Scope and Sequence: Visual Arts Curriculum Spring 2010 In the most literal sense of the word, Art is foundational for The Wheeler School. Mary Colman Wheeler was an artist, trained in the ateliers of 19th century France. She established and conducted an art school on our current campus seven years before expanding into a full curriculum. In her day, Miss Wheeler received international recognition as a pioneer in art education, participating in many symposiums on the subject in the U.S. and abroad. She is among the first American educators to fully integrate Art into primary and secondary curricula. We are proud to continue the legacy of Mary C. Wheeler through our comprehensive Nursery through Grade Twelve curriculum. Our philosophy of teaching art is traditional in the sense that we base our curriculum in on the following three-tiered approach: 1) We teach a structured approach to art, believing that it is necessary to learn the basic elements that underlie any work of visual art: Line Shape Space Mass Texture Light/Value Color Time/Motion 2) The formal elements are the basic vocabulary of art. We also teach the grammar or syntax of a work of art: how the basic elements are organized through the principles of design and composition: Repetition Variety Symmetry Asymmetry Proportion Emphasis Economy 3) The vehicle for teaching these formal elements and principles of design is based in a range of traditional subject matter: the portrait, the figure, the landscape, and the still life. We approach these themes, utilizing the appropriate elements and design principles, through a variety of media: drawing, painting, ceramics, collage, sculpture, printmaking, and photography. We take great care to match the skills necessary to meet our project expectations to the developmental abilities of our students. The curriculum considers the development level of its students while being based on a spiral that repeats and refines the skills for students to plan, create, and evaluate their work with increasing independence. We believe that a successful experience in this structured environment also encourages and allows for individual expression. Our curriculum meets and exceeds the National Standards for Art Education at all agelevels. The culmination of each year’s work in the Visual Arts is celebrated in the annual All Student Art Show in May. This show represents the curriculum as is spans nursery through twelfth grade, and is a virtual showcase of creative development and growth. Every student taking art is represented in this show, reflecting our belief that the capacity to make meaningful visual expression is within all of us when given encouragement, opportunity, and support. The All School Student Art Show takes place on the first floor of the Library, including the Chazan Gallery. A premier showcase for local, regional, and nationally renowned artists, the Chazan Gallery serves as an enrichment opportunity for our students. Upper School students improve their observational and critical writing skills through regular visits to these professional shows. Artists also offer lunch-time talks. The Upper School curriculum also includes a Visiting Artist Program, allowing local artists to spend a day conducting hands-on workshops and demonstrations in various media. Lower School Art The Art Program in the Lower School has the special opportunity and responsibility of beginning a process of growth that develops the creative strengths of all its students. Starting with its youngest learners in Nursery, students are exposed to a wide variety of art experiences that use both two and three-dimensional media. Among the many offerings are ceramics, printmaking, painting, drawing, and mixed media sculpture. All class sizes are divided into small groups with a class size ranging from eight to twelve students, making possible individual attention and accommodation of different learning styles. The curriculum considers the development level of its students while being based on a spiral that repeats and refines the skills for students to plan, create, and evaluate their work with increasing independence. To reach this goal we strive for the following: *students will develop their motor and perceptual skills using a rich variety of art making tools. 2 students will stretch their imaginations and powers of self-expression by working on a series of projects that stimulate problem-solving skills and decision-making. *we will work to create an atmosphere that will encourage new ideas and risk-taking. Helping students to go beyond obvious solutions, while at the same time making them feel safe in their efforts, will be a priority. in addition to increasing skills in self-expression, students will relate the function and role of art to the larger world through the use of interdisciplinary links with classroom study. Examples of Lower School Art: 3 4 Nursery Art: The Nursery Art program seeks to help children develop a positive attitude toward art and gain familiarity with simple tools. Due to the short attention span of the nursery-age child, projects are structured to incorporate a variety of