CURRICULUM VITAE
Rafi Ahmed
Personal Data
Date of birth: November 19, 1948
Place of birth: Hyderabad, India
Marital status: Married, two children
Education
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Ph.D./Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, 1981
Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, M.S./Microbiology, 1974
Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, B.S./Microbiology, 1972
Osmania University, Hyderabad, India, B.Sc./Chemistry, 1968
Professional Record
Charles Howard Candler Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 2010-present
Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Vaccine Research and Professor of
Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 1995-present
Associate Director, Emory/Atlanta Center for AIDS Research, Emory University, 2000-present
Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, California, 1992-1995
Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los
Angeles, California, 1988-1992
Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UCLA School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 1984-1988
Assistant Member, Department of Immunology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation,
La Jolla, California, 1984
Research Fellow, Department of Immunology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation,
La Jolla, California, 1981-1984
Honors
Member, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, 2014
Foreign Member, Indian National Academy of Sciences, 2013
Drexel Prize in Immunology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 2013
Dan H. Campbell Memorial Lecturer, Asilomar, CA, 2012
Janeway Lecture, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 2012
Stuart Memorial Lecture, Brown University, Providence RI, 2012
Cepero Memorial Lecture, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 2011
Julius Stone Lecture, Society for Investigative Dermatology, 2010
Baruj Benacerraf Lecture in Immunology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 2010
Member of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 2009
Calame Lecture, Columbia University, Columbia, NY, 2009
Keynote Lecture, Conference for Immunology Day, Montreal, Canada, 2009
Bassford Lecture, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 2009
Keynote Lecture, Prevention of HIV/AIDS, Keystone, CO, 2009
Dolman Lecture, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, 2009
Keynote Lecture, Immunologic Memory and Host Defense, Keystone, CO, 2009
Keynote Lecture, Association of Scientists of Indian Origin in America (ASIOA), Denton, TX, 2009
Idaho State University Distinguished Alumnus Award, Pocatello, ID, 2009
Hepatitis B Foundation Bruce Witte Distinguished Lecturer, Philadelphia, PA, 2008
Thaler Honorary Lecture, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, MD, 2008
45th Annual J.S. and H.R. Blumenthal Memorial Lectureship, Minneapolis, MN, 2007
1
Dean’s Distinguished Faculty Lecture and Award, Emory University School of Medicine, 2007
Thomas J. Matthews Endowed Lectureship, Duke University, Durham, NC, 2006
Keynote Lecture, Basic Aspects of Tumor Immunology, Keystone, Colorado, 2005
Russell S. and Rae Weiser Endowed Lecture in Immunology, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2005
Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology, 2004
Albert E. Levy Scientific Research Award, Emory University, 2003
Neal Nathanson Lectureship, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 2003
NIH Director's Lecture (Dyer Lecture), 2001
AAI Distinguished Lecture, Orlando, Fl., 2001
3rd Merle Sande Lecture, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, 2001
The Tadeusz J. Wiktor Memorial Lecture, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 1999
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1999
Visiting Lamb Professor, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1995
Harry Weaver Neuroscience Scholar, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 1986-1991
Ryan Foundation Scholar, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976-1980
Osmania University Merit Scholarship, 1966-1968
Government of India National Merit Scholarship, 1963
Scientific Advisory Boards
Scientific Advisory Board, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 2014-current
Scientific Advisory Board, Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD, 2014-current
