Latin for Reading
LESSON 2
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-parts of speech: noun and verb
-part of speech: coordinating conjunction
-one of the “big 3” categories used in
connectors describing the components of a
sentence: the kernel.
-another of the “big 3”: connectors. (The third
of the big 3, modifiers, will first appear in
Lesson 4.)
-words in a sentences are parts of the kernel
-words in a sentence are part of the kernel or
are connectors
-each complete sentence has one clause and
therefore one kernel
-a sentence may have more than one clause
and therefore more than one kernel
-idea of completeness of expression
-The Gap: words necessary for completeness
are not always expressed
-expectations based on the idea of
completeness
-expectations of gapped items
-any kernel item raises the expectation of other -an expected item may be gapped but can be
kernel parts.
recovered from another clause.
Latin for Reading
LESSON 3
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-parts of speech: noun, verb, coordinating
conjunction
-parts of speech: infinitive (sub-class of verb)
and pronoun
-infinitive as part of the dictionary entry of a
verb
-first use of the infinitive
-morphology of finite verb
-morphology of the infinitive, a non-finite verb
-verb of kernel as single finite form
-verb of kernel may be a combination of a
finite and a non-finite verb
-lists of Latin vocabulary by part of speech
-the first of many specialized sub-lists of
vocabulary (here, verbs that pattern with
complementary infinitives) grouped according
to morphological and/or semantic and/or
syntactic criteria
-sentences expressing statements
-sentences expressing questions
Latin for Reading
LESSON 4
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-parts of speech: noun, verb, infinitive,
coordinating conjunction, pronoun
(interrogative)
-parts of speech: adverb and preposition
-two of the big 3 categories used in describing
components of a sentence: kernel items and
connectors
-the third of the big 3: modifiers. (From now
on each word in the sentence can be classified
as a kernel item, connectors, and/or modifier.)
-two cases of the Latin noun: nominative and
accusative
-semantic features of words
-another case of the Latin noun: the ablative
-expectations raised by kernel items and
connectors
-a modifier raises the expectation of a head
-metaphrasing guidelines
-additional metaphrasing guidelines
-additional semantic features and categories of
vocabulary items
Latin for Reading
LESSON 5
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb,
infinitive, adverb, preposition, coordinating
conjunction
-words in a sentence are kernel items,
connectors, or adverbial modifiers
-part of speech: adjective
-nouns are identified by case and number
-add gender to identification of nouns,
adjectives, and pronouns
-a modifier raises the expectation of a head
-an adjectival modifier raises the expectation of
a noun-head
-gapping: identical items may be gapped
-gapping may occur with the noun-heads of
adjectives (see BS5.4)
-some words are adjectival modifiers
Latin for Reading
LESSON 6
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-clauses have one of two kernel types: TA and
IA
-a third kernel type: passive
-two types of adverbial modifiers
-a third type of adverbial modifier
-one of the uses of the ablative case: object of
a preposition
-nouns in the ablative case without a
preposition
-semantic categories/features influence
interpretation of words/phrases
-new semantic categories/features and new
interpretations based on this information (new
metaphrase guidelines)
Latin for Reading
LESSON 7
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs in singular
number (i.e., show singular morphology)
- nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs can be
plural (i.e., show plural morphology)
-agreement in case and gender
-agreement in number
-subject with verb
-adjective with noun-head
-pronouns
-a new pronoun
Latin for Reading
LESSON 8
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-plural morphology of first and second
declension nouns and adjectives
-plural morphology of third, fourth and fifth
declension nouns and adjectives
Latin for Reading
LESSON 9
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-two principal parts in the dictionary entry of
verbs
-the other principal parts
-verb tenses built on the first two principal
parts
-verb tenses built on third and fourth principal
parts of the verb
Latin for Reading
LESSON 10
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-three kernel types: TA, IA and Passive
-two new kernel types
-expectations
-new expectations at the kernel level within
the clause
-semantically/syntactically oriented lists of
verbs
-case uses of nominative and accusative
-new lists of verbs
-pronouns
-demonstrative pronouns
-new case uses of nominative and accusative
Latin for Reading
LESSON 11
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-part of speech: coordinating conjunction
-part of speech: subordinating conjunction
-sentences can have more than one clause. So
far, clausees are on a equal leve, i.e., two main
clauses.
