PP SLIDE: representative craniates: hagfish http://shiftingbaselines.org/blog/458373hagfish.jpg; surfing dolphins:
http://www.colorhealing.com/Photos%20folder/dolphinsurfing.jpg; flying macaw:
http://p.webshots.com/ProThumbs/63/55763_wallpaper400.jpg; sea dragon:
http://www.tnaqua.org/Membership/Photo_Gallery/Sea_Dragon.jpg
PP SLIDE: IACUC = Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee
ensures that research animals are treated humanely when they are vertebrates; reviews
research projects involving vertebrates; inspects facilities to ensure that research animals
have proper care; committee includes professors, staff from various offices, the public, a
veterinarian (service since 2004)
PP SLIDE: vertebrates as a percentage of animal diversity:
http://www.texasento.net/bio_pie.gif
PP SLIDE: amnh biodiversity pie chart from http://www.texasento.net/
PP SLIDE: size differences among large and small vertebrates; elephant shrew:
http://www.africanfauna.com/images/capeelephantshrew.jpg; whale:
http://www.shellbackdon.com/images/whale.jpg
PP SLIDE: diversity of habitats: freshwater systems, mountains, grasslands, forest,
marine
PP SLIDE: predators and prey:
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol309/issue5739/cover.dtl
PP SLIDE: sit and wait predator; Bushmaster, Lachesis muta,
http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/55/bushmaster.jpg
PP SLIDE: active solitary forager; Black and Yellow Poison Frog, Dendrobates
leucomelas
PP SLIDE: active cooperative forager; Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
PP SLIDE: herbivore, African Elephant, Loxodonta africans
PP SLIDE: turtle courtship:
http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/winter2007/images/features/fea-season2.jpg
PP SLIDE: parental care; bird on nest: http://www.frogwood.org/images/bird-nesting.jpg
PP SLIDE: Craniate Reproduction: Most craniates are bisexual with males and females
that produce sperm and ova, respectively; Sperm are shed into coelom or via excretory
ducts associated with kidney; Sexual dimorphism is pronounced or non-existent; Some
fishes are hermaphrodites (like urochordates); protogynous - female first, become
functional males; protandrous - male first, become functional females; some switch more
than once; Parthenogenic Animals: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, snakes
PP SLIDE: Reproductive mode: Reproductive Mode = Site of reproduction + mode of
development; Mode of Development includes: ovum size, clutch size, rate of
development, duration of development, size & stage at hatching, and parental care
PP SLIDE: Non-amniote eggs (frogs & fishes); Amniote eggs (amniotes):
http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/eleutherodactyluscoqui5.JPG;
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/chordate.htm
PP SLIDE: Amniote egg structure:
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/chordate.htm
PP SLIDE: Smilodon (fossil sabre-toothed cat): http://www.marshallsart.com/images/ipaleo/paleopg21/Smilodon.jpg
PP SLIDE: Velociraptor (recoonstruction):
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/velociraptor.jpg
PP SLIDE: Distribution of taxa in pie chart:
http://cal.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2003/mnzo0mlk/lectur2.jpg (see textbook)
PP SLIDE: Vertebrate skull:
http://www.kheper.net/evolution/procolophonia/Scutosaurus-top.gif
PP SLIDE: SKELETOMUSCULAR SYSTEM - I
Notochord large in hagfish & cyclostomes; transitory in most vertebrates (intervertebral
disks); Vertebral column replaces notochord; Endoskeleton cartilaginous in primitive
vertebrates; mineralized in vertebrates; Mineralized exoskeleton derived from bony
dermal elements (bone, enamel, dentine); Skeletal elements: cartilage, bone, enamel,
dentine, enameloid, cementum; Cartilage from chondroblasts; bone from osteoblasts
PP SLIDE: SKELETOMUSCULAR SYSTEM - II
Dermal bone & endochondral bone; Dermal bone forms in skin without cartilage
precursor; most skull bones are dermal bones; Early vertebrates had a bony exoskeleton
and cartilaginous endoskeleton; Axial muscles composed of myomeres folded in three
dimensions; span several body segments; Sequential muscle blocks overlap and produce
undulations; Amphioxus has V-shaped myomeres and vertebrates have W-shaped
myomeres
PP SLIDE: SKELETOMUSCULAR SYSTEM - III
Vertebrate myomeres divided into hypaxial and epaxial portions by the horizontal
septum; Aquatic craniates have a caudal fin with cartilaginous radial elements;
Vertebrates have dorsal and anal fins with radial muscles that cause undulatory
movement of fin web; Paired pectoral fins in gnathostomes and fossil jawless forms;
Gnathostomes have paired pectoral and pelvic fins; limbs in tetrapods
PP SLIDE: SKELETOMUSCULAR SYSTEM - IV
Axial skeleton - skull and vertebral column; Skull = chondrocranium, splanchnocranium,