Scientific Advisory Group, HVTR Laboratory (IAVI), New Delhi India, 2013-current
Selecta Biosciences, Boston, MA, 2008-current
Immune Design, Seattle WA, 2008-current
Novartis Vaccines, Sienna, Italy, 2007-current
NIH Vaccine Research Center, Board of Scientific Counselors, Bethesda, MD, 2007-current
Merck, West Point, PA, 2006-current
Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, 2006-current
Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2006-current
Poxvirus T cell Vaccine Discovery Consortium, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle WA, 2006Dept. of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science, Government of India, New Delhi, India, 1998-current
Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise, New York, NY, 2008-2012
Aeras Global TB Vaccine, Rockwell, MD, 2007-2010
Midwestern Regional Center of Excellence, Chicago, IL, 2006-2011
Crucell, Leiden, Netherlands, 2006-2010
Intercell AG., Vienna, Austria, 2005-2011
VaxInate Corp. New Haven, CT, 2004-2009
HVTN Scientific Advisory Committee, 2003
Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative (Gates Foundation) Scientific Advisory Committee, 2003
National Cancer Institute, (NIH) Board of Scientific Counselors, 2001-2003
International AIDS Vaccine Research (IAVI) Advisory Committee, 2000
Scientific Advisory Board, Ministry of Science, Government of India, 1999
National Multiple Sclerosis Society Board, 1998
Advisory Board for the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, 1998
Advisory Board Baylor School of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), 2000
AIDS Etiology and Pathogenesis Area Review Panel, OAR, NIH, 1995-1996
Biotechnology Science Advisory Committee, U.S. Environmental Protection, Agency, 1988-1992
Editorial Board
Annual Reviews of Immunology, 2008-current
Current Opinion in Immunology, 2007-current
Immunological Reviews, 2005-current
Current Topics in Microbiology & Immunology, 2005-current
Editor-in-Chief, Microbial Pathogenesis, 1995-2009
Editor, Virology, 1996- 2006
Associate Editor, Immunity, 1997-1999
2
Editorial Board, Journal of Virology, 1989-1998
Editorial Board, Virology, 1990-1996
Editorial Board, Microbial Pathogenesis, 1989-1994
Professional Organizations
American Association of Immunologists
American Society for Investigative Pathology
Infectious Diseases Society of America
American Society for Microbiology
American Society for Virology
American Association for the Advancement of Science
New York Academy of Sciences
Sigma Xi
Research Support (Direct costs/Yr.)
2 R01 AI030048-23 (Ahmed)
07/01/90-02/29/16
NIH/NIAID
$477,547
T Cell Memory to Viruses
The major goal of this project is to understand the mechanisms by which long-term T cell memory is generated
and maintained.
5 U19 AI057266 (Ahmed)
9/01/03-4/30/19
NIH/NIAID
$2,701,457
Vaccine Induced Immunity in the Young and Aged
This is a Human Immunology Center grant to support studies characterizing immunological memory in humans
after vaccination.
1 U19 AI090023 (Pulendran)
07/12/2010-06/30/15
NIH/NIAID
$466,034
System Biological Analyses of Innate and Adaptive Responses to Vaccination
HHSN266200700006C (Orenstein)
03/3007-03/29/21
NIH/NIAID
$551,863
NIAID Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
5 P01 AI056299 (Sharpe)
09/30/03-08/31/19
Harvard University (NIH/NIAID)
$155,583
T Cell Costimulatory Pathways: Functions and Interactions
1 R01 AI081846 (Sharpe)
03/03/10-02/28/15
Harvard University (NIH/NIAID)
$42,000
Regulation of Chronic Viral Infection by Co-Inhibitory Pathways
1 R01 AI091493 (Haining)
09/30/10-08/31/15
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (NIH/NIAID)
$125,000
Functional Genomic Analysis of the CD8 T cell Response to HIV Vaccines
European Commission Delegation (Ahmed) 10/01/11-09/30/14
Advanced Immunization technologies (ADITEC) $272,982
3
System biology of innate and adaptive immunity to adjuvanted influenza vaccination.
1PO1 A1096187-01 (Hunter)
07/07/11-06/30/16
NIH/NIAID
$309,225
B-cell Biology of Mucosal Immune Protection from SIV challenge. The Ahmed sub-project will look at the role
of follicular T helper cells in enhancing humoral immunity and protection.
CHAVI-ID UMI-AI100663 (Burton)
07/01/12-06/30/19
NIH
$50,000
Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery.
1 P01 AI097092-01A1 (Palese)
NIH
Towards a Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine.
