BI 112 VITAL VOCAB #3
Be sure to review the SCIENTIFIC METHOD
CHAPTER 10 – The Structure of the Genetic Material
DNA HISTORY – know as much about each experiment as is listed below
1. Hershey-Chase Experiment: DNA, not protein, is the genetic factor
2. Chargaff’s Rules: A = T, C = G
3. Franklin and Wilkins: X-ray crystallography of DNA
4. Watson and Crick: model of DNA double helix incorporating this data
DNA STRUCTURE
1. Nucleic Acid
2. Nucleotides
3. Double Helix
4. Deoxyribose sugar
5. Phosphate
6. Nitrogenous bases:
a. Adenine
b. Thymine
c. Cytosine
d. Guanine
7. Sugar-phosphate backbone
8. Know where the covalent and hydrogen bonds are!
9. 5’ end (phosphate
10.
3’ end (OH group of sugar)
11.
DNA packaging
a. Histone proteins
b. Chromosome
12.
DNA Replication
a. Semi-conservative
b. Nucleic acids are ALWAYS synthesized in 5’ to 3’ direction
c. When does the cell replicate DNA?
d. Helicase
e. DNA polymerase
f. Leading strand
g. Lagging strand
h. Ligase
i. Prokaryotic DNA replication
i. Circular DNA
ii. One origin of replication
j. Eukaryotic DNA replication
i. Linear DNA packaged in chromosomes
ii. Many origins of replication
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. DNA  RNA  Protein
2. RNA
a. Nucleic Acid
b. Nucleotides
c. Single stranded
d. Ribose sugar
e. Phosphate
f. Nitrogenous bases:
i. Adenine
ii. Uracil
iii. Cytosine
iv. Guanine
g. Sugar-phosphate backbone
h. Know where the covalent and hydrogen bonds are!
3. Transcription
a. Gene
b. mRNA
c. Initiation
d. RNA polymerase
e. Promoter
f. Elongation
g. Coding region
h. What type of chemical reaction attaches 2 nucleotides together?
i. Termination
j. Terminator (termination region)
4. mRNA processing
a. intron (what organisms have them?)
b. exon
c. 5’ cap
d. 3’ poly-A tail
5. Translation
a. Ribosome
b. Codon
c. Be able to use the table of codons that was in the last quiz!
d. mRNA
e. tRNA
f. rRNA (ribosome)
g. initiation
h. elongation
i. termination
j. codon
k. anti-codon
l. Start codon (AUG; methionine)
m. Polypeptide
n. Stop codons
MUTATIONS
1. Single base substitution
a. Missense
b. Nonsense
c. Silent
2. Frameshift mutation
a. Reading frame
b. Insertion
c. Deletion
3. Be able to take a sequence of DNA, transcribe it to mRNA, then translate it to
find the amino acid sequence.
SKIP CHAPTER 11 – Gene Regulation
GENETIC POTENTIAL
1. Differentiated cell
2. Specialized cell
3. Stem cells
4. Genome
5. Non-coding DNA
GENE CONTROL
1. Packaging
a. Histone / Chromosome
b. DNA and histone methylation (recognize they are involved in gene
control)
c. X chromosome inactivation
2. Transcription
a. Lac Operon (bacteria)
i. Operon
ii. What happens when lactose is present?
iii. What happens when lactose is not present?
b. Trp Operon (bacteria)
i. What happens when tryptophan is present?
ii. What happens when tryptophan is not present?
c. Eukaryotic gene expression
i. Transcription factors
3. mRNA maturation
a. mRNA splicing (introns)
b. alternative mRNA splicing
c. addition of 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail
4. mRNA breakdown
5. Translation
6. Protein Regulation
a. Phosphorylation
b. Acetylation
c. cleavage
7. Protein Degradation
CHAPTER 8 – The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
CELL DIVISION INTRODUCTION
1. Asexual Reproduction
a. Binary fission
b. Budding
c. Vegetative propagation
d. Mitosis
2. Sexual Reproduction
a. Meiosis
3. Chromosome
4. Centromere
5. Sister chromatids
6. Homologous pair
7. Locus
8. Allele
9. Diploid (2n)
10.
Haploid (1n)
11.
Karyotype
MITOSIS
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
a.
b.
c.
18.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
19.
20.
When?
Why?
Centrosome
Spindle fiber
Somatic cell
Interphase
G1 - growth
S – DNA replication
G2 – growth
Phases of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis (not a phase)
i. What happens in animal cells?
ii. What is the difference(s) in plant cells?
f. Be able to summarize the events in each phase and recognize the phase
in a picture of a cell
Anchorage-dependent
Density-dependent
21.
Cancer
a. Benign
b. Malignant
c. Metastatic
MEIOSIS
1. When?
2. Why?
3. Gamete
4. zygote
5. Interphase
6. Phases of Meiosis I
a. Prophase I
i. Crossing-over
1. Parental chromosome
2. Recombinant chromosome
b. Metaphase I
i. Independent Assortment of homologous pairs
c. Anaphase I
d. Telophase I / Cytokinesis
7. Phases of Meiosis II
a. Prophase II
i. NO Crossing-over
b. Metaphase II
i. Independent Assortment of sister chromatids
c. Anaphase II
d. Telophase II / Cytokinesis
8. Know the two ways meiosis can introduce genetic variation!
9. Non-disjunction (meiotic mistakes)
a. Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome
b. Monosomy
10.
Chromosomal Defects
a. Deletion
b. Duplication
c. Inversion
d. Reciprocal translocation
BE ABLE TO COMPARE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES OF MITOSIS AND
MEIOSIS
1. Starts with what type of cell? (haploid / diploid)
2. Produces what type of cell?
3. Replicates DNA how many times?
4. # of cell divisions
5. Pairing of homologous chromosomes?
6. When do centromeres separate?
7. Daughter DNA?
8. Daughter cells haploid or diploid?
9. # of daughter cells?
10.
Crossing over?
CHAPTER 9 – Patterns of Inheritance
VARIATION IN GAMETES
1. If there are N chromosomes, how many possible gametes can be created?
2. Sources of genetic variation (again!)
3. Haploid gamete
4. Fertilization
5. Diploid zygote
6. Homologous chromosome
a. Allele
b. locus
MENDELIAN GENETICS
7. P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation
8. Law of segregation
a. Monohybrid cross
b. allele
c. Dominant
d. Recessive
e. Homozygous
f. Heterozygous
g. Phenotype
h. Genotype
9. Law of independent assortment
a. Dihybrid cross
10.
Punnett Square – be able to solve the following kinds of problems!
a. Monohybrid cross
i. Dominant / recessive
ii. Sex-linked
iii. Incomplete dominance
iv. Codominance
1. Blood type
b. Dihybrid gross
i. Dominant / recessive
11.
Test Cross
12.
Gene linkage
13.
Pleiotropy
14.
Polygenic trait
15.
Epistasis
16.
Environmental effect
17.
Pedigree (know symbols for a male / female; know how to read)
Changing Populations and Evolution
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Mutation
Gene flow
Adaptation
Ecological trade-offs (as in adaptations)
Species
Hybrid offspring
Diverging populations
Interbreeding
Speciation
Biological Evolution
microevolution and macroevolution
Antibiotics and Drug resistance