Index A abbreviations ................... 73, 89, 90, 229 accent .................................. 56, 131, 174 access .................................... 86, 281–83 restrictions ....................... 277–78, 309 Web materials ............................... 301 accommodation ................... 210–11, 261 accusative case .................................. 110 acknowledgement ............................. 269 Acoma ............................................... 104 acoustics ........................................ 62, 94 activism ....................................... 241–42 administration ..................... 51, 188, 255 adpositional phrases .......................... 322 adverbs ...................................... 148, 322 affricates ........................................ 60, 61 Afghanistan ....................................... 201 Africa ........................................ 104, 212 African Language Material Archive ... 91 age ..................................... 148, 203, 217 Aktionsart.................................. 147, 148 Alaskan Native Language Center ....... 91 allative case ....................................... 141 alliteration ........................................... 57 allomorphy .......................... 89, 150, 209 allophony....................... 58, 60, 105, 319 alphabet ....................................... 292–96 books ............................................. 290 order ........................ 53, 163, 294, 303 ambient noise ........................... See noise ambiguity ............................................ 67 animacy ..................................... 122, 145 animals .............................................. 164 annotation ........................ 71, 74, 88, 179 anonymity ............. 91, 228, 268–70, 273 anthropology12, 15, See also ethnography and fieldwork .................................. 19 literature ........................................ 240 antibiotics .......................................... 212 antipassive ................. 120, 148, 155, 323 antiseptic ........................................... 212 antonyms ................................... 161, 163 apologies ............................................. 54 applicatives ....................................... 155 archaeology ................................... 3, 234 archiving ............... 1, 74, 82, 90–93, 221 access . 227, 229, 276, See also access added value ............................. 92, 280 archival copies .............................. 263 consent .......................................... 272 data formats ..................................... 36 digital ........................................ 92–93 ethics ....................................... 227–28 online............................................. 276 permission ..................................... 285 permissions ................................... 268 procedures ............................. 257, 262 restrictions ..................................... 240 argument structure54, 110, 119, 146, 323 Armenian................................... 150, 170 artefacts ............................................. 165 articulation ........................................ 319 Asia ............................... 22, 52, 104, 212 aspect......................................... 110, 321 aspiration ....................................... 58, 60 audition sheets ......................... 78, 83, 92 Australia ................ 52, 65, 193, 245, 252 Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies 91 B background noise ..................... See noise back-translation ................. 112, 115, 131 backup ..... 50, 77–78, 178, 195, 219, 262 equipment ........................................ 28 Bardi ................ 17, 65, 89, 168, 174, 252 basic materials ..................................... 65 basic vocabulary.......... 52, 306, 317, 337 batteries ......................... 27, 43, 218, 262 Belfast ............................................... 202 bias ........................................ 9, 173, 380 bibliographies .................................... 276 bilingualism....................... 127, 158, 305 Bininj Gun-wok .................................. 17 biology .................................................. 2 bit depth .............................................. 25 Bloomfield, Leonard ........................... 15 Boas, Frans .......................................... 15 body parts ............................ 164–65, 164 boredom .............. 97, 132, 141, 198, 206 borrowing ......... 132, See also loanwords Brazil ................................................. 196 budgets .................. 76, 194, 258–64, 280 roll-over funds ............................... 264 C calquing ..................................... 132, 312 camera ............................................... 101 video.................................... See video camping ............................................. 210 capacity building ............................... 313 card file ....................................... 83, 162 carrier phrase ........................... See frame case .............................. 146–47, 209, 322 causative constructions ............. 154, 323 children’s books ................................ 142 children’s stories ....................... 122, 175 Choctaw ............................................ 294 cholera ............................................... 213 citation form ............................... 119, 130, 139 of sources .............................. 277, 287 tone.......................................... 99, 104 citiation form ....................................... 152, 307 classifiers........................................... 324 clefting .............................................. 325 clipping .............. See recording, clipping clitics ................................. 151, 295, 326 clothes ................... 32, 214, 217–18, 218 clusters ................................ 63, 106, 319 coarticulation....................................... 98 code-switching .......................... 182, 185 coercion ............................................. 272 cold ................................ 27, 43, 212, 337 collaboration ............. 188, 232, 265, 266 colleagues .......................................... 189 collections ..................................... 79, 84 collocations ....................................... 174 colloquial language ........................... 184 community ............................ 10, 81, 254 activism ......................................... 241 contribution to ....................... 257, 288 definition of............................. 11, 289 expectations of .......................... 8, 298 interaction with ................................. 4 membership ................................... 117 repatriation of materials to ............ 280 tensions ......................................... 209 community radio ............................... 173 compensation ..................... See payment complements ..................................... 322 complex predicates............................ 