activities during the half-hour time frame. Each class begins with a brief period of discussion and observation. Children are encouraged to repeat new vocabulary, observe basic shapes and colors, and relate projects to everyday life. The project is then broken down into simple steps. Each step is clearly demonstrated, often with hands-on assistance. As they spend more time in art class, children learn how to listen to instructions, share materials, respect others, and help with clean up. Classes meet once per week for thirty minutes. Collage: Collage work focuses on cutting and ripping, gluing, and placement Some shapes are precut while others are kid-cut. Shape collage: simple collage using basic shapes and stickers. City collage: collage with roads, houses, and 3-D bridges. Night-time sky: house collage with painted, toothpick stars. 5 Holiday Hats: Flat and 3-D shapes are added to construction paper band. Snow People: varying sizes of circles are glued. Drawn features are added. Robots: robot collage with simple shapes. Mixed Media: Cutting, gluing, painting, and drawing skills are incorporated. Pizza painting: small shapes are glued to a circular “pizza” then painted red. Animal Masks: ripped manes with 3-D noses are added to a base. “Swimmy” Painting: undersea pictures via coloring, collage and paint. Blossoming trees: ripped collage trees with painted blossoms. Flowers in Vases: collage and craypa vase with painted flowers. Line scrolls: different types of craypa lines with added watercolor. Clay and 3-D: Focus on shape-making, placement, and finger-strengthening. Clay sculptures: clay exploration with added texture. Funny Face Puppets: Plasticene heads on a popsicle stick. Clay spiders: coil legs added to clay bodies. Coil pots: group pot constructed, then individual ones. Texture sculptures: plasticene shapes with added textures. Turtles: clay turtles on base, fired and painted with tempera. Dragons: Plasticene with beans and feathers. Painting and Printing: Handling and controlling brushes and paint. Color mixing: primary colors are mixed to create secondaries. 6 Painted stripes with sponge printing: stripes and printed shapes. Spring Flowers: simple white flowers are painted in spring colors. Kindergarten and Transition Art: The Kindergarten and Transition Art program promotes creativity within a colorful, structured environment. Students have acquired familiarity with tools and materials and are now ready to use them more purposefully. In this year, their artwork becomes more detailed and the spatial and color relationships show more control. They follow instructions that require multiple steps and draw from observation, imagination, and memory. They expand on their knowledge of drawing and painting, learning about colormixing, still life, landscape, and figure drawing. By the end of the year they are able to cut out complex shapes and make controlled constructions out of paper and clay. In their clay work, which is fired, they use multiple glazes for the first time. They enjoy discussing their artwork, showing it to others and seeing displayed in the classroom. Types of Projects: Projects tend to be playful and exciting. Several are created during two art periods. Many projects include drawing, which very important to children of this age. Drawings are expressive, lively, and imaginative. More and more details emerge as the year progresses. Students meet once per week for thirty minutes. Drawing and Mixed Media: Accordion Book with self-portrait cover: marker drawings focus on favorite people, things, where they live, etc. Haunted Houses: Construction paper houses with windows/doors opening to reveal scary figures. Undersea pictures: Permanent marker drawings of fish and undersea life with craypa and watercolor additions. Animals in Winter: craypa animals with added white tempera snow. Still life with flowers: Matisse-inspired still life set up in room, in marker, craypa, watercolor. Fairy tale characters: Large fairy tale figures drawn in marker, colored in craypa, cut out. Funny People: Imaginative figure drawings with exaggerated features. 7 Pop-Up circus: pop-up figures from circus with background, inspired by Photos and A. Calder drawings. Circus Drawings to music: Draw circus as listen to circus music (markers.) Story Pictures: four small marker pictures mounted as cells to create a story. Grade One Students meet once per week for sixty minutes. Projects: Magic printing paper Pop-Up pictures Paper puppets Farm class-pattern snakes Black/white animal paintings Tissue collage—fall leaves observational drawing and collage Creature cups Radial designs Folded symmetrical faces Stuffed paper fish Clay textured fish tile Nightmare in the closet Tray design-fish Parfleches Self-portraits in the future Eric Carle study – altered papers and collages Playground sculptures Grade Two Students meet once per week for sixty minutes. Organic and geometric shape collages Looking through the grass collage and drawings Aerial views Turtle study—observational drawing and clay modeling VCR of depth Shadow action figures Crowd drawings Tray design House collage