BIO 102 LECTURE OUTLINE
EVOLUTION
The Theory of Natural Selection
1. Existence of Variations for adaptation
2. Struggle for Existence
3. Survival of the Fittest
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom: Animal
Order: Primate
Family: Hominid
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
MOLECULES OF LIFE
A. INORGANIC MOLECULES
1. SALTS
2. WATER
B. ORGANIC MOLECULES
1. CARBOHYDRATES
a) SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
b) STARCH
c) CELLULOSE
2. LIPIDS
a) FATS AND OILS
Function of fats
1) SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
2) UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
b) STEROIDS
3. PROTEINS
a) AMINO ACIDS
b) NUCLEIC ACIDS
c) ATP
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Every cell has three things in common
1. Metabolic functions
2. Responds to its environment
3. Homeostasis
CELL ORGANIZATION
1. ORGANELLES
2. RIBOSOMES:
3. CYTOPLASM
ORGANELLES
1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
2. NUCLEUS:
3. MITOCHONDRIA
4. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
5. GOLGI COMPLEX
6. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
7. CILIA AND FLAGELLA
8. VESICLES:
a. LYSOSOMES
b. TRANSPORT VESICLES:
c. STORAGE VESICLES
TISSUES
1. MUSCLE TISSUE
a. SKELETAL
b. SMOOTH
c. CARDIAC
2. NERVOUS TISSUE
3. EPITHELIUM:
4. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
A. ADIPOSE
B. LOOSE connective tissue
C. DENSE connective tissue
1) DENSE IRREGULAR connective tissue
2) DENSE REGULAR connective tissue
D. SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES
1. Cartilage
2. Bone tissues
3. Blood tissue
4. Nerve tissue
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INTEGUMENT SYSTEM
1. Organs
a. Skin
b. Nails
c. Hair
d. Glands
2. Functions
a. Protection
1) From pathogen invasion
2) Water loss
3) Abrasion
4) UV light
b. Thermal regulation (maintaining proper body temp)
c. Sensory reception (touch, temp, pain, etc)
d. Vitamin D production
1. SKIN
a. EPIDERMIS
1) Basement Membrane
b. DERMIS
c. HYPODERMIS
SKIN COLOR
SKIN DISORDERS
1. BURNS:
2. SKIN CANCER
a) BASAL CELL CARCINOMA:
b) SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
c) MELANOMA
3. DECUBITUS ULCERS
4. PSORIASIS:
5. CONTUSION
6. WRINKLES
a) BOTOX
b) COLLAGEN INJECTION
7. MOISTURIZER CREAMS
8. TATTOOS
9. NOSE PIERCING
10. WARTS
2. NAILS
3. HAIR
HAIR FOLLICLES
4. GLANDS
a. SEBACEOUS GLANDS
b. ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
c. APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
d. MAMMARY GLANDS
e. CERUMINUS GLANDS
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. MOUTH
A. ORAL CAVITY
1) HARD PALATE:
2) SOFT PALATE:
B. UVULA:
C. TONSILS
D. TONGUE
E. SALIVARY GLANDS
F. TEETH:
2. ESOPHAGUS
3. STOMACH
a. Functions
1) Store Food
2) Churn food
3) Kill bacteria
4) Some digestion
5) Some absorption
b. Problems
1) STOMACH ACID
a) GASTRIC ULCER
b) HEARTBURN
4. SMALL INTESTINE
a. Cell structure
1) MICROVILLI
2) INTESTINAL CRYPTS
b. Parts and accessory organs
1) DUODENUM
2) PANCREAS
3) GALL BLADDER
5. LARGE INTESTINE
1. Functions
a. Absorbs a LOT of water from the food
b. Absorbs electrolytes (Na, K, etc) out of the food
c. Stores feces for defecation
d. Contains Bacteria
i. Make vitamins (B12, K)