dermatocranium; Chondrocranium + splanchnocranium from neural crest;
dermatocranium from dermal bone; Visceral skeleton includes gill arches & cranial
elements derived from neural crest; Appendicular skeleton include fins + girdles/ limbs +
girdles; Muscles involved in locomotion, feeding, eye movements
PP SLIDE: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin is largest organ of body; separates organism from environments; Skin derived from
ectoderm (epidermis) and mesoderm & neural crest (dermis); Collagen main fiber of
skin; Dermis blood flow regulated by nervous system & hormones; Sense organs detect
temperature, pressure & pain (dermis); Hypodermis (mesoderm) between dermis &
muscle; subcutaneous fat; mammals with striated muscles in hypodermis; Skin: bony
scales (fish), epidermal scales (squamates), feathers (birds), hair (mammals)
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM I
Nervous system + endocrine system; Brain has three parts: forebrain, midbrain,
hindbrain (pg 40); Brain diagram:;
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/EmbryonicBrain.png/300pxEmbryonicBrain.png
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM II
Three divisions of the brain are subdivided
Hindbrain: rhombencephalon & metencephalon
Midbrain: mesencephalon
Forebrain: diencephalon & telencephalon
Myelencephalon --> medulla oblongata + pons, Metencephalon --> cerebellum;
Telencephalon --> cerebrum; neocortex in tetrabods; Cranial nerves I (olfactory), II
(optic), V (trigeminal), VII (facial), VIII (auditory), IX (glossopharyngeal, and X (vagus)
are present in all craniates; Cranial nerves I &II are outgrowths of the brain
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM III
Vertebrates characterized by CN III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear),and VI (abducens);
Brain continuous with spinal cord posterior to rhombencephalon; Spinal cord responsible
for reflexes; Central Nervous System (CNS - brain + spinal cord) vs Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS - spinal nerves); Vertebrates have somatic (voluntary) and visceral
(nonvoluntary) nervous systems; Spinal nerves with 4 types of fibers: somatic motor (to
body), somatic sensory (from body), visceral motor (muscles & glands), and visceral
sensory (from gut & blood vessels)
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM IV
Special senses: taste, touch, smell, vision, hearing; Special sense development depends
on environment (water vs. air); Smell, vision, hearing associated with brain development;
chick embryo:
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P202/Brain_Deve
lopment/chick_embryo_40x_PC231462_lbd.JPG
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM V
Anterior most placode develops into olfactory organ; unpaired in primitive craniates,
paired in Vertebrata; Middle placodes are optic placodes that develop into eyes;
photoreceptors that develop as lateral outgrowths of the brain; Neural part of eye is
photoreceptive; lens, intrinsic muscles and eyelids develop from skin & connective
tissues; Posterior placodes develop into mechanoreceptors (hearing, balance, perception
of movement); Inner ear sensory cells are enclosed in cavity filled with endolymph in
semicircular canals (pg. 41); Lateral sensory system (lost in most terrestrial vertebrates)
includes lateralis nerve fibers (CN VIII) & neuromasts
PP SLIDE: Lateral line system components in a bony fish:
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=4067&rendTypeId=4
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM VI
Olfactory organ opens into nasopharyngeal duct that is filled with respiratory water;
Nasopharyngeal duct contacts diencephalon and induces formation of hypophysis
(pituitary organ); Hypophysis has a neural (neurohypophysis) and glandular
(adenohypophysis) components; Pituitary is simple in hagfishes, complex in vertebrates
PP SLIDE: PITUITARY & BRAIN RELATIONSHIP:
http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/nervous/glakgar_pit_hypothalamus.j
pg; PITUITARY HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATION, LONGITUDINAL SECTION:
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab24/IMAGES/PITUITARY
%20REGIONS.jpg
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM VII
Craniates possess unique tissue known as neural crest; Neural crest derived from
ectoderm; dorsal most portion of neural tube;
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_embryology_basics/images/neural_tube_cross_s
ection.gif
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM VIII (part I)
Neural crest cells migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissues; NC fate depends on
path of migration
PP SLIDE: Mouse embryo showing fate of neural crest migration:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/wibr/research/dev/wr/figure1b.gif