-a sentence may have clausese which are not
on an equal level, i.e., main and
dependent/subordinate
-several types of adverbial modifiers (syntactic
equivalents)
-a new type: a dependent clause
-clauses have kernels and possibly connectors
and modifiers
-dependent clauses have kernels and possibly
connectors and modifiers
-expectations
-a dependent clause raises the expectation of a
main clause
Latin for Reading
LESSON 12
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-adverbial modifiers
-new types of adverbial modifiers
-kernel case uses of the accusative
-new adverbial case use of the accusative
-prepositions patterning with the ablative case
-prepositions patterning with the accusative
case
-semantic features/categories influencing
interpretation of words/phrases
-new semantic features influencing
interpretations
Latin for Reading
LESSON 13
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-parts of speech: pronoun (interrogative,
demonstrative)
-sentences may have clauses which are not on
an equal level. So, these have been dependent
adverbial clauses.
-part of speech: relative pronoun
-adjectives modify nouns
-some relative clauses are adjectival modifiers
of nouns
-adjectives and pornouns may function as
syntactic equivalents of nouns, e.g., substantive
adjectives
-dependent clauses function as syntactic
equivlanets of nouns (noun clauses)
-subordinators are conjunctions
-subordinators include relative pronouns
-some dependent clauses are adjectival clauses
-some dependent clauses are noun clauses
Latin for Reading
LESSON 14
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-parts of speech: finite verb and infinitive
(non-finite verb)
-part of speech: participle (a non-finite subclass of verb)
-noun-adjective agreement by case, number,
gender
-noun-participle agreement by case, number,
gender
-adjectival modifiers
-the participle: a new adjectival modifier
-dependent clause with finite verb and subject
in the nominative
-dependent clause with non-finite verb and
subject in any case
-an adjective raises the expectation of a nounhead
-a participle raises the expectation of a nounhead
-subordinators are subordinating conjunctions
and relative pronouns
-subordinators include non-finite verbs
Latin for Reading
LESSON 15
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-participial clause as an adjectival modifier
-participial clause as a separate adverbial
clause in the sentence
-adverbial modifiers
-a new adverbial modifier: the ablative absolute
-participial clauses with noun-head and
participle in any case
-case uses of noun in the ablative
-noun-head and participle in ablative case only
-new case use: subject of ablative absolute
clause
Latin for Reading
LESSON 16
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-cases of the noun: nominative, accusative,
ablative
-uses of nouns in each case
-a new case: dative
-kernel types
-2 new kernel types with nouns in the dative
-adverbial modifiers
-new adverbial modifiers: non-kernel
occurrences of the dative
-semantically/syntactically oriented lists of
verbs
-new lists of verbs
-uses of nouns in dative case
-as kernel parts
-as modifiers
Latin for Reading
LESSON 17
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-cases of the noun: nominative, accusative,
ablative, dative
-formal introduction of the genitive case
-the genitive as part of the dictionary entry of
nouns and some adjectives
-uses of nouns in each case
-uses of nouns in the genitive case
-adjectival modifiers
-noun in genitive as an adjectival modifier
Latin for Reading
LESSON 18
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-verbs in the third person
-verbs in first and second person
-subject-verb agreement for person and
number
-first and second person agreement
-pronouns
-personal pronouns
Latin for Reading
LESSON 19
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-passive verbs in third person
-all persons of the verbs in active voice
-all persons in passive voice
-pronouns
-reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns
Latin for Reading
LESSON 20
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-verbs with passive morphology and passive
meaning
-verbs with passive morphology but active
meaning
-passive verbs only in passive and some linking
kernels
-passive verb forms in active kernels
-pronouns
-demonstrative pronouns
-adjectives
-special adjectives
Latin for Reading
LESSON 21
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-use of infinitive as complementary infinitive
(kernel item: verb)
-another use of the infinitive – as a verbal
noun (kernel item: subject and/or subject
complement)
-semantically/syntactically oriented lists of
verbs
-a new list of verbs
Latin for Reading
LESSON 22
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-parts of speech: finite verb, infinitive,
participle
-a new part of speech (gerund) – or a new
subclass of an old part of speech (verb:
gerund)
-infinitive as a verbal noun
-gerund as a verbal noun
-noun morphology
-limited noun morphology of the gerund
Latin for Reading
LESSON 23
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-statements are expressed directly
-statements can be expressed indirectly
-noun clauses, finite
-noun clauses, non-finite
-case uses of the accusative
-a new case use of the accusative
-infinitives have occurred in two syntactic
settings
-two new constructions using infinitives
