two case studies in
rural England. Rural Theology, 8, 37-50. ISSN 1470 4994.
Francis, L.J., Annis, J., Robbins, M., ap Sion, T., & Williams, E. (2012). National heritage and
spiritual awareness: A study in psychological type theory among visitors to St Davids
Cathedral. In F-V. Anthony, & H-G. Ziebertz (Eds.), Religious identity and national heritage:
Empirical theological perspectives (pp. 123-147). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978 9004 22875 7.
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34.
Parliament of the World’s Religions
The Parliament of the World’s Religions provides a unique opportunity to explore the
dialogue between religion and spiritual traditions and the theology of religions. Leslie J
Francis was involved in designing surveys conducted among participants attending Barcelona
(2005) and Melbourne (2009).
Chapters
Francis, L.J., and Robbins, M. (2012). The theology of religions and psychological type: An empirical
enquiry among participants at the Parliament of the World’s Reigions. In J. Astley, L.J.
Francis, M. Robbins, & M. Selçuck, M. (Eds.). Teaching religion, teaching truth: Theoretical
and empirical perspectives (pp. 205-222). Oxford: Peter Lang. ISBN 978 3 0343 0818 2.
Articles
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Cargas, S. (2010). The Parliament of the World’s Religions, who goes
and why? An empirical study of Barcelona 2004. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 31, 143-153.
ISSN 1361 7672.
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35.
Implicit Religion
Leslie J Francis has taken an active interest in research connected with Edward Bailey’s
notion of implicit religion and has served on the editorial board of the journal Implicit
Religion since its inception in 1998.
Articles
Francis, L. J., Little, K. T., & Thomas, T. H. (2000). Fenced fonts or open doors? Implicit religion and
baptismal policy among clergy in the Church in Wales. Implicit Religion, 3, 73-86. ISSN 1463
9955.
Smith, G., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2002). Establishment or disestablishment? A survey among
Church of England clergy. Implicit Religion, 5, 105-120. ISSN 1463 9955.
Francis, L. J., & Littler, K. (2003). Staying away: What keeps rural churches empty? Implicit Religion,
6, 161-169. ISSN 1463 9955.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2004). Belonging without believing: A study in the social significance
of Anglican identity and implicit religion among 13-15 year old males. Implicit Religion, 7,
37-54. ISSN 1463 9955.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., &Robbins, M. (2006). The unconventional beliefs of conventional
churchgoers: The matter of luck. Implicit Religion, 9, 305-314. ISSN 1463 9955.
Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & Williams, E. (2006). Believing and implicit religion beyond the
churches: religion, superstition, luck and fear among 13- to 15-year-old girls in Wales.
Implicit Religion, 9, 74-89. ISSN 1463 9955.
Francis, L. J., Williams, E., & Robbins, M. (2008). Church attendance, implicit religion and belief in
luck: The relationship between conventional religiosity and alternative spirituality among
adolescents. Implicit Religion, 11, 239-254. ISSN 1463 9955.
Walker, D., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2010). You don’t have to go to church to be a good
Christian: The implicit religion of rural Anglican churchgoers celebrating harvest. Implicit
Religion, 13, 319-325. ISSN 1463 9955.
Schnell, T., Francis, L. J., Lewis, C. A. (2011). Psychological perspectives on implicit religion.
Implicit Religion, 14, 385-386. ISSN 1463 9955.
Williams, E., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). Implicit religion and the quest for meaning:
Purpose in life and transcendental beliefs. Implicit Religion, 14, 45-65. ISSN 1463 9955.
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36.
Spiritual Health
Leslie J Francis has taken an active interest in research connected with John Fisher’s
conceptualisation and measurement of spiritual health and has contributed to empirical studies
that have tested and developed this model.
Books authored:
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2005). Urban hope and spiritual health: The adolescent voice.
Peterborough: Epworth. pp viii + 280. ISBN 0-7162-0609-9.
Articles
Fisher, J. W., Francis, L. J., & Johnson, P. (2000). Assessing spiritual health via four domains of
spiritual wellbeing: The SH4DI. Pastoral Psychology, 49, 133-145.
Francis L. J., &Robbins M. (2008). The relationship between denominational affiliation and spiritual
health among weekly churchgoing 13-15-year-old adolescents in England. Journal of
Education and Christian Belief, 12, 21-39. ISSN 1366-5456.
Francis, L. J. (2010). Spiritual health and religious formation: The adolescent experience. Crucible,
49, 7-14. ISSN 0011 2100.
Francis, L. J. (2010). Spiritual health and religious formation: The adolescent experience. Crucible,
49, 7-14. ISSN 0011 2100.
Francis, L. J., Penny, G., & Baker, S. (2012). Defining and assessing spiritual health: A comparative
study among 13-to 15-year-old pupils attending secular schools, Anglican schools, and private
Christian schools in England and Wales. The Peabody Journal of Education, 87, 351-367.
ISSN 0161 956X.
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