For those of you that requested it, I compiled some random questions from quizzes
and exams. REMEMBER, the material we’re covering this year will differ some, so
you won’t be able to answer all the questions.
What kinds of nucleic acids do viruses use as their genomes (2 points)?
1. ______________(single stranded DNA)
2. ______________(single stranded RNA)
3. ______________(double stranded DNA)
4. ______________(double stranded RNA)
T/F: Do all viruses lyse their hosts?(1 point)
(F)
Why would a virus want to integrate its genome into the host genome? (2 points)
To be replicated with the host genome. (Other answers possible: be maintained in the
population, not be lost, do not damage the host)
Other possible questions
What is a virus?
How does a negative strand RNA virus make mRNA?
How does the bacteriophage lambda replicate its DNA? (Rolling circle)
1. If ∆G0 is negative,
A.
B.
C.
D.
the reaction is exergonic and requires the input of energy.
the reaction is endergonic and requires the input of energy.
the reaction is exergonic and energy is released.
the reaction is endergonic and energy is released.
1
2. In aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water
ATP
1
3. In fermentation what is achieved through the reduction of pyruvate?
3
4. The time interval required for the formation of two cells from one is called the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Generation time
Growth time
Growth rate
All of the above
1
5. A microbe growing in a functioning refrigerator is probably a
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mesophile
Thermophile
Psychrophile
Hyperthermophile
1
6. What are the cardinal temperatures?
3
7. Non-coding sequences within genes are called________ and are characteristics
of ____________ cells?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Exons / prokaryotic
Introns / prokaryotic
Exons / eukaryotic
Introns / eukaryotic
1
8. A primer in DNA replication is
A.
B.
C.
D.
a RNA starter sequences with a free 3’-OH group
a RNA starter sequences with a free 5’-OH group
a DNA starter sequences with a free 3’-OH group
a DNA starter sequences with a free 5’-OH group
9. Name the major chemical differences of DNA and RNA.
10. Grad students only!
1
What are the differences in leading and lagging strand replication?
5
1. Why is the 16S rRNA gene considered to be a suitable evolutionary
chronomter?
(3 reasons)
3
2. The ancestor of the chloroplasts are
3.
4.
5.
6.
1
green non-sulfur bacteria
purple sulfur bacteria
cyanobacteria/prochlorophytes
the enteric bacteria
3. In full sunlight, oxygen is ________ for purple bacteria
1
E. stimulating
F. toxic
G. without any effect
4. Methanotrophs:
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
3
have been found as endosymbionts in the gills of mussels
make methane
oxidize methane
are aerobes
are anaerobes
5. Which of the following gliding bacteria form(s) fruiting bodies?
1
E.
F.
G.
H.
Beggiatoa
Myxococcus
Cytophagia
All of the above
6. The function of “heterocysts” in Cyanobacteria is
E.
F.
G.
H.
CO2 fixation
N2 fixation
Photosynthesis
None of the above
1
7. Retinal is found in
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
bacteriorhodopsin
halorhodopsin
both bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin
neither bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin
8. Describe briefly(!) the cell cycle of Caulobacter
9. Mycoplasma
6.
7.
8.
9.
3
1
is pretty small, even for a bacterium
doesn’t have cell walls
belongs to the Gram positive bacteria
all of the above
10. Who is favorite microorganism. Why?
2
10. You successfully isolated a novel microbe. Name three ways to determine
whether the novel isolate is a bacterium or an archaeon.