326 compound .......................................... 326 compression ........................................ 26 computer files...................................... 75 computers .................................. 124, 293 concordance ...................................... 149 conditioning .................................. 67, 96 confidentiality ................................... 268 conflict of interest ....................... 236–37 confusion ........................................... 142 conjugation ........................................ 163 consent .............................................. 301 data use.......................................... 231 informed2, 51, 226, 229–33, 231, 267–68, 270–72 written ........................................... 267 consonants harmony ........................................ 106 pharyngeal ..................................... 236 consultants7, 51, 96–97, 123, 188, 239, 266 acknowledgement ................... 228–29 and education ................................ 239 and 'informants' ............................... 14 as teachers ....................................... 14 being stood up ........................... 203–4 choice of .................................. 196–99 elderly ................................... 193, 267 interaction with ......................... 204–6 intuitions ....................................... 135 metadata ........................................ 123 monolingual ............................ 97, 158 multiple ................................. 118, 260 recruitment .................................... 267 teams ............................................. 200 consultation ....................................... 206 consumables ............ 262, See also media contact language.................. 85, 177, 197 context ............................................... 128 contradiction ..................................... 205 control tokens ...................................... 98 controlled creative tasks .................... 121 conversation12, 121, 180, 182–84, 185, 203, 205, 227, 250 converses ........................................... 161 coordination ...................................... 322 copular clauses .................................. 155 copyright ................................... 225, 286 core meaning ..................................... 171 corpus .............................. 3, 83, 139, 143 and documentation ........................ 290 compilation ............................. 180–81 size ................................................ 181 tagging........................................... 290 correction ............................................ 56 creoles ............................................... 209 culmulative exponence...................... 119 cultural knowledge ............................ 166 culture35, 135, 164, 188, 200, 208, 211, 224 shock ............................. 214, 215, 220 stereotypes..................................... 246 currency fluctuations ......................... 264 customs ............................. 212, 218, 333 D danger .......................................... 20, 190 DAT ..................................................... 77 data collection ....................................... 114 management .................................... 81 normed .......................................... 185 organisation ..................................... 63 primary and secondary .................. 276 sources........................................... 298 database ............. 63, 74, 82, 83, 162, 284 decibels ............................................... 25 definiteness ....................... 144, 322, 325 definitions ......................................... 171 vernacular .............................. 165, 175 dehydration ....................... 212, 213, 214 deixis ......................... 144, 156, 167, 325 DELAMAN......................................... 91 demonstratives .......................... 111, 321 derivation .......................................... 322 description ....... 85, 97, 151, 170, 289–91 techniques ..................................... 118 diacritics ............................................ 292 dialect ................................................ 192 variation ........................................ 298 dialogues ................................... 185, 297 diarrhoea ........................................... 213 dictionaries .............. 83, 263, 289, 303–9 audience ........................................ 305 audio ...................................... 290, 302 electronic ....................................... 304 entries ...................................... 162–64 readership .................................. 303–4 dictionary .......................................... 299 digital audio ...................... 24, 26, 82, 91, 302 data .................................................. 66 recording ......................................... 79 diglossia ............................................ 184 digraphs ............................................. 294 discourse . 6, 115, 149, 172, 184, 185–86 and ethnography .............................. 12 chunking ........................................ 186 genres ............................................ 173 markers .......................................... 209 particles ......................................... 183 word order ..................................... 153 written and spoken ........................ 181 disease ................................... 20, 212–13 disenfranchisement ........................... 224 dissertation .............. 13, 17, 89, 228, 289 and archiving ........................... 92, 263 format .................................... 193, 256 distinctive segments .......................... 319 distortion ............................................. 33 doculect ....................................... 11, 131 documentary linguistics ........................ 6 documentation ....... 22, 192, 240, 289–91 priorities .................................... 64–66 double articulation .............................. 61 dress ...................................... See clothes DSpace ................................................ 91 dual ...................................................... 52 duplicates .......................................... 286 durability ....................................... 73, 81 duration ............................................. 103 dust ...................................................... 27 DVDs .................................................. 77 E ear infections ....................................... 33 editing ................................................. 77 education ................................... 205, 272 ejectives............................................... 61 electricity..................................... 27, 215 electrolytes ........................................ 214 elicitation......................... 51, 66, 108–14 data manipulation .......................... 120 first person .................................... 129 lexical ...................................... 