Quiz-Quiz-Trade
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Nucleotides are made up of a (1) sugar, (2) phosphate, and (3) base.
What are DNA and RNA made out of?
Chains of nucleotides. (Remember, a nucleotide is made up of a sugar, phosphate, and base!)
What are the bases in DNA and RNA?
DNA: A (Adenine), T (Thymine), G (Guanine), C (Cytosine). RNA: A (Adenine), U (Uracil), G (Guanine), C
(Cytosine).
How is the shape of DNA different from the shape of RNA?
DNA has two strands twisted into a double helix. RNA has a single strand.
How is the backbone in DNA similar to the backbone in RNA? How are they different?
In both, the backbone is made up of phosphate plus a sugar. In DNA, that sugar is deoxyribose. In RNA, it is
ribose.
How is genetic information stored in DNA/RNA?
The genetic information is stored in the bases. The order of the bases (A, T, G, C, U) is a code.
Where are DNA and RNA found?
DNA is found in the nucleus. RNA is found in the nucleus (when it copies the information from DNA) and in
the cytoplasm (when it travels to the ribosome to make proteins).
What is the central dogma of biology?
Information in DNA is copied into RNA (transcription), and then information in RNA is used to make
protein (translation).
What is transcription?
The process of re-writing the information in DNA as RNA.
What is translation?
The process of using the information in RNA to make protein.
Why is transcription necessary? Hint: what can DNA not do?
DNA contains the instructions to make protein. Protein is made in the ribosome, but DNA is stuck in the
nucleus! So you need RNA to carry the DNA message from the nucleus to the ribosome.
How are chromosomes, genes, and DNA related?
Chromosomes are made up of coiled DNA. A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait is called a gene.
How are proteins and traits related? Give one example.
Proteins cause traits to be expressed. Example: The reason Brad Pitt has straight hair is because he has
straight hair protein.
What is the difference between a genotype and phenotype? Give one example.
A genotype is what alleles you have. A phenotype is how those alleles are physically expressed. Example:
BB is a genotype, brown hair is a phenotype.
How is incomplete dominance different from normal dominance? Provide one example.
The heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the dominant and recessive phenotype. Example: white + red 
pink.
How is co-dominance different from normal dominance? Provide one example.
The heterozygous phenotype has both of the dominant phenotypes at once. Example: white fur + black fur
 white and black spots.
How are nucleotides, codons, amino acids, and protein related?
Three nucleotides make one codon. Each codon makes one amino acid. A bunch of amino acids make a
protein.
What does it mean to be homozygous for an allele? Provide one example.
You have two of the same allele. Example: DD or dd.
What does it mean to be heterozygous for an allele? Provide one example.
You have two different alleles. Example: Dd.
What is an allele? Provide one example.
Version of a gene. Example: B = brown eyes, b = green eyes.
What are the four types of blood?
A, B, AB, O.
When making a Punnett square, how do you determine what letter to use to represent an allele?
You use the first letter of the dominant trait. Capital = dominant, lower-case = recessive.
In a pedigree, what does a circle represent? What does a square represent?
Circle: girl. Square: boy.
In a pedigree, what does a filled in circle/square represent? What does a white circle/square represent?
Black: affected with a disease. White: not affected with a disease.
In a pedigree, if a disease is dominant inheritance, is someone who is dd affected? Why?
No. In dominant inheritance, you have to have at least one dominant allele (D) to have the disease.
In a pedigree, if a disease is recessive inheritance, is someone who is Dd affected? Why?
No. In recessive inheritance, you have to have all recessive alleles (d) to be affected.
Using the letters X and Y, what alleles make you a male? What alleles make you a female?
Male: XY. Female: XX.
How would you represent an affected male in a sex-linked disorder? An affected female?
Male: X*Y, Female X*X*