3
11. Pick one of the environments below and name two organisms that you would
expect to find there:
2
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Human gut
Hot spring (pH 6-7)
Great Salt Lake
Rumen
Hot spring (pH 2-3)
Legume root nodule
Quiz 1. Micro 480/580
Name and/or last 4 digits of SS#:
1. Name the 3 domains of life (3)
2. Chemolithoautotrophs use inorganic/organic molecules as an energy source, and
inorganic/organic carbon as a carbon source. CIRCLE correct ones (1) ( 0.5pt
each))
Multiple choice. Scores represent # of possible answers. Circle all that apply
4. Louis Pasteur showed that
(1)
a. Spontaneous generation is process by which life arises
b. Spontaneous generation is process by which cells divide
c. Spontaneous generation is not a process by which life arises
d. Spontaneous generation is process that occurs in microbes
e. None of the above
5. Archaea have
a. Peptidoglycan
b. Ether lipids
c. Ester lipids
d. Psuedopeptidoglycan
e. LPS layer
(2)
6. Eukaryotes are distinguished from prokaryotes in that they have
a. 18S rRNA
b. 16S rRNA
c. 2S rRNA
d. 22S rRNA
e. 14S rRNA
(1)
7. Penicillin targets _________ synthesis.
a. Ribosome
b. Cell membrane
c. Flagellin
d. Peptidoglycan
e. None of the above
Therefore, Gram _______ cells are more sensitive to Penicillin
(1)
(1)
J. Only graduate students
BRIEFLY!!!!!! Define oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Which do YOU think
evolve first, give reasons for your answer
(5)
1. Rickettsia are
a.
b.
c.
d.
free living bacteria
Archaea
Intracellular parasites
Viruses
2. Epulopiscium is one of the largest bacteria
It is found
a. in soils
b. in the rumen
c. in thermal springs in Iceland
d. in surgeon fish in the Great Barrier Reef
e. none of the above.
It is a
a. Gram positive bacterium
b. Proteobacterium
c. Green sulfur bacterium
d. Spirochete
e. None of the above
3. In what zone of the sediment would you expect to find Beggiatoa?
a. throughout the entire sediment
b. near the top, with other aerobes
c. below most other aerobes and above the sulfate reducers
d. near the bottom, among the anaerobes
e. below the sulfate reducers
4. Circle which 2 of the following are iron oxidizers
a. Nitrosococcus
b. Beggiatoa
c. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
d. Gallionella
e. Methylobacterium
5. One organisms waste product is often another organisms substrate. The sulfide used as
an electron donor by certain chemolithotrophs often arises as the metabolic product of
a. sulfate reducers
b. methanogens
c. sulfur phototrophs
5. Green plan chloroplasts are phylogenetically related to
a. purple sulfur bacteria
b. green sulfur bacteria
c. green non-sulfur bacteria
d. heliobacteria
e. cyanobacteria
6. The order of photosynthetic bacteria in a still pond, -top to bottom is
a. green S – nonS purple –cyanobacteria – purple S
b. nonS purple – green S – purple S – cyanobacteria
c. cyanobacteria – green S – cyanobacteria – nonS purple
d. purple S – green S – cyanobacteria – nonS purple
e. green S – purple S – nonS purple – cyanobacteria
7. Why are all methanogens fluorescent under UV light?
a. methane is a fluorescent compound
b. they have the electron carrier F420
c. sodium pumped out by the soudium pump gives off blue light
d. the combustion of methane gives off blue light
8. Thermoplasma is unique amongst the Archaea because
a. it is a thermophile
b. Dr. Reysenbach’s lab works with it
c. It produces methane
d. It has no cell wall
e. None of the above
9. The member of the Bacteria that has the same unique feature as Thermoplasma is
a. Thermotoga
b. Mycobacterium
c. Agrobacterium
d. Mycoplasma
e. Leggionella
(10)
10. What is the source of energy for purple S bacteria? (2)
11. Where would one find methanogens in nature? How do they obtain their energy?
(2)
12. The Archaea make up 2 primary Kingdoms. Name these. (2)
13. Discuss one recent discovery in Archaea that has significantly changed our view of
archaeal diversity
(2)
14. Which group of organisms have bacteriorhodopsin, and what is the major function
of this molecule?