161–62 problems .......................... 125–35, 183 prompts ................................. 165, 297 syntactic ................................ 132, 148 targeted .......................................... 113 techniques ............... 135–36, 203, 208 textual.............................. 173, 175–76 empiricism........................................... 15 encyclopaedias .................................. 306 encyclopaedic information ................ 163 endangered languages . 65, 197, 249, 289 communities .................................. 229 data ................................................ 183 documentation ............................... 257 records ........................................... 227 English ........................ 58, 118, 132, 223 engma .................................................. 61 enthusiasm......................................... 198 envelopes............................................. 74 epenthesis ............................................ 63 equipment .. 39, 51, 194–95, 205, 261–62 audio .......................................... 29–34 cables............................................... 34 care ............................................ 40–41 checklist .................................... 45–47 choice .............................................. 24 computers .................................. 37–40 cost .................................................. 29 desiderata ........................................ 28 general issues ............................ 24–29 hard drives ....................................... 77 headphones ...................................... 37 microphones .............. See microphone operation ........................................... 4 PDAs ............................................... 38 recordering .................................... 202 recording ................................... 29–30 speakers ........................................... 34 stills cameras ................................... 36 storage ................................. 27, 40, 78 testing .............................................. 45 video................................................ 34 ergativity ................................... 110, 147 espionage........................................... 242 ethical reasoning ....................... 115, 185 ethics ................................. 2, 10, 222–53 archiving ................................. 227–28 boards .............................. 222, 264–65 plans .............................................. 255 recording ............................. 4, 225–27 ethnobotany ............................... 232, 303 ethnography................. 21, 163, 242, 276 ethnophilosophy ................................ 169 etymology163, 304, See also historical linguistics event structure ........................... 119, 148 evidence .............................................. 16 example sentences ............................. 163 exceptions ................................. 144, 151 exchange networks ............................ 218 exchange rate .................................... 264 exhausted community ................. 247–48 exoticisation .......................... 2, 235, 236 experiment........................................... 96 design ............................................ 123 experimentation6, 8, 21, 101, 235, 265, 380 F fast speech phenomena ..................... 180 fear .................................................... 215 field methods ....................................... 22 classes26, 50, 63, 84, 104, 114, 117, 130, 188–89, 198 field sites ............. 189–91, 192, 254, 274 fieldnotes64, 82, 85, 90, 241, 248, 263, 276–78 archiving ......................................... 92 as log ............................................. 114 notebooks ........................................ 73 organisation ......................... 74, 80–81 paper ................................................ 93 fieldwork ........................................... 239 "the field" ...................................... 2–3 and linguistic theory.................. 15–18 collaboration ................................. 7–8 definitions ..................................... 2–5 duration ................................... 193–94 feelings .......................................... 248 identity .................................. 5, 18–19 importance for community .............. 45 language learning ...................... 13–14 preparation ........................ 72, 194–95 reasons for going ........................... 5–6 starting............................................. 50 stereotypes................. 2–3, 19–20, 197 stress ........................................ 251–53 theory .............................................. 22 fieldworkers resentment towards ........................... 8 stereotypes....................................... 19 file formats .......................................... 25 finderlist ............................................ 305 First Nations ...................................... 195 flora and fauna ............................ 165–67 fluency13, 52, 67, 174–75, 175, 196, 202 focus .......................................... 104, 324 fonts......................... 59, 81, 92, 293, 304 food4, 20, 190, 204, 211, 213, 238, 245, 246 forensic linguistics ............................ 251 format .................................................. 86 fourth world ...................................... 245 frame ............. 96, 99, 104, 108, 126, 141 frequency................................... 144, 173 frequency response........................ 25, 33 frog stories ................................ 122, 175 Fundação Nacional do Índio ............. 196 funding ...................................... 254, 259 G gaps ................................................... 146 Garlali ............................................... 131 gavagai problem ............................... 127 gender .................. 11, 217, 234, 240, 282 and consultants .......................... 201–2 gender (grammatical) ................ 145, 163 gender-specific material .................... 229 genealogy ............................................ 76 genocide ............................................ 251 genre ............................ 173–74, 175, 181 Georgia .............................................. 200 gesture ........................................... 34, 35 giardia ............................................... 213 gifts ............................................. 218–19 glasses ............................................... 218 glossing ................. See interlinearisation glottal stops ......................................... 61 glyphs ............ 292–94, See also alphabet GPS ................................................... 167 grammar writing................................ 183 grammaticality judgements102, 112, 115, 116–18, 116, 207 prescriptive and descriptive rules.. 116 grants ................................... 228, 254–64 application submission .................. 255 host institutions ............................. 