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM VIII (part I)
Trunk, cranial, cardiac neural crest cells; proteins determine movements; Dorsolateral
pathway (trunk) --> melaocytes; Ventrolateral pathway (trunk) --> dorsal root,
sympathetic neurons, aderenomedullary cells, Schwann cells; Cranial NC --> cartilage,
bone, craninal neurons, glia, connective tissue of face; cells move into pharyngeal arches
& pouches
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM IX - PART I
NC cells in pharyngeal arch I become lower jaw, incus, malleus, stapes & frontonasal
processes (bones of face); NC cells in PA II become hyoid cartilages of neck; Cells in
arch III & IV become thymus, parathyroid, & thyroid; NC cells interact with HOX genes
to generate structures of head
PP SLIDE: http://connection.lww.com/products/sadler/images/figurelarge15-6.jpg
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM IX - PART II
Cardiac NC form endothelium of aortic arches, septum between aorta & pulmonary
artery, cardiac cells; NC involved in formation of dermal skeleton (scales, teeth, dermal
bones
PP SLIDE: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM X
Endocrine glands --> ductless; Release hormones that act on target organs; Hypothalamus
& pituitary are regulators of the system; Hormones from pituitary & hypothalamus travel
in blood to target endocrine glands causing them to release hormones ; Hormones from
endocrine glands affect homeostasis; most are regulated by negative feedback loops
PP SLIDE: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Mouth to anus (see textbook); Releases nutrients from consumed food in presence of
oxygen; Vert ancestors were probably filter feeders (amphioxus & larval lampreys; Most
verts particulate feeders that take food as bite sized pieces; Variety of feeding modes;
basic construction is similar:; Mouth --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine -->
large intestine --> rectum --> anus; Accessory glands: liver, gallbladder, pancreas
PP SLIDE: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A RABBIT:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/digest_3.gif
PP SLIDE: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM I
Gills made of gill filaments; http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC736E/AC736E117.gif;
http://www.meer.org/fishbody-teeth-gills-2a.gif
PP SLIDE: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM II
Primary & secondary gill lamellae are sites of gas exchange; Hagfish - gills have no
skeletal support and are located in pharyngeal pouches; Gills derived from endoderm;
ectoderm also involved in jawed vertebrates; Lungs in some fishes & most tetrapods are
site of gas exchange
PP SLIDE: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Arteries, capillaries, veins & chambered pumping heart; capillary bed is site of material
exchange; Transportation of materials throughout body; Vertebrates with a closed
circulatory system; Some craniates with venous hearts in head and tail to assist venous
circulation --> these are missing in vertebrates; Hagfish: heart pumps venous blood
anteriorly to be oxygenated, oxygenated blood flows anteriorly to head & posteriorly to
organs & trunk; Portal system: vein --> capillary bed --> vein; hepatic portal vein present
in all vertebrates
PP SLIDE: Diagram of circulatory system:
http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_01_img0083.jpg
PP SLIDE: EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Removal of nitrogenous wastes and regulation of water & salt balance (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg,
K, bicarbonate & phosphate); Kidneys are the organs and the nephron is the functional
unit; Three kidney regions: pronephros, mesonephros & metanephros; Pronephros
functional in embryos & maybe in hagfish; Opisthonephric kidneys in adult fishes &
amphibians; Amniotes have metanephric kidney drained by ureter; Urine - nitrogenous
wastes & other materials
PP SLIDE: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Gonads (ovaries/testes) are primary sexual organs; produce gametes & hormones;
Mammals are the only vertebrate with testes held outside the body cavity; Testes produce sperm; testosterone; Ovaries - produce ova; progesterone & estrogen; Male
accessory sexual organs: epididymis, prostate & urethra; Female accessory organs:
fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
PP SLIDE: VERTEBRATE PHYLOGENY
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/chordate.htm
PP SLIDE: CHANGES IN OPINION REGARDING VERTEBRATE
RELATIONSHIPS
Linneaus: Craniata = Vertebrates; hagfish = intestinal worms
Dumeril (1806): Hagfish + lampreys = Cyclostomi
Cope: Agnatha = cyclostomes + jawless fossils; Gnathotomata = jawed vertebrates
Janvier (1978): Craniata (hagfish, lampreys, gnathostomes) + Vertebrata (lampreys +
ganthostomes)