(2)
16. Which microbe in the microbial world do you think is really interesting, and why?
(2)
Assorted Quizzes:
1. Which type of microscopy gives the highest resolution?
a)
confocal microscopy
b)
transmission electron microscopy
c)
light microscopy (bright field)
d)
phase-contrast microscopy
2. How do archaeal and bacterial cell membranes differ?
3. What energy sources in the cell are used to power active transport?
Quiz 2
1.
What three things do all life forms need in order to grow and thrive?
2.
Define “facultative chemoautotroph.”
3.
During batch growth of a microbial culture, the first phase is called the lag phase,
during which growth is minimal while the microbe adjusts itself to its new environment.
Name or describe each of the subsequent phases.
1. For what reasons might direct counts differ from viable counts of microbial cells in a
culture?
2. Why do bacterial cells grow more slowly during the lag phase than the logarithmic
phase? (a) time is required for oxygen to diffuse to the bacteria; (b) cells are adapting to
new environmental conditions; (c) the temperature is lower during the lag phase; (d) cells
are just at the start of their growth cycle, and it takes some time for them to begin
dividing.
3. Which of the following are true about substrate-level phosphorylation? List all that are
true.
(a)
It results in the formation of ATP;
(b)
It requires ATP;
(c)
It requires a proton gradient;
(d)
It is a membrane-associated process;
(e)
It is an energy drain for the cell.
BI 420/520 Quiz
October 19, 1999
1. Energy generation for biosynthesis is a result of
a. catabolism
b. CO2 fixation
c. anabolism
d. none of the above
2. Proteins may differ from one another in
a. total number of amino acids present
b. sequence of amino acids
c. nature of the amino acids
d. all of the above
3. Purple photosynthetics, green photosynthetics, and cyanobacteria all:
1)
use cyclic photophosphorylation to make energy
2)
can obtain electrons from inorganic compounds
3)
generate oxygen
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1 & 2
e. 1, 2, &3
4. A phospholipid would be composed of
a. a polar end group
b. long chain fatty acids
c. glycerol phosphate
d. all of the above
5. What microbes use light energy to form a proton gradient directly (without using
electron transport)?
BI 420/520 Quiz
October 21, 1999
Indicate True or False:
1. The mechanisms for biodegradation are the reversal of the mechanisms for
biosynthesis.
2. The products of cellulose degradation repress cellulose degradation enzymes.
3. Exopeptidases attack peptide bonds which have the correct amino acids adjacent to
them.
4. Most atmospheric CO2 is a result of microbial biodegradation.
5. A major intermediate in mineralization of all constituents of the living cell is ethanol.
BI 420 Microbiology Quiz, 14 October, 1999
1. Which of the following can function as (a) source(s) of energy for phototrophs
(growing phototrophically)?
1. oxidation of organic compounds
2. oxidation of inorganic compounds
3. light
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1 and 2
e. 2 and 3
2. Which of the following can function as (a) source(s) of electrons for various
phototrophs?
1. oxidation of organic compounds
2. oxidation of inorganic compounds
3. light
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1 and 2
e. 2 and 3
3. What do oxygenic phototrophs use as an electron source?
a. water
b. oxygen
c. sulfide
d. organic compounds
e. CO2
4. According to the chemiosmotic mechanism, ATP is generated when
a. electrons are transferred between carrier molecules in the electron transport chain
b. protons flow through ATPase
c. NADH is oxidized to NAD+
d. chlorophyll liberates an electron
e. a high-energy phosphate group is transferred from an intermediate molecule to ADP