Kenyan animals—glue and pastels Slide show masks Masks 8 Scratchboard—crayon and craypas Superhero action figure—sequential drawing Grade Three In Grades 3 – 5, Students meet twice per week for forty minutes per period. “Art is…” hands collage and commentary Sunflowers resist drawing and painting Watercolor workshop Circus theme painting House drawing—texture study Clay house tile—incised and applied relief Scrimshaw Wire and plaster action figure Flap picture Landscapes—tissue collage and ink drawing Tray design Repeat designs—interconnected shapes Video—Carrie M. Weems—how artists frame a composition Animal enlargements Illuminated letters 3-D Medieval scenes Clay gargoyles Cardboard castle collages Grade Four Gallery visit Shoe drawings from observation Change of scale drawings Autobiography flap books Organic trays Animal prints Animal prints within a collage setting Environmental postcards Bi-lateral paintings Stream of consciousness paintings Plaster animals Self-portraits—pencil Self-portraits—glue and pastels Luminaries—clay lanterns Two profiles facing—resist drawings 9 Grade Five Goals and expectations Sketchbook introduction Word of the day exercises (done throughout the year) Observational drawing of 3-D geometric shapes Horizon studies—watercolor pencil, colored pencil Fall still life in craypas Collage/color match exercise Linoleum printing Crosshatching Scratchboard drawing Clay video on handbuilding Clay food tile Pencil self-portrait Old person portrait Chair construction—form/function study Middle School Art: The Art curriculum for Middle School is traditional, building on the curriculum of the Lower School and preparing students for the art demands of Upper School. Assignments are designed to challenge students at all levels of ability. Students meet twice per week for fifty (50) minute periods. Students can also sign up for photography, clay, and craft making as part of the activities program. The art curriculum for the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades helps students to tackle visual problems by teaching them how to build their ideas from structured plans and research just as their other classes do. In other words, students are taught to make an outline including researched information and drawings that preview the final product as in the Pyramid Project and the Veggie Head Project. Drawings involve special set-ups to help students understand the relationships of the parts, to help students turn the drawing into a print or collage, or to help increase observational skills. Wheeler’s Middle School Art program has two art studios that include a kiln and photographic darkroom. Through a series of carefully designed projects using a variety of two and three-dimensional media, students learn to develop their problem-solving, organizational, and perceptual skills. Just as importantly, students use their art skills to explore their own creativity and imagination. Our instructional method prompts creative thinking and also addresses organizational skills that benefit in other academic disciplines. 10 Examples of Middle School Art: 11 Grade Six Projects: Figure study #1 Figure study #2 Profile study Photo strip project Clay pyramid project Action figure Glaze fired pyramid project Printmaking figure Contour drawing Still life collage Self-portrait collage Grid self portrait Clay daffodil Story line Poster project Grade Seven Projects: Pen and Ink study Color Gourd study Seated figure study Seated figure study #2 Clay figure seated in chair Photo collage Glaze seated figure Reductive linoleum block print Color Still life: daffodils in vase Enlargement project 12 Clay study: Head and Torso Colored pencil study: shoe Grade Eight Projects: Box drawing Gazebo drawing Collage—interior space Tree pen and ink drawing Gourd drawing: negative space Self-portrait in charcoal Clay veggie-head Silk screen tee-shirts Glaze veggie head Impressionism unit Shoe in mirror drawing Clay shoe Photography unit: painting with developer, photograms, pinholes negatives Upper School Art The Upper School Art curriculum encourages students to be open and receptive to new ideas, to new ways of working and thinking, and to taking risks. Students learn to value experimentation and discovery without fear of right or wrong outcomes; the process of art-making is valued before product. Program goals broaden student awareness through involvement in the art making process and aim to help students value themselves, their work, and the efforts of others. Because Wheeler considers art to be an integral part of the educational process, each student is required to take two art courses in the Upper School. The first of these, in the 9th or 10th grade, is always the Foundation Art course. Students new to Wheeler in the 10th grade are required to take Foundation Art. Students may then complete their art requirement by taking Ceramics (Hand Building or Wheel throwing), Drawing 1, or Photography 1 before they graduate. Students new to Wheeler in the 11th grade are required to take either Foundation Art or one art elective, depending on previous art experiences. Students