244 institutions ..................................... 264 management .................................. 273 project description ................... 256–57 qualifications ................................. 258 reporting ........................................ 264 travel ....................................... 260–61 greetings .............................................. 53 Guatemala ......................................... 123 guesswork ........................................... 13 H Hale, Ken ............................................ 15 handwriting ......................................... 59 Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Documentation Project harm .................................... 237–38, 271 harmony ............................................ 319 headphones ........................ 33–34, 37, 43 headword ........................................... 163 health ................... 211–14, 221, 334, 345 heat ...................................................... 27 Hebrew .............................................. 310 hepatitis ............................................. 213 Hertz (Hz) ..................................... 25, 26 highlighter ..................................... 73, 74 historical linguistics132, 167, 235, 238, 312 history ............................................... 246 HIV/AIDS ......................................... 212 Holmes, Sherlock ................................ 16 homonymy ........................................ 170 homophony ............................... 131, 170 housing ....................See accommodation HTML.................................................... 93 human subjects .................... 255, 264–73 approval......................................... 256 research on .................................... 224 reviews .................................... 265–66 waivers .......................................... 265 humidity .................. 27, 31, 40, 191, 380 humour .............................. 125, 133, 176 91 hunter-gatherers ................................ 164 hypocoristics ..................................... 106 hyponyms .................................. 161, 163 hypotheses ........................................... 64 hypothesis testing3, 9, 13, 102, 110, 113, 136 I identification ....................................... 87 idioms................................................ 174 illicit recording ............................ 225–27 illness ....................................See disease impartiality .................................. 10, 241 imperatives ........................................ 130 incorporation ..................................... 326 index.................................................. 299 India .......................................... 182, 202 Indiana Jones ..................................... 380 indirect speech .................................. 130 Indonesia ................................... 182, 184 inflation ............................................. 264 inflection ........................................... 139 class ............................................... 145 informant .......................... See consultant informed consent . See consent, informed insects ...................................... 2, 42, 214 repellent......................................... 213 instrumental case ............................... 171 insults ................................................ 176 insurance ........................... 259, 260, 261 intellectual property ............ 80, 225, 272 intensity ............................................. 103 interference ....................................... 185 inter-library loan ............................... 275 interlinearisation38, 88–90, 143, 162, 163 by consultants................................ 301 in fieldnotes ..................................... 73 software ................................... 82, 303 styles ............................................... 90 wordlists ........................................ 305 internet ...................................... 262, 270 interrogatives..................................... 323 interviews .................... 12, 184, 202, 300 intonation .. 104, 149, 172, 186, 298, 325 introductions ....................................... 53 intuitions ............................. 13, 135, 203 IPA ................................................ 58, 63 Iran .................................................... 201 IRB ................................ See ethics board irrealis ............................................... 130 irregularity......................................... 163 J Jingulu ............................................... 209 jokes ..................................... See humour Jones, Indiana ................................ 19, 20 K Kabardian .......................................... 295 Kalkatungu ........................................ 207 key words .......................................... 177 kinship ................................... 9, 168, 172 knowledge sharing ............................ 235 Kurdish .............................................. 269 L labelling............................................... 78 labialisation ....................................... 101 labiodental ........................................... 61 labio-dentals ...................................... 101 Ladefoged, Peter ................................. 25 laminodentals ...................................... 63 land claim .......................................... 238 language .............................................. 11 death .............. 192, 206, 209, 233, 360 description ..................................... 199 endangerment ................ 189, 191, 313 games ...................... 106, 107, 121–22 learning ................... 95, 149, 177, 313 ownership ...................................... 225 revitalisation38, 183, 234, 238, 241, 309–12, 311 teaching ......................................... 135 laterals ................................................. 61 Latin .................................................. 142 leading questions . See questions, leading learner’s guides ........... 288, 290, 296–98 learner’s materials ..................... 174, 262 learning a languageSee language learning legal issues ........................................ 238 length................................... See duration letters ........................................... 76, 174 lexical category ......................... 144, 163 lexicography...................................... 113 lexicon ............................................... 108 substitution .................................... 125 libraries ............................................. 311 lingua franca.............................. 200–201 linguists ................................................. 8 links ..................................................... 85 Linnaean taxonomy................... 166, 234 list intonation ...................................... 98 literacy....... 177, 199–200, 293, 296, 304 and computers ................................. 81 materials .................................. 