-certain verbs raise the expectation of a
complementary infinitive
-two new lists of verbs which raise
expectations of either an objective infinitive
construction or an indirect statement
-infinitive is metaphrased with a non-finite
English expression, either as the infinitive “to
____” or as the gerund “____ing”
-an infinitive in indirect statement is translated
as a finite verbs, not as an infinitive
Latin for Reading
LESSON 24
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-finite verbs and participles built on perfective
stames
-relative time regarding participles
-infinitives built on perfective stems
-relative time regarding infinitives
Latin for Reading
LESSON 25
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-adjectives and adverbs in positive degree
-new morphology of adjective and adverbs in
comparative and superlative degrees
-case uses of the ablative
-new case use: ablative of comparison (one of
few uses of personal nouns in ablative without
a preposition)
-case use of genitive
-new head/signal for partitive interpretation of
the genitive
-vocabulary knowledge of individual items
from correlative sets
-pairs of items as correlatives
Latin for Reading
LESSON 26
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-knowledge of imperfective stem
-two new tenses built on the imperfective stem
-present imperfective tense
Latin for Reading
LESSON 27
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-past, present, future times
-imperfective vs. perfective aspects
-perfective stems
-present perfective tense
-two new tenses on the perfective stem
Latin for Reading
LESSON 28
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-sentences expressing direct statements and
direct questions
-sentences expressing direct commands
-finite verbs in the indicative mood
-a new mood: the imperative
-five cases of the noun
-a new case of the noun: the vocative
Latin for Reading
LESSON 29
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-finite verb forms in indicative and imperative
mood
-a new mood: the subjunctive
-independent verb expressing “fact”
-independent verb suggesting an act or state
as “possible,” “willed,” or “wished for”
Latin for Reading
LESSON 30
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-subjunctive verb as verb of independent/main
clause
-direct statements and indirect statements
-direct questions
-subjunctive verb as verb of dependent clause
-finite noun clauses with verb in the indicative
mood
-finite noun clauses with verb in the
subjunctive mood
-morphology of the present imperfective tense
of the subjunctive
-morphology of three more tenses of the
subjunctive
-subordinators include subordinating
conjunctions, relative pronouns and non-finite
verb forms
-subordinators include question
words/interrogatives
-relative time regarding non-finite verbs in
dependent clauses
-relative time regarding finite verbs in
dependent clauses
-indirect questions
Latin for Reading
LESSON 31
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-direct commands
-indirect commands expressed by non-finite
clause (the objective infinitive construction)
-indirect commands expressed by a finite noun
clause
-a list of subordinating conjunctions
-a new subordinating conjunction ne and a
new meaning of ut
-lists of verbs grouped semantically
-a new list of verbs
Latin for Reading
LESSON 32
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-finite noun clauses with verbs in the
subjunctive
-two new finite noun clauses with verbs in the
subjunctive: noun result clause and clause of
fearing
-semantically/syntactically oriented lists of
verbs
-two new lists of verbs
Latin for Reading
LESSON 33
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-adverbial modifiers: finite adverbial clauses
-two new finite adverbial clauses:
purposeclause and adverbial result clause
-adverbial cuases with verb in indicative
-adverbial clausese with verb in subjunctive
- semantically/syntactically oriented lists of
words
-another list: words signalling adverbial result
clauses
-relative clauses with verb in indicative
-relative clauses with verb in subjunctive
-relative clauses expressing fact (verb in
indicative)
-relative clauses expressing purpose or
characteristic (verb in subjunctive)
Latin for Reading
LESSON 34
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-finite adverbial clauses
-more finite adverbial clauses
-semantic categories of adverbial clauses.
-three additional semantic categories of
adverbial clauses
-subordinating conjunctions
-new subordinating conjunctions and new
meaning for old subordinating conjunctions
-sentences with simple condition (verb in
indicative)
-sentences containing other types of conditions
(verb in subjunctive)
Latin for Reading
LESSON 35
SO FAR
BEGINNING WITH THIS LESSON
-participles: imperfective active, perfective
passive, future active
-metaphrase of gerunds
-another participle: the future passive
-same metaphrase for gerundive construction
-morphology of periphrastic verbs, e.g., auditus -another periphrastic: the future passive
est
-English equivalent of periphrastic verbs
-a “special” translation of the future passive
periphrastic
-passive verbs with subjects (passive kernel)
-passive verbs without subjects (impersonal
passive kernel)
-case uses of the dative
-agent expresssed by ä/ab + animate abl noun
-new case use of the dative: dative of agent