with a strong interest and ability in art may apply for acceptance in the Studio Art program. Students with a strong interest in art-specialties can pursue advanced work in the Drawing, Ceramics, and/or Photography sequence of courses. Serious students in the electives track may enroll in the Advanced Art Seminar. The professional art shows held in the Chazan Gallery provide our Upper School art students with an excellent exposure to local, regional, and nationally recognized artists. Students from Foundation Art, through electives to the Seminar and Studio make regular visits to the gallery to conduct written reviews. Field trips to New York and Boston are also made 13 on an annual basis. A Visiting Artist Program brings local artists into our studios to conduct workshops in various media. Examples of Upper School Art: 14 15 Foundation Art Foundation Art provides the basis for all art courses to follow in the Upper School. This studio-based course covers the basic elements of design, form, and composition. Projects explore a variety of media and materials that include, but are not restricted to, drawing, painting, collage, and ceramics. Gallery visits and critiques are also an essential component of this curriculum, encouraging students to analyze art in addition to creating it. This single- semester course is required at the 9th or 10th grade level. Projects: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Contour drawings Positive/Negative Composition (Ink on paper) Paper Sculpture Charcoal Drawing Clay tile Food Study (Ceramic) Art Elective-Specialties: Ceramics 1: Hand Building This course is designed to familiarize students with various techniques of hand building functional and sculptural objects in clay, including pinch, coil, low-relief, and slab techniques. Projects allow students to gain knowledge and confidence utilizing clay as a material. In addition, decorative techniques and surface design will also be taught. Students learn how to create pieces by considering form, surface, and craftsmanship. Projects: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Coil Vessel Mold Construction/ Texture Series Slab Construction and Assemblage Architectural Study Additive/Subtractive Figurative Tile Teapot Ceramics 2: Wheel Throwing An introduction to learning the basic techniques of creating clay forms on a potter’s wheel. Projects: 16 Cylinders: Centering clay on wheel, pulling up walls, trimming. Bowls: Introduction to shaping and decorating Shape the clay from the inside to develop the inner curve of bowl. Explore a variety of forms Underglaze: colored clay scraffito, paper-resist techniques. Mugs and Pitchers: Joining handles, forming spouts, focus on function. Slipping, scoring, “throwing off the hump. Glazing: exploring layering and color relationships. Rules of glaze vs. underglaze. Lids: Getting the right fit using three methods. Joined Forms: Create one form by combining a minimum of two separately thrown pieces. Drawings as important first step in planning. Joining wet forms. Teapots Four parts - main chamber, a spout, handle and lid Throwing spouts and creating maquettes. Sculpture An exploration of sculptural techniques to create three-dimensional forms utilizing a variety materials including paper, card-board, encaustic wax, plaster, stone-carving, wood and wire in addition to clay. More complex processes such as armature sculpture, direct carving, and assemblage are also introduced. Drawing 1 This course is designed with a strong emphasis on accurate observation. Expanding on drawing concepts introduced in Foundation Art, students continue to explore basic problems of line, shape, tonal/value relationships, perspective and color. Students receive instruction in both realism and abstraction. In-class assignments are supplemented by 17 viewing the changing shows in The Chazen Gallery and field trips to local museums and galleries. Goals: Make a variety of two-dimensional drawings employing various materials, including charcoal, pen and ink, pastel, pencil and gouache paint. Successfully employ creative rendering techniques to create the illusion of form on a two dimensional surface including shading, cross hatching, color relationships, spatial and perspective technique. Skillfully apply materials through mastery of techniques. Develop appreciation for the art of drawing through personal rewards and the difficulty of the medium. Analyze and discuss drawings through group critiques and individual reflections according to drawing concepts as well as the elements and principles of design. Interpret work done in class by comparison to historic and contemporary models. Discover limits and strive to create beyond them. Projects: 1) Contour drawings 2) Black and White Collage 3) Enlargement of collage in charcoal 4) Pine Cone gouache study 5) Perspective drawing 6) Color Wheel 7) Pastel Still Life Drawing, Painting, Mixed Media Students continue to explore a variety of media to create strong visual statements and develop their personal expression. Media and processes include painting, collage, drawing, encaustic and printmaking techniques. Projects: Black and White Self-Portrait: Self-Portraiture, collage, acrylic medium, composition, elements of art, organizational principles, artist introduction, paper ripping. Charcoal Enlargement: Use of charcoal, blending, value relationships, the grid as enlarging tool, size relationships and spatial tension, matting, signing, finishing, artist introductions. Acrylic Painting Composition with Kitchen Utensils: 18 Use of acrylic paint, color mixing, arches paper, composition, spatial relationship, composing, abstraction, positive and negative space relationships, artist introductions. Silkscreen Self Portrait Value Reduction Value reduction, Adobe Photoshop, registration, silkscreen, printing. Dry-Point Copy of Renaissance Engraving Engraving, crosshatching, drypoint, shading with line, printing press, paper soaking, etching ink. Final Sketchbook: Bookbinding, completion Photography 1 This course covers fundamental procedures used in the making of black-and-white negatives and prints. After learning the basic mechanics of a camera, students explore a variety of projects that combine vision and design with the technical aspects of the medium. Five major projects are completed in this single semester course. Course overview: History of Photographic processes Optical, Chemical basis for photography Mechanics of Camera: f-stop, shutter speed, light meter. Projects: Shoot test roll: light-meter test. Letters of the Alphabet (isolating shapes) Light, Shadow, Texture (light as subject: activating negative space for composition) Significance of an Event, (interaction between people; relational compositions) Portraiture: “taking vs. making” documentary and esxpressive approaches to portraiture. Darkroom manipulations (solarization, multlple exposures, negative prints) 19 Photography 2 In the first half of this course, students are introduced to a variety of photographic forms and processes beyond the traditional black and white print. Areas explored include collage, fiber-based printing, and large-scale black and white mural printing. The second half of the course serves as an introduction to color digital photography: from imagecapture to color correction and manipulation in Adobe Photoshop, to output on an inkjet photo printer. Projects: Object/Scale: (vantage points and spatial ambiguities, contradiction in scale) Fiber-based printing and toning (the fine art of archival printing) Large Scale black and white mural printing Color collages (large image constructed from small photo “units”) Photographic influences: research photographer, produce body of work based in his/her style. Shot with digital camera. Powerpoint presentation in class. Color theory, shoot color relationships (digital) Introduction to Adobe Photoshop Introduction to color inkjet printing Advanced Art Elective Seminar Art Seminar is a year-long, major course of study for advanced art elective students to continue exploration in Ceramics, Drawing, or Photography. Class time integrates structured assignments, demonstrations, project outlines for significant out-of-class work, self/group critiques, visiting artists and museum and studio visits. Projects: (may vary by teacher/section) Inspiration from Formal Elements 100 Obsessions Combinatorial Play Still Life 20 Encaustic Wax Landscape Portrait The Studio Art Program Studio Art 1 Studio Art 1 is designed for students who have a very strong interest and ability in art. The first in a sequence of three courses, Studio Art 1 provides an intensive involvement in drawing, painting, color theory, and design. Through a series of structured projects, the student develops the perceptual and technical skills necessary to make strong visual statements. Using representational and non-representational imagery, students become familiar with traditional and experimental art forms. Figure drawing is offered and group critiques of work are held on a regular basis. Studio Art 1 is a year-long major academic course with a weekly five-hour out-of-class assignment. Projects: In Class Out of class Hands contour drawing Collage (12 x 18) Line exploration (natural obj) 10 line drawings Landscape Box: Line Value Value reduction 4 blind contour drawings 3 collages + line overlay White on white value study Still life 1: bottles (Morandi) Still life 2: pears / fabric Self portrait start in class Color theory & test Color wheel Design series 2 bag & fruit drwgs: full value & value reduction 2 planes in space designs: line & pattern Perspective drawing: metal object 3 drwgs for repeat design + value reduction Auction piece Wrapped object drawing in conte Envelopes: value study Mondrian 1, 2, 3 (naturalism to abstraction) B/W portraits: high contrast Self portrait B/W repeat designs Repeat designs in color: gouache 21 Onion drawing: oil pastel Pastel drawing Eggs 1,2,3,4: color pencil O’Keefe color pencil O’Keefe pastel Fruit + border Wearable art corsage Edible self-portrait Written assignments each year: 6 gallery reviews 4 short research papers 4 museum notes Color theory notebook Studio Art 2 & 3 Studio Art 2 and 3 provide a further exploration of drawing, painting, design, and