07/01/12-06/30/17
$250,000
Invited Speaker (2013-14)
1. International Immunological Memory and Vaccine Forum (IIMVF), Tokyo, Japan, January 2013
2. Japan Science and Technology (JST) CREST Symposium, Japan, February 2013
3. Merieux Foundation, Annecy, France, March 2013
4. 14th Advanced Vaccinology Course (ADVAC) , Geneva, Switzerland, May 2013
5. 78th Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory’s Symposium, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, May 2013
6. Charles A. Janeway, Jr. Memorial Symposium, New Haven, CT, June 2013
7. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKC) Seminar, New York, NY, June 2013
8. Dengue Vaccine Development Workshop, Bethesda, MD, June 2013
9. 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Milan, Italy, August 2013
10. Duke CHAVI-ID Annual Retreat, Durham, NC, October 2013
11. Keystone Symposium on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, October 2013
12. Kidney Week 2013, Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, GA, November 2013
13. 2nd Annual San Antonio Vaccine Symposium, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, November 2013
14. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Conference, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, November 2013
15. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, December 2013
16. India Summit Meeting, Atlanta, GA, February 2014
17. First Workshop Human Vaccine Project, La Jolla, CA, February 2014
18. GT-Emory ImmunoEngineering Symposium, Atlanta, GA, February 2014
19. Genentech Visit, San Francisco, CA, March 2014
20. Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) Immunomodulatory Targets Program, San Diego, CA, April 2014
21. Jinnah Sindh Medical University Annual Retreat, Atlanta, GA, April 2014
22. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, April 2014
23. 2nd World Health Organization (WHO) Integrated Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, May 2014
24. Advanced Course of Vaccinology (ADVAC), Geneva, Switzerland, May 2014
25. Universal Flu External SAB Meeting, New York, NY, May 2014
26. Immunochemistry and Immunobiology Gordon Conference, Newry, Maine, June 2014
27. 3rd Annual Southeastern Immunology Symposium, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, June 2014
28. BARDA Influenza Vaccine Improvement Workshop, Washington, DC, June 2014
29. Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies (FOCIS), Chicago, IL, June 2014
30. Novartis Scientific Exchange Meeting, Siena, Italy, July 2014
31. Interview for Principles of Virology Text, Philadelphia, PA, August 2014
32. Assessment Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, August 2014
33. University of Massachusetts (UMMS) Seminar Series, Worcester, MA, September 2014
34. 5th Annual USA India Business Summit (UIBS), Georgia Tech, September 2014
35. Distinguished Ludwig Lecture, Lausanne, Switzerland, September 2014
36. Tisdale Lecture, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, October 2014
4
Publications:
1.
Ahmed, R. and A.F. Graham. 1977. Persistent infection in L cells with it’s mutants of reovirus. J. Virol.
23: 250-262
2.
Fields, B.N., H.L. Weiner, R.F. Ramig and R. Ahmed. 1978. Genetics of reovirus: Aspects related to
virulence and viral persistence. In Persistent Viruses, J.G. Stevens, G.J. Todaro and C.F. Fox (eds.),
Academic Press, New York, pp. 389-398.
3.
Chakraborty, P.R., R. Ahmed, and B.N. Fields. 1979. Genetics of reovirus: The relationship of
interference to complementation and re-assortment of its mutants at non-permissive temperature. Virology
94:119-127.
4.
Ahmed, R., P.R. Chakraborty, and B.N. Fields. 1980. Genetic variation during lytic reovirus infection:
High passage stocks of wild type retrovirus contain temperature-sensitive mutants. J. Virol. 34: 285-287.
5.
Ahmed, R., P. R. Chakraborty, A.F. Graham, R.F. Ramig and B.N. Fields. 1980. Genetic variation during
persistent reovirus infection: Presence of extragenically suppressed its lesions in wild type virus isolated
from persistently infected cells. J. Virol. 34:383-389.
6.
Fields, B.N., H.L. Weiner, D.T. Drayna, A.H. Sharpe, D. Hardy, D. Rubin, S. Burstin, R. Ahmed,
J. Gentsch and H. Donis-Keller. 1980. The molecular basis of reovirus virulence. In ICN-UCLA Symposia
on Animal Virus Genetics, B.N. Fields, R. Jaenish and C.F. Fox (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp.
663-671.
7.
Ahmed, R. and B.N. Fields. 1981. Reassortment of genome segments between reovirus defective
interfering particles and infectious virus: Construction of temperature-sensitive and attenuated viruses by
rescue of mutations from DI particles. Virology 111: 351-363.
8.
Ahmed, R., W.M. Canning, R.S. Kauffman, A.S. Sharpe, J. Hallum, and B.N. Fields. 1981. Role of the
host cell in persistent viral infection: Coevolution of L cells and retrovirus during persistent infection.
Cell 25: 325-332.
9.
Ahmed, R., and B.N. Fields. 1982. Role of the S4 gene in the establishment of persistent reovirus
infection in L cells. Cell 28: 605-612.
10.
Ramig, R.F., R. Ahmed, and B.N. Fields, 1983. A genetic map of reovirus: Assignment of the newly
defined mutant groups H, I and J to genome segments. Virology 125:299-313.
11.