ii. Allow material to move through large intestine easier
iii. Keep out harmful bacteria
iv. They eat things you can’t digest
1. Fiber
2. Some sugars that we don’t have enzymes for
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2. Parts
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
APPENDIX
ASCENDING COLON
TRANSVERSE COLON
DESCENDING COLON
SIGMOID COLON
RECTUM
ANUS
3. PROBLEMS with large intestine
a. COLON CANCER
b. COLONOSCOPY
c. POLYPS
d. DIARRHEA
e. CONSTIPATION
f. HEMORRHOIDS
OTHER DIGESTIVE ORGANS: Liver and Gall Bladder
1. LIVER
A. Functions
1) Stores iron
2) Makes blood plasma proteins (clotting factors)
3) Stores glucose
4) Breaks down fats and regulates cholesterol
5) Breaks down amino acids, producing urea
6) Detoxifies chemicals in blood
B. PROBLEMS WITH THE LIVER
1) HEPATITIS
2) CIRRHOSIS
3) JAUNDICE
2. GALL BLADDER
A. PROBLEMS WITH THE GALL BLADDER
1) GALL STONES
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NUTRITION
A. Dietary molecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
B. Weight Loss
C. Vitamins
1. Vitamin C
2. Vitamin D
D. Antioxidants
E. Minerals
1. Iron
2. Calcium
3. Sodium
F. Eating Disorders
1. Obesity
2. Bulimia
3. Anorexia Nervosa
MICRO-ORGANISMS THAT CAUSE DISEASE
1. BARRIERS TO ENTRY
2. TRANSMISSION
a. DIRECT CONTACT
b. AIRBORNE
c. VEHICLE
d. VECTOR
3. PATHOGEN
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BLOOD
A. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:
1. Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
2. Removes carbon dioxide and wastes from cells
3. Immunity (protects from disease)
4. Temperature regulation (cold, constricts; hot, dilates)
5. Helps prevent loss of blood by clotting
6. Transports hormones
7. Erection of the penis
B. COMPONENTS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Blood
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
4. Lymph and lymph vessels
1. BLOOD
A. PLASMA
B. RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
C. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
1) NEUTROPHILS
2) MACROPHAGES.
3) LYMPHOCYTES
a) B CELLS
b) T CELLS
D. PLATELETS
2. STEM CELLS
3. BONE MARROW
4. Blood Diseases
A. ANEMIA
B. LEUKEMIA
5. BLOOD TYPING
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type AB
D. Type O
6. RH FACTOR
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2. THE HEART
A. HEART BEATS
B. HYPERTENSION
C. ARRHYTHMIA
D. FIBRILLATION
E. CORONARY ARTERIES
Problems with the heart
A. HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)
B. ANGINA
C. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
D. PLAQUE
3. BLOOD VESSELS
A. Arteries
B. Arterioles
C. capillaries
D. venules
E. veins
4. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
A. GIANT LYMPH NODES
1) SPLEEN
2) TONSILS
5. CIRCULATORY DISEASE CONDITIONS
A. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
B. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
C. HYPERTENSION (High Blood Pressure)
D. ANEURYSM
E. VARICOSE VEINS
F. HEMORRHOID
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IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. INFLAMMATORY REACTION
A. Redness
B. Heat
C. Swelling
D. Pain
2. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY:
A. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
B. PASSIVE IMMUNITY
3. ALLERGIES
A. Immediate allergic response
B. Delayed allergic response
4. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. NOSE
2. PHARYNX
A. SOFT PALATE
B. UVULA
3. LARYNX
A. EPIGLOTTIS
B. GLOTTIS
C. VOCAL CORDS
4. TRACHEA
A. BRONCHI
B. BRONCHIOLES
C. ALVEOLI
5. DIAPHRAGM
6. PROBLEMS WITH THE LUNGS
A. ASTHMA.
B. SMOKING
C. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
1) CHRONIC BRONCHITIS:
2) EMPHYSEMA
D. LUNG CANCER
E. RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
1)SURFACTANT
F. PNEUMONIA
G. TUBERCULOSIS
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URINARY SYSTEM
Functions:
1. Regulate electrolytes
2. Regulate pH in blood
3. Regulate blood pressure
4. Regulate blood volume
5. Removing metabolic wastes
1. KIDNEYS
A. LOCATION OF THE KIDNEYS
B. STRUCTURES WITHIN THE KIDNEY
C. NEPHRON
1) GLOMERULUS
2) CONVOLUTED TUBULES
3) LOOP OF HENLE
4) COLLECTING DUCT
D. UREA
1) COLOR OF URINE
2. URETERS
3. URINARY BLADDER
4. URETHRA
PROBLEMS WITH THE URINARY TRACT
1. UTI
2. URETHRITIS
3. CYSTITIS
PROBLEMS WITH THE KIDNEY
1. DIALYSIS
2. KIDNEY STONES
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
A. Sympathetic division
B. Parasympathetic division
NEURON
1. DENDRITES
2. CELL BODY
3. AXON
4. SYNAPTIC KNOBS
5. MYELIN SHEATH
a. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. THE BRAIN
1) CEREBRUM
2) MENINGES
3) CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
a. MENINGITIS
4) HIGHER FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
a. THE FRONTAL LOBE
i) BEHAVIOR
ii) MEMORY
a) MOTOR MEMORY
b) MEMORY OF EVENTS
B. SPINAL CORD
1) SIMPLE REFLEX ARC
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
3. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
“Fight or Flight”
B. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
“Rest and digest”
DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. quadriplegia
B. paraplegia
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THE SENSES
TYPES OF RECEPTORS
A. SOMATIC
B. PROPRIOCEPTORS
C. PAIN RECEPTORS
D. MECHANORECEPTORS
E. THERMORECEPTORS
F. PHOTORECEPTORS
G. CHEMORECEPTORS
FIVE SPECIAL SENSES:
1. OLFACTORY SENSE
2. GUSTATORY SENSE
3. VISION
A. GLANDS OF THE EYE
1) LACRIMAL GLANDS
2) LACRIMAL CARUNCLE
3) CILLIARY GLANDS
B. THE EYEBALL
C. CONJUNCTIVA
D. SCLERA
E. CORNEA
F. LENS
1) PROBLEMS WITH THE LENS
a) PRESBYOPIA
b) CATARACTS
c) IRIS
d) RETINA
i) PHOTORECEPTORS
a. CONES
b. RODS
2) BLIND SPOT
PROBLEMS WITH VISION
1. HYPEROPIA
2. MYOPIA
3. ASTIGMATISM
4. RETINAL DETACHMENT
5. MACULAR DEGENERATION
6. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE EYE
1. ANTERIOR CAVITY
i. AQUEOUS HUMOR
ii. GLAUCOMA
2. POSTERIOR CAVITY
i. VITREOUS HUMOR
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4. HEARING
A. OUTER EAR
1) EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL.
2) PINNA
B. MIDDLE EAR
1) TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
2) OSSICLES
a) MALLEUS (hammer)
b) INCUS (anvil)
c) STAPES (stirrup)
3) AUDITORY TUBE
C. INNER EAR
1) COCHLEA
2) SEMI-CIRCULAR CANALS
a) OTOLITHS
b) VERTIGO
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1. HYPOTHALAMUS
2. PITUITARY GLAND
A. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
B. GROWTH HORMONE
C. URINE OUTPUT
D. CHILDBIRTH CONTRACTIONS
3. THYROID GLAND
A. THYROID HORMONE
1) GOITER.
4. PARATHYROID GLANDS
A. PARATHYROID HORMONE
5. PANCREAS
A. INSULIN
6. ADRENAL GLANDS
A. CORTISONE
B. ESTROGEN
C. TESTOSTERONE
D. ADRENALIN (epinephrine)
THE DANGERS OF STEROIDS
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CANCER
1. TYPES OF CANCER
A. LEUKEMIA
B. LYMPHOMA
C. CARCINOMA
D. MELANOMA
E. SARCOMA
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER CELLS
A. LACK DIFFERENTIATION
B. ABNORMAL NUCLEI
C. FORM TUMORS
1) BENIGN
2) MALIGNANT
D. INDUCE BLOOD VESSEL FORMATION
E. METASTASIZE
3. ORIGIN OF CANCER CELLS
A. CARCINOGEN
B. MUTAGEN
4. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
A. PAP SMEARS
B. MAMMOGRAMS
C. COLONOSCOPY
5. SIGNS OF CANCER
6. PREVENTION
A. BEHAVIORS
1) DON’Ts
2) DOs
B. DIET
C. PREVENTION OF SKIN CANCER
7. TREATMENT OF CANCER
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE
1. PENIS
A. BODY
B. GLANS
C. PREPUCE
2. SCROTUM
A. TESTICLES
B. VAS DEFERENS
C. PROSTATE GLAND
D. SEMINAL FLUID
E. SEMEN
3. PROBLEMS