sculpture for the student who has successfully completed Studio Art 1. Focusing on visual expression as a means of communicating ideas, the course stresses the conceptual development of ideas and experimentation with materials to explore expressive possibilities. Working independently on long-term projects, each student strives to develop the skills and confidence necessary to make uniquely personal and expressive visual statements. Figure drawing classes, group critiques, gallery and museum trips, and artists’ lectures are also included. Advanced Studio Art is a year-long major academic course with a weekly five-hour out-of-class assignment. Projects: Homework In-Class Wire self-portrait Blind contours: self portraits Skulls Collage/skulls Aggressive/Lyrical lines. benches, plants Distorted self-portrait Collage self-portrait Begin 9-part stylistic series: Art Painting: White paper bag on white wall - limited palette Videos & class discussions 22 Impressionism: Post-Impressionism: Fauvism: Matisse Analytic Cubism: Picasso Painting: Box: (White geom. shapes in white box Palette: 3 primaries + white) Synthetic Cubism: Braque Presentation: Germ Exp., Dada, Sur Realism, individual presentations Constructivism/Futurism, Kandinsky, Mondrian, Abstr. Exp., Pop Art Art History Journals Test on Art HistorySlide ID + essay Gallery review Demonstration: canvas stretching Art history hand bound book Begin Self-Portrait (Color drawing medium) Begin portraits in class Continue Self-portrait Painting: Onion still life (expanded palette) Painting: “Flat” onion still life bright color, pattern Crit portraits then rework for last week’s assignment “ Gallery review Repeat Unit Design Do 3 mock-ups of repeat design Do final design (after crit) Do 3 more in stylistic series Painting: Water in clear glass/bowl 23 Tempera Repeat Unit Design Work out colors and scheme for tempera repeat designs Matting demo (Using matcutter) Matted designs due Cheerio drwg. (charcoal. light color) Gallery Review Thumbnail sketch Mixed media piece (combine acrylic, ink, pastel, charcoal) Figure collage Painting: Mirror shards Hat /pattern still life: Tempera paintings with ink, pastel and charcoal on paper Stretch large canvas Painting: Chinese box: Crop /emphasize planes Crit and rework figure collages in class Small painting (from abstract “still life”) Found object wearable art “corsage” (for student show opening) Group painting project (gridded-section of large painting) Finish chinese box paintingscrit Food self-portrait (for last class party and crit) STUDIO 3 Projects: EXPRESSIVE SELF PORTRAITS A series of self-portraits done from the mirror that explore the expressive possibilities of the face, as well as the medium chosen. References: Egon Schiele, Giacometti, Lucian Freud, Francesco Clementi 24 LIGHT/WATER PAINTING A painting essentially about light---light passing through translucent materials and reflected off surfaces—glass, water. The painting is not a still life of a glass of water; it is a painting about light. An in-class project. MONOPRINTS A series of monoprints exploring different approaches to this printmaking process. Experimentation with tools, materials and process is encouraged. Final series will be mounted/matted for presentation. An in class project. THEME SERIES AND ARTIST’S BOOK A 36-part series of images which explore a theme and a handbound book. Every aspect of the making of the book must be carefully thought-out and well-executed. An out of class project taking 4 weeks. LARGE SELF PORTRAIT A large scale (up to 4’ x 4’) self portrait which employs the grid process. Emphasis on unique/inventive approach to the grid. An out of class project taking 6 weeks. LARGE THEME PAINTING A large scale painting which explores one aspect of a theme. May be inspired by one of the 36 images from previous book. An in class project. SHADOW BOX ON THEME A sculpture based on a theme. The work of Joseph Cornell and Lucas Samaras for reference. An out of class assignment. LARGE EXPERIMENTAL DRAWING A work on paper that is inspired by one aspect of the Studio space. An in class project. MULTI PANEL PAINTING Either a single painting which utilizes a split picture plane, or 2 or more panels that hang together to make one larger image. Do not split a single image into parts, rather choose one of the following: show different aspects of one object, depict a lapse of time or a cinematic sequence of movement, show the interior/exterior of an object, before/after or any other strong visual idea. 25 CONTEMPORARY ART ISSUES A presentation to the class on a contemporary artist and a piece that relates to his/her work. INSET IMAGE PAINTING A close-up detailed examination of the surface texture and color of a natural object---enlarged to fill entire canvas (may appear abstract) A rectangle containing a small realistic image of entire form is inset into picture plane. ABSTRACT PAINTING FROM COLLAGE An enlargement of one piece from the series of small collages (an out of class assignment this year.) On a large canvas--try to faithfully reproduce each element of the collage in acrylics. An in class project. 26