Ahmed, R., R. S. Kauffman, and B.N. Fields. 1983. Genetic variation during persistent reovirus infection:
Isolation of cold-sensitive and temperature sensitive mutants from persistently infected L cells. Virology
131: 71-78.
12. Kauffman, R.S., R. Ahmed, and B.N. Fields, 1983. Selection of a mutant S1 gene during reovirus
persistent infection of L cells: Role in maintenance of the persistent state. Virology 131: 79-87.
13.
Byrne, J.A., R. Ahmed, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984. Biology of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific
for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. I. Generation and recognition of virus strains and H-2b mutants.
J. Immunol. 133:433-439.
14.
Ahmed, R., J. A. Byrne and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984. Virus specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
generated during acute LCMV infection: Role of the H-2 region in determining cross-reactivity for
different LCMV strains. J. Virol. 51:34-41.
15.
Ahmed, R., A. Salmi, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984 Mechanism of persistent LCMV infection in mice:
Role of LCMV variants in suppression of LCMV specific cytotoxic T cell response and maintenance of
5
the carrier state. In Negative Strand Viruses, R. Compans and D. Bishop (eds.), Academic Press, New
York, pp. 333-339.
16.
Ahmed, R., A. Salmi, L.D. Butler, J. Chiller, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984. Selection of genetic variants of
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice: Role in suppression of
cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence. J.Exp.Med. 60: 521-540.
17.
Ahmed, R. and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984. Mechanisms and biological implications of virus induced
polyclonal B cell activation. In Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis, A.L. Notkins and M.B.A. Oldstone (eds.),
Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 231-238.
18.
Oldstone, M.B.A., R. Ahmed, J. Byrne, M. Buchmeier, Y. Riviere, and P. Southern. 1985. Virus and
immune responses: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as a prototype model of viral pathogenesis. Brit.
Med. Bull. 41:70-74.
19.
Ahmed, R., P. Southern, P. Blount, J. Byrne, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1985. Viral genes, cytotoxic T
lymphocytes and immunity. In Modern Approaches to Vaccines: Molecular and chemical basis of
resistance to viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases, R. Lerner and R. Chanock (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, New York.
20.
Oldstone, M.B.A., R. Ahmed, M.J. Buchmeier, P. Blount, and A. Tishon. 1985. Perturbation of
differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. I. Relationship of LCMV and host strains to growth
hormone deficiency. Virology 142: 158-174.
21.
Riviere, Y., R. Ahmed, P. Southern, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1985. Perturbation of differentiated functions
during viral infection in vivo. II. Viral reassortants map growth hormone defect to the S RNA of the
LCMV genome. Virology 142: 175-182.
22.
Riviere, Y., R. Ahmed, P.J. Southern, M.J. Buchmeier, F.J. Dutko, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1985. The S
RNA segment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus codes for the nucleoprotein and glycoproteins 1 and
2. J. Virol. 53: 966-968.
23.
Riviere, Y., R. Ahmed, P.J. Southern, M.J. Buchmeier, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1985. Genetic mapping of
LCMV pathogenecity: Virulence in guinea pigs is associated with the L RNA segment. J. Virol. 55:704709.
24.
Ahmed, R. and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1986. Role of virus variants and T cell immunity. In Genetically Altered
Viruses and the Environment. Banbury Center. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp. 223-233.
25.
Riviere, Y., P.J. Southern, R. Ahmed, and M.B.A.Oldstone. 1986. Biology of cloned cytotoxic T
lymphocytes specific for LCMV. V. Recognition is restricted to the viral S RNA segment and the genes it
encodes. J. Immunol.136:304-307.
26.
Southern, P.J., M.J. Buchmeier, R. Ahmed, S.J. Francis, B. Parekh, T. Riviere, M.K. Singh, and M.B.A.
Oldstone. 1986. Molecular pathogenesis of arenavirus infections. In Vaccines 86: New approaches to
immunization, R. Lerner and R. Chanock (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 239-245.
27.
Ahmed, R., C.C. King, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1987. Virus-lymphocyte interaction: T cells of the helper
subset are infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus during persistent infection in vivo. J. Virol.
61:1571-1576.
28.
Ahmed, R., B.D. Jamieson, and D.D. Porter. 1987. Immune therapy of a persistent and disseminated viral
infection. J. Virol. 61:3920-3929.
29.
Jamieson, B.D., L.D. Butler, and R. Ahmed. 1987. Effective clearance of a persistent viral infection
requires cooperation between virus specific Lyt2+ T cells and non-specific bone marrow derived cells. J.