5. What is a fate of pyruvic acid in a microbe that uses fermentation?
a. it is oxidized in the Krebs cycle
b. it is reduced in the Krebs cycle
c. it is reduced to lactic acid
d. it is catabolized in glycolysis
e. it is oxidized to lactic acid
1. Name 3 differences between RNA and DNA
3
2. Briefly describe the principle behind dideoxy sequencing
3
(the Sanger method) of DNA
3. Ribozymes are
a. Proteins
b. DNA
c. RNA
d. viruses
e. Ribosomal RNA
4. Prions, the agents of mad cow disease, are
a. Proteins
b. DNA
c. RNA
d. viruses
2
e. Ribosomal RNA
2
Quiz 1
1. Chloroplasts are eukaryotic organelles and evolved from
1
a. Cellulose
b. Cyanobacteria
c. Fungi
d. Lichens
e. Proteobacteria
2. Name 2 ways that prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes
3. All life can be divided into 3 domains. Name 2
4. The person who first observed microbes was
a. Hooke
b. Koch
c. Leeuwenhoek
2
d. Winogradsky
e. Brown
2
5. Which form of microscopy do you think gives the highest resolution?
a. Confocal microscopy
b. Electron microscopy
c. Light microscopy
d. Phase constrast microscopy
e. Interference constrast microscopy
1
6. What do ribosomes do?
7. Prokaryotes have (PICK 2)
a. gas vesicles
b. cell walls
c. chloroplasts
d. mitochondria
e. nucleus
TODAYS QUIZ
2
2
1. Describe how bacterial DNA is transferred via transducrion
3
2. Name 3 functions that can be assigned to plasmids
3
3. Ribozymes suggest that
a. Proteins evolved before DNA
b. DNA evolved before RNA
c. RNA evolved before DNA
d. None of the above
1
4. Prokaryotic phylogenetic trees are usually made using sequence comparisons of:
e. mRNA
f. 16S rRNA
g. EF-tu
h. None of the above
1
5. What is the name of the protein that is the causative agent of “mad cow’s
disease”
2
1. DNA contains uracil, true or false?
1
2. What is mRNA?
(2 good points)
3
3. Which evoled first DNA or RNA? Give reason for your answer
2
4. When glucose is degraded
2
a. All of it is converted to CO2
b. Less than 10% is converted to CO2
c. About half is converted to CO2
D. None is converted to CO2, it is all used for energy
5. Yeasts and filamentous fungi degrade normal alkanes in crude oil by
2
a. Beta-oxidation, forming the CoA derivative, then oxidation
b. Using monooxygenase
c. Using monooxygenase, forming the CoA derivative, then beta-oxidation
d. Formation of CoA derivative, then monooxygenase
1. What kinds of nucleic acids do viruses use as their genomes?
2
1. ______________(single stranded DNA)
2. ______________(single stranded RNA)
3. ______________(double stranded DNA)
4. ______________(double stranded RNA)
2. T/F: All viruses lyse their hosts
1
3. Why would a virus want to integrate its genome into the host genome?
2
4. How does the bacteriophage lambda replicate its DNA?
1
5. The regulatory molecule in catabolite repression is
A.
B.
C.
D.
ATP
ADP
AMP
cAMP
6. In attenuation an excess amount of tryptophan in a bacterial cell:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
1
leads to termination of transcription of the trp operon
enhances the transcription of the trp operon
has no effect on the transcription rate
stops transcription before translation starts
7. The causative agent of Anthrax belongs to:
A. Archaea
B. Bacteria
C. Eukarya
D. Viruses
E. None of the above
1
8. Chemotaxis. In general, attractants increase rates of autophosphorylation whereas
repellants decrease this rate. True or False
1
9. Name three ways in which DNA fragments may be introduced into a bacterial
recipient.
1.5
10. For a cell to be transformed by DNA it has to be made
a. viable
b. mutatable
c. competent
d. none of the above
1
11. Name three different consequences of point mutations. Illustrate what you mean by
one. (I DO NOT EXPECT YOU TO KNOW WHAT THE CODON CODES FOR)
2.5
K. Graduate students ONLY
12. How does a negative strand RNA virus make mRNA?
1
13. Describe briefly how lactose regulates the transcription of the lac operon.
3
14. Use a diagram to show the basic steps how this occurs in ONE of these ways.
(remember to make it VERY clear how the DNA enters, what facilitates entry and then
what the possible fate of the DNA is once it is in the recipients cell).