A. INGUINAL HERNIA
B. VASECTOMY
C. INFERTILITY
D. PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY
FEMALE
1. OVARIES
A. OVARIAN CYCLE
B. INFERTILITY
2. FALLOPIAN TUBES
A. ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES
B. PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
C. TUBAL LIGATION
3. UTERUS
A. BODY
B. CERVIX
C. VAGINA
D. PROBLEMS WITH THE UTERUS
1) ENDOMETRIOSIS
2) FIBROIDS
3) HYSTERECTOMY
4. VAGINA
A. HYMEN
5. EXTERNAL GENITALIA = VULVA
A. LABIA MAJORA
B. CLITORIS
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BIRTH CONTROL METHODS
1. Abstinence
2. Vasectomy
3. Birth Control pills
4. Intrauterine device (IUD)
5. Diaphragm
6. Condom
7. Rhythm Method
8. Penis withdrawn before ejaculation
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS)
1. VIRUSES
A) HIV / AIDS
1) Prevalence
2) Symptoms
3) Treatment
4) Transmission
B) Herpes Infections
1) Cold Sores and Fever Blisters
2) Genital Herpes
a. Transmission and Symptoms
b. Treatment
C) Hepatitis Infections
1) Hepatitis A
2) Hepatitis B
3) Hepatitis C
2. BACTERIA
A) Chlamydia
1) Symptoms
B) Gonorrhea
1) Symptoms
2) Transmission and Treatment
C) Syphilis
1) Primary stage
2) Secondary stage
3) Tertiary stage
4) Diagnosis and Treatment
3. OTHER ORGANISMS
A) Trichomonas
B) Fungi and Yeast
C) Lice
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EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
1. SPERM
A. FLAGELLUM
B. NUCLEUS
C. ACROSOME
-IDENTICAL TWINS
-FRATERNAL TWINS
-CO JOINED TWINS
2. EGG
A. YOLK SAC
B. ZYGOTE
C. BLASTOCYST
DEVELOPMENT
A. First and Second Months
B. Third and Fourth Months
C. Fifth through Seventh Months
D. Eighth and Ninth Months
-BREECH BIRTH
3. PLACENTA
4. AMNION
CHILDBIRTH
A. CESAREAN
B. FETAL CIRCULATION
PROBLEMS WITH DEVELOPMENT
A. SPONTANEOUS ABORTION
B. SPINA BIFIDA
C. CLEFT LIP/ PALATE
D. FETAL ALCOHOL
PROBLEMS WITH MALE DEVELOPMENT
A. LACK OF TESTOSTERONE
B. PREVENTING BIRTH DEFECTS
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GENETICS: MITOSIS
1. Chromosomes
A. Karyotyping
B. XY males
C. XX females
2. GENES
3. MITOSIS
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telopbase
4. MEIOSIS
A. crossing over
B. Nondisjunction
HEREDITARY PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Genotype and Phenotype
A. alleles
1) homozygous (pure) recessive
2) homozygous (pure) dominant
3) heterozygous.
B. Figuring the Odds
BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Biotechnology Products
A. From Bacteria
B. From Plants
C. From Animals
2. Xenotransplantation
3. Cloning of Animals
4. The Human Genome Project
5. Gene Therapy
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GENETIC DISORDERS
1. Chromosome Disorders
A. Down Syndrome
B. Cri du Chat Syndrome
2. Sex Chromosomal Disorders
A. Jacob syndrome
B. Klinefelter syndrome
C. Triple-X syndrome
D. Turner syndrome
3. Dominant Disorders
A. Neurofibromatosis
B. Huntington Disease
4. Homozygous Recessive Disorders
A. Tay - Sachs disease
B. Cystic Fibrosis
C. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
5. Incompletely Dominant Traits
A. Sickle-Cell Disease
6. Sex-Linked Traits
A. X-Linked Disorders
1) Color Blindness
2) Muscular Dystrophy
3) Hemophilia
7. Sex-Influenced Traits
8. ABO Blood Types
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ECOLOGY
TERMS
A. ECOSYSTEM
B. COMMUNITY
C. POPULATION
D. BIOSPHERE
1. Ecology
A. Producers
B. Consumers
C. Decomposers
2. Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling
3. Laws of Thermodynamics
4. Food Webs and Trophic Levels
5. Ecological Pyramids
6. ECOLOGICAL CYCLES
A. The Water Cycle
1) EVAPORATION
2) PRECIPITATION
B. The Phosphorus Cycle
C. The Nitrogen Cycle
D. The Carbon Cycle
7. ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS
A. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
B. POLLUTION
1) The Country
2) The City
C. The Solution
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POPULATION AND POLLUTION
1. Human Population Growth
2. The More-Developed Versus Less-Developed Countries
3. Comparing Age Structure
4. The Human Population and Pollution
5. GLOBAL CONCERNS
A. FOSSIL FUELS
B. Global Warming
C. Acid Rain
D. Ozone layer
E. Pollution of Oceans
F. Soil Erosion
G. Desertification
H. Deforestation
I. Extinction
J. Natural Medicines
K. Coral Reefs
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