Virol. 61:3930-3937.
6
30.
Jamieson, B.D. and R. Ahmed. 1988. T cell tolerance: Exposure to virus in utero does not cause a
permanent deletion of specific T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85:2265-2268.
31.
Ahmed, R., L.D. Butler, and L. Bhatti. 1988. T4+ T helper cell function in vivo : Differential requirement
for induction of anti-viral cytotoxic T cell and antibody responses. J. Virol. 62:2102-2106.
32.
Ahmed, R. and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1988. Organ specific selection of viral variants during chronic infection.
J. Exp. Med. 167:1719-1724.
33.
Wu-Hsieh, B., D.H. Howard and R. Ahmed. 1988. Virus induced immunosuppression: A murine model of
susceptibility to opportunistic infection. J. Inf. Dis. 158:232-235.
34.
Ahmed, R. 1988. Curing of a congenitally acquired chronic viral infection: Acquisition of T cell
competence by a previously “tolerant” host. In Immunobiology and Pathogenesis of Persistent Virus
Infections (1st International Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia, 1987), C. Lopez (ed.), American Society of
Microbiology, pp. 159-167.
35.
Ahmed, R., R.D. Simon, M. Matloubian, S.R. Kolhekar, P.J. Southern and D.M. Freedman. 1988.
Genetic analysis of in vivo selected viral variants causing chronic infection: Importance of mutation in L
RNA segment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 62:3301-3308.
36.
Ahmed, R., 1989. Immunological tolerance in viral infections. In Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis III, A.L.
Notkins and M.B.A. Oldstone (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York. Chapter 36, pp. 304-310.
37.
Jamieson, B.D. and R. Ahmed. 1989. T cell memory: Long-term persistence of virus specific cytotoxic T
cells. J. Exp. Med.169:1993-2005.
38.
Muller, D., M.M. Hobbs, R. Murray, K. Pederson, R. Ahmed, and J.A. Frelinger. 1989. Altered
recognition of LCMV antigen presented on mutant class I molecules. In Transgenic Mice and Mutants in
MHC Research, Springer-Vrelag Publishers, New York.
39.
Ahmed, R. and J.G. Stevens. 1989. Viral persistence. In Virology, 2nd Edition, B.N. Fields (ed.), Raven
Press, New York, pp. 241-265.
40. Oldstone, M.B.A., R. Ahmed, and M. Salvato. 1990. Viruses as therapeutic agents. II. Viral reassortants
map prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to the small RNA of lymphocytic choriomeningitis
virus. J. Exp. Med. 171:2091-2100.
41.
King, C.C., R. deFries, S.R. Kolhekar, and R. Ahmed. 1990. In vivo selection of lymphocyte-tropic and
macrophage-tropic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus during persistent infection. J. Virol.
64:5611-5616.
42.
Matloubian, M., T. Somasundaram, S.R. Kolhekar, R. Selvakumar, and R. Ahmed. 1990. Genetic basis
of viral persistence: Single amino acid change in the viral glycoprotein affects ability of lymphocytic
choriomeningitis virus to persist in adult mice. J. Exp. Med.172:1043-1048.
43.
Ahmed, R., C.S. Hahn, T. Somasundaram, L. Villarete, M. Matloubian, and J.H. Strauss. 1991. Molecular
basis of organ specific selection of viral variants during chronic infection. J. Virol. 65: 4242-4247.
44.
Jamieson, B.D., T. Somasundaram, and R. Ahmed. 1991. Abrogation of tolerance to a chronic viral
infection. J. Immunol. 147:3521-3529.
45.
Tishon,A., Salmi, A., Ahmed, R., and Oldstone, M.B.A. 1991. Role of viral strains and host genes in
determining levels of immune complexes in a model system-implications for HIV infection. AIDS
Research and Human Retroviruses 7:963-969.
46.
Ahmed, R. 1991. T cell tolerance to viruses. Curr. Opinion Immunol. 3:476-479.
7
47.
Ahmed, R. 1992. Immunological memory against viruses. Sem. Immunol. 4:105-109.
48.
King, C.C., B.D. Jamieson, K. Reddy, N. Bali, R. Concepcion, and R. Ahmed. 1992. Viral infection of the
thymus. J. Virol. 66:3155-3160.
49.
Lin, Y-L, L. Borenstein, R. Selvakumar, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1992. Effective vaccination
against papilloma development by immunization with L1 or L2 structural proteins of cottontail rabbit
papilloma virus. Virology 187:612-619.