3
1. Chloroplasts are eukaryotic organelles and evolved from
a. Cellulose
b. Cyanobacteria
c. Fungi
d. Lichens
e. Proteobacteria
1
2. Name 2 ways that prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes.
2
3. All life can be divided into 3 domains. Name 2
4. The person who first observed microbes was
a. Hooke
b. Koch
c. Leeuwenhoek
d. Winogradsky
e. Brown
2
5. Which form of microscopy do you think gives the highest resolution?
a. Confocal microscopy
b. Electron microscopy
c. Light microscopy
d. Phase constrast microscopy
e. Interference constrast microscopy
1
6. What do ribosomes do?
2
7.
Prokaryotes have (PICK 2)
a. gas vesicles
b. cell walls
c. chloroplasts
d. mitochondria
e. nucleus
2
1. Name three ways in which DNA fragments may be introduced into a bacterial
recipient.
(1.5)
2. Use a diagram to show the basic steps how this occurs in ONE of these ways.
(remember to make it VERY clear how the DNA enters, what facilitates entry and then
what the possible fate of the DNA is once it is in the recipients cell).
(3)
3. Name three different consequences of point mutations. Illustrate what you mean by
one. (I DO NOT EXPECT YOU TO KNOW WHAT THE CODON CODES FOR)
(2.5)
4. For a cell to be transformed by DNA it has to be made
d. viable
e. mutatable
f. competent
g. none of the above
(1)
5. Transponsons are
a. mobile proteins
b. mobile genetic elements
c. viruses
d. cofactors
e. none of the above
(1)
6. Cloning vectors must have
a. a way that one select an insert-containing clone
b. restriction endonuclease sites
c. origin of replication site
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
(1)
1. The major component of archaeal cell walls is:
a. Peptidoglycan
b. Psuedopeptidoglycan
c. Glycerol
d. Phosopholipds
e. DNA
2. Enzymes are
a. Lipds
b. Proteins
c. DNA
d. Catalysts
e. None of the above
(1)
PICK 2 (2)
3. Give 2 characteristics that distinguish Bacteria from Archaea (3)
4. For 4 points write a brief description of ONE of the following
a. the cell wall of Bacteria
b. the microbial cell membrane
c. the bacterial flagellum
d. cell surface layers, other than the cell wall and cell membrane (4)
Quiz
1. In the tryptophan operon, the synthesis of the leader protein results in
a. Termination of transcription
b. Initiation of transcription
c. Induction of a activator protein
d. None of the above
(1)
2. The function of the kinase in signal transduction regulation is
a. methylation
b. hydrolysis
c. phosphorylation
d. glycosylation
(1)
3. Chemotaxis. In general, attractants increase rates of autophosphorylation whereas
repellants descrease this rate. True or False
(1)
4. Single stranded RNA viruses may form mRNA in a host cell my
a. direct use, no copying
b. transcription
c. reverse transcription
d. all of the above
(1)
5. Viruses differ from plasmids in that viruses
a. have an extracellular form
b. are comprised of nucleic acid
c. cannot replicate independent of the host chromosome
d. a and c
e. none of the above
(1)
6. What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic vrus replication cycle (2)
7. Draw the major steps in the lytic cycle of a bacterial virus. (3)
1. A ribozyme is a
a. protein
b. RNA
c. DNA
d. Peptide
e. Codon
(1)
2. An Intein is a (SCORE 2)
a. protein
b. RNA
c. DNA
d. Peptide
e. Codon
(2)
3. Name 3 RNAs involved in protein synthesis
(1.5)
4. Draw an example of either positive or negative control of transcription (3)
5. Which do you think evolved first, DNA or RNA. Give BRIEF reason why. (NO
right or wrong answer, but a good reason help is worth 1.5 points)
(2.5)
6.