Animal Kingdom: cell structure & fxn
What is the
difference
btwn animal
and plant
cells?
How do
animals get
Plant
1)autotrophic
SAME
1)microscop
ic
2)vacuole
3)eukaryotic
4)ribosomes
5) ER
6)cytoplasm
7)Golgi
body
8)mitochondri
2)1 lrg
central
vacuole
3)green b/c
has
cholorplasts
4)rectangula
r
5)cells are
connected a
by the cell 9)cell
membrane
wall
10)nucleus
w/ DNA
11) DNA is
made of
ATGC
amino acids
 Eat a plant!
Animal
1)many
small
vacuoles or
none!
2)multiple
cell types,
sizes &
shapes
3)heterotrophi
c
4)lysosomes
= breaks
down old
stuff
5)NOT
rectangular
their energy?
How do cells
release energy
from glucosebreak down
food?
 Eat an animal that ate a plant…or eat
an animal that ate an animal that ate
a plant…or
 “eat the sun”! b/c plants capture the
sun’s energy and store it
 Cellular respiration= cells releasing
energy from glucose…requires O2
 Happens in the mitochondria—
wicked chemical rxn!
 How cells “open the package” of
glucose
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2 +ENERGY!!
How are
photosynthesis
& CR related?
What is
fermentation?
 Their equations are
reversed…opposite from e@ other
 The products of one are the
ingredients of the other
 Oxygen cycle= photosynthesis & CR
working together to keep CO2 & O2
in balance in the atmosphere
(diagram)
 Fermentation= releasing energy
from glucose w/o O2
 NOT as efficient as CR…much less
energy is released
 Yeast ferments dough to make
bread rise= alcoholic fermentation
C6H12O6+zymase= 2 C2H5OH+2CO2 +ENERGY!
(alcohol)
 Lactic acid fermentation= happens
in muscles when they need energy
but lack O2 –makes muscles weak
and sore/achy…bacteria that make
yogurt & sour Kraut do this too
C6H12O6 = 2 CH2CHOHCOOH + ENERGY!
(lactic acid)
What did I
learn from the
DVD, “Cells”
 Cells make tissues→tissues make
organs→organs make organ
systems→organ systems make
organisms
 ≈10 million cells in the human hand
 25 million cells made every second
in an adult human
 Some cells only live a few days but
brain cells live a life time
 Cell membranes are soft and
squishy
What is
mitosis?
How long does
the cell cycle
take?
 Cells multiply by dividing=mitosis
 Cell cycle= growth & division of cells
 3 stages of the cell cycle:
1) INTERPHASE: cell grows, copies
DNA & prepares to split
 DNA unzips and 2 new halves
zip in to form 2 identical DNA
strands
 A mutation can happen during
DNA replication
2) MITOSIS: nucleus divides
 prophase=DNA packs together
(condenses) & nuclear
membrane dissolves
 metaphase= DNA lines up in
the middle of the cell
 anaphase= DNA copies pulled
apart
 telophase= two new, identical
nuclei form
3) CYTOKINESIS= complete split
into two, identical cells
 Depends on the type of cell!
 Could be a minute or several, an
hour or several, a day or several
How do cells
in multicellular
organisms
become
different from
e@ other?
 Interphase takes the most time
≈95% of the total time
 ≈4.5 % of the total time is mitosis
 ≈ .5% of the total time is cytokinesis
 Differentiation= cells become
different from e@ other to carry out
different jobs
 Differentiated cells, “have a career
and will stay there until death.”
 Differentiation happens when DNA
sections get turned OFF
 Stem cells= undifferentiated cells
 Stem cells, “don’t know what they
want to be when they grow up.”
 Regeneration= growing a lost body
part b/c of stem cells @ the point of
injury (lizard’s tails & starfish arms)