BI 112 VITAL VOCAB #1
Know these terms:
The Structure of the Genetic Material
DNA HISTORY – know terms and this stuff
1. DNA, not protein, is the genetic factor
2. Base pairing Rules: A = T, C = G
3. Watson and Crick: model of DNA as a double helix
DNA STRUCTURE
1. Nucleic Acid
2. Nucleotides
3. Double Helix
4. Deoxyribose sugar
5. Phosphate
6. Nitrogenous bases:
a. Adenine (A)
b. Thymine (T)
c. Cytosine (C)
d. Guanine (G)
7. Sugar-phosphate backbone
8. Know where the covalent and hydrogen bonds are!
9. DNA packaging
a. Histone proteins
b. Chromosome
10.
DNA Replication
a. Semi-conservative
b. Helicase
c. DNA polymerase
d. Ligase
e. Prokaryotic DNA replication
i. Usually 1 Circular DNA
ii. One origin of replication
f. Eukaryotic DNA replication
i. Linear DNA packaged in many chromosomes
ii. Many origins of replication
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. DNA  RNA  Protein (also is the flow of information in a cell)
2. RNA
a. Nucleic Acid
b. Nucleotides
c. Single stranded
d. Ribose sugar
e. Phosphate
f. Nitrogenous bases:
i. Adenine
ii. Uracil (use U instead of T)
iii. Cytosine
iv. Guanine
g. Sugar-phosphate backbone
3. Transcription
a. Gene
b. mRNA
c. Initiation
d. RNA polymerase
e. Promoter
f. Coding region
g. Termination
h. Terminator (termination region)
4. mRNA processing
a. intron (what organisms have them?)
b. exon
5. Translation
a. Ribosome
b. Codon
c. Be able to use the table of codons if I provide it!
d. mRNA
e. tRNA
f. rRNA (ribosome)
g. anti-codon
h. Start codon
i. Polypeptide
j. Stop codons
MUTATIONS
1. Single base substitution
a. Silent
b. Realize that there are other mutations that we did not cover but not
their names
2. Be able to take a sequence of DNA, transcribe it to mRNA, then translate it to
find the amino acid sequence.
Gene Regulation
GENETIC POTENTIAL
1. Differentiated cell
2. Specialized cell
3. Stem cells
4. Genome
5. Non-coding DNA
GENE CONTROL
1. Packaging
a. Histone / Chromosome
b. there are many levels of packaging the DNA into a fully condensed
chromosome
c. chromosome vs chromatin
2. Transcription
a. Lac Operon (bacteria)
i. Operon
ii. What happens when lactose is present?
iii. What happens when lactose is not present?
b. Trp Operon (bacteria)
i. What happens when tryptophan is present?
ii. What happens when tryptophan is not present?
c. Eukaryotic gene expression
i. It is more complicated
ii. there is much more regulation of gene expression
3. mRNA maturation
a. mRNA splicing (cut out the introns)
b. left only with the exons, what codes for the protein
4. Translation
5. Protein Regulation
a. not only may the gene expression be regulated, but the protein may be
as well, enzymes can be activated or inactivated
6. Protein Degradation
Reproduction and Inheritance
CELL DIVISION INTRODUCTION
1. Asexual Reproduction
a. cloning
b. parthenogenesis
c. Vegetative propagation (grafting or cloning plants)
d. Mitosis for single celled organisms
2. Sexual Reproduction
a. Meiosis
3. Chromosome
4. Centromere
5. Sister chromatids
6. Homologous pair
7. Locus
8. Allele
9. Diploid (2n)
10.
Haploid (1n)
11.
Karyotype (a person’s chromosomes)
CHAPTER 9 – Patterns of Inheritance
VARIATION IN GAMETES
1. If there are N chromosomes, how many possible gametes can be created?
2. Sources of genetic variation (again!)
3. Haploid gamete
4. Fertilization
5. Diploid zygote
6. Homologous chromosome
a. Allele
b. locus
MENDELIAN GENETICS
7. P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation
8. Law of segregation
a. Monohybrid cross
b. allele
c. Dominant
d. Recessive
e. Homozygous
f. Heterozygous
g. Phenotype
h. Genotype
9. Law of independent assortment
a. Dihybrid cross
10.
Punnett Square – be able to solve the following kinds of problems!
a. Monohybrid cross
i. Dominant / recessive
ii. Sex-linked
iii. Incomplete dominance
iv. Codominance
1. Blood type
b. Dihybrid gross
i. Dominant / recessive
11.
Test Cross
12.
Gene linkage
13.
Pleiotropy
14.
Polygenic trait
15.
Epistasis
16.
Environmental effect
17.
Pedigree (know symbols for a male / female; know how to read)
The following Vocabulary Words you should know but they will not be on
Midterm 2 as they were on Midterm 1
MITOSIS
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
When?
Why?
Centrosome
Spindle fiber
Somatic cell
Interphase
a. G1 - growth
b. S – DNA replication
c. G2 – growth
10. Phases of Mitosis
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
11. Cytokinesis (not a phase)
i. What happens in animal cells?
ii. What is the difference(s) in plant cells?
12. Be able to summarize the events in each phase and recognize the phase in
a picture of a cell
MEIOSIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
When?
Why?
Gamete
zygote
Interphase
Phases of Meiosis I
a. Prophase I
i. Crossing-over
1. Parental chromosome
2. Recombinant chromosome
b. Metaphase I
i. Independent Assortment of homologous pairs
c. Anaphase I
d. Telophase I / followed by Cytokinesis
7. Phases of Meiosis II
a. Prophase II
i. NO Crossing-over
b. Metaphase II
i. Independent Assortment of sister chromatids
c. Anaphase II
d. Telophase II / followed by Cytokinesis
8. Know the two ways meiosis can introduce genetic variation!
9. Non-disjunction (meiotic mistakes)
a. Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome
b. Monosomy
10.
Chromosomal Defects
a. Deletion
b. Duplication
c. Inversion
d. Reciprocal translocation
BE ABLE TO COMPARE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES OF MITOSIS AND
MEIOSIS
1. Starts with what type of cell? (haploid / diploid)
2. Produces what type of cell?
3. Replicates DNA how many times?
4. # of cell divisions
5. Pairing of homologous chromosomes?
6. When do centromeres separate?
7. Daughter DNA?
8. Daughter cells haploid or diploid?
9. # of daughter cells?
10.
Crossing over?