50.
Lin, Y-L, L.A. Borenstein, R. Selvakumar, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1993 Progression from
papilloma to carcinoma is accompanied by changes in the antibody response to papillomavirus proteins. J.
Virol. 67:382-389.
51.
Lin, Y-L, L.A. Borenstein, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1993. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus L1
protein-based vaccines: Protection is achieved only with a full-length, nondenatured product. J. Virol.
67:4154-4162.
52.
Matloubian, M., S.R. Kolhekar, T. Somasundaram, and R. Ahmed. 1993. Molecular determinants of
macrophage-tropism and viral persistence: Importance of single amino acid changes in the polymerase
and glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 67:7340-7349.
53.
Kolhekar, S. and R. Ahmed. 1994. Role of viral variants in persistent infections: Studies using LCM virus
as a model system - replication in peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In Virology in the Tropics
(International Conference on Virology in the Tropics, 1991). N. Rishi, K.L. Ahuja, and B.P. Singh, (ed.),
New Delhi.
54.
Ahmed, R. 1994. Persistent viral infection. Encycl. Virol. Academic Press Ltd., Publishers, London.
55.
Selvakumar, R., L.A. Borenstein, Y-L Lin, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1994. T cell response to
cottontail rabbit papillomavirus structural proteins in virus infected rabbits. J. Virol. 68:4043-4048.
56.
Lau, L.L., B.D. Jamieson, T. Somasundaram, and R.Ahmed. 1994. Cytotoxic T cell memory without
antigen. Nature 369:648-652
57.
Ahmed, R. 1994. Virus persistence and immune memory. Sem. Virol. 5:319-324.
58.
Villarete, L., T. Somasundaram, and R. Ahmed. 1994. Tissue mediated selection of viral variants:
Correlation between glycoprotein mutation and growth in neuronal cells. J. Virol. 68:7490-7496.
59.
Matloubian, M., R.J. Concepcion, and R. Ahmed. 1994. CD4+ T cells are required to sustain CD8+
cytotoxic T cell responses during chronic viral infection. J. Virol. 68:8056-8063.
60.
Walsh, C.M., M. Matloubian, C.C. Liu, R. Ueda, C.G. Kurahara, J.L. Christensen, M.T.F. Huang, J.D.E.
Young, R. Ahmed and W.R. Clark. 1994. Immune function in mice lacking the perforin gene. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci.(USA) 91:10854-10858.
61.
Selvakumar, R., L.A. Borenstein, Y-L Lin, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1995. Immunization with nonstructural proteins E1 and E2 of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus stimulates regression of virus induced
papillomas. J. Virol. 69:602-605.
62.
Slifka, M.K., M. Matloubian, and R. Ahmed. 1995. Bone marrow is a major site of long-term antibody
production after acute viral infection. J. Virol. 69:1895-1902.
63.
Clark, W.R., C. Walsh, A. Glass, M.T.F. Huang, R. Ahmed and M. Matloubian. 1995. Cell-mediated
cytotoxicity in perforin-less mice. Intl. Rev. Immun. 13:1-14.
8
64.
Shen, H., M.K. Slifka, M. Matloubian, E.R. Jensen, R. Ahmed, and J.F. Miller. 1995. Recombinant
Listeria monocytogenes as a live vaccine vehicle for the induction of protective anti-viral cell mediated
immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92:3987-3991.
65.
Villarete, L., R. deFries, S. Kolhekar, D. Howard, R. Ahmed, and B. Wu-Hsieh. 1995. Impaired
responsiveness to gamma interferon of macrophages infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
clone 13: susceptibility to histoplasmosis. Infect. & Immun. 63:1468-1472.
66.
Pedroza Martins, L., L.L. Lau, M. Asano, and R. Ahmed. 1995. DNA vaccination against persistent viral
infection. J. Virol. 69:2574-2582.
67.
Selvakumar, R., R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1995. Tumor regression is associated with a specific
immune response to the E2 protein of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. Virology 208:298-302.
68.
Wright, K.E., R. Ahmed, and M.J. Buchmeier. 1995. Persistent infection of mice with Pichinde virus
associated with failure to thrive. Microbial Pathogenesis 19:73-82.
69.
Sher, A. and R. Ahmed. 1995. Regulation of innate and adaptive responses to infection: new avenues and
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