89, 289 prestige .......................................... 199 stigma ............................................ 302 living conditions.......................... 210–11 loanwords .................................... 57, 132 locational phrases ...................... 142, 147 lodging ....................See accommodation logistics ............................................. 330 loneliness........................................... 215 lossless/lossy recording ................. 26, 29 M malaria....................................... 213, 214 maps .................................................. 167 Mapudungun ..................................... 224 materials duplication..................................... 279 return to the community ................ 162 returning .................................. 288–91 scope ............................................. 285 media ................................................... 80 blank................................ 78, 262, 280 durability ......................................... 23 storage ........................................... 278 types .......................................... 23–24 memorisation............................... 67, 145 memory ..................... 3, 52, 80, 123, 179 metadata1, 50, 73, 77, 83–87, 178, 181, 221, 280, See also audition sheets categories .................................. 85–86 collector........................................... 85 consultant .................................. 86–87 description ....................................... 92 metalanguage .............................. 16, 153 Mexico .............................................. 123 microphone ................................. 30, 203 business ........................................... 31 cardioid ........................................... 31 condenser ........................................ 31 dynamic ........................................... 31 impedance ....................................... 31 lapel/lavalier .................................... 32 placement ........................................ 41 shotgun ............................................ 31 Milingimbi ........................................ 181 mimicry ............................................. 100 minimal pairs55–57, 57, 67, 100, 105, 297 tone................................................ 105 minority groups ...................................... 245–53 languages....................................... 236 minors ............................................... 230 missionaries....................... 239, 242, 275 mistakes............................................... 45 mistranscription................................. 130 mixed languages................................ 209 modification ...................................... 145 Mohawk .............................................. 17 morphemes .......................................... 90 boundaries ....................... 89, 295, 319 morphological class .......................... 142 morphology ......... 65, 106, 109, 113, 174 bound............................................. 307 derivational ............................. 144–45 in discourse ................................... 149 optionality ..................................... 119 morphophonology ............................. 106 mould ...................................... 24, 41, 90 mp3 ......................................... 24, 26, 29 multilingualism ..... 97, 131–32, 169, 197 multimedia ........................................ 313 music ................................................. 169 musicology .......................................... 25 N narrative23, 35, 123, 172, 175, 183, 184, 229 nasals ............................................. 61, 62 National Science Foundation ............ 259 Native American ................................. 15 Navajo ............................................... 240 Ndebele ............................................... 59 negative dataSee grammaticality judgements negative polarity................................ 121 negotiation............................................. 8 neutralisation ..................................... 105 newspapers ........................................ 174 noise .................. 25, 41, 46, 58, 191, 203 noise cancelling headphones ............... 33 notebooks ...................................... 73–74 notetaking .................................. 208, 285 noun phrases...................... 110, 111, 119 nouns mass and count .............................. 144 proper ............................................ 326 number .............................................. 121 numerals .................... 110, 111, 145, 324 O Oceania ............................................. 212 old materials ................ 207, 280–87, 311 old records ......................................... 275 one language, one linguist rule ... 192–93 onsets................................................. 106 open-source ......................................... 93 optionality ................................. 147, 148 oral history ........................ 176, 192, 300 prompts ......................................... 280 risks ....................................... 238, 251 oratory ............................................... 176 orthography ................. 283, 291–96, 293 and politics .................................... 310 development .................................. 290 multiple ......................................... 286 old materials .................................. 311 standardisation .............................. 163 outsiders .... 117, 202, 217, 238, 246, 310 overgeneralisation ............................. 146 overheads .......................................... 260 overlap............................................... 180 P pain killers................................. 214, 218 palatalisation ....................................... 61 palatography.............. 101, 270, 300, 333 Papua New Guinea ............................ 104 paradigm66, 111, 133, 139–42, 141, 146, 152, 163, 209 paraphrases ........................................ 145 parasites............................................. 212 parsers ............................................... 116 parsing ............................................... 151 part of speech .......... See lexical category part-speakers ......... 52, 127, 177, 207–10 oral history .................................... 199 passive ............................... 120, 122, 323 patience ............................................. 208 paucal ................................................ 144 payment124, 237, 243–45, 260, 271, 288 cash ............................................... 244 pear story ............................ 122, 123–24 pedagogy ........................................... 297 pencil ............................................. 73, 78 pens ............................................. 73, 262 per diem ............................................ 261 permission ......... 195, 198, 254, 258, 267 letters ............................................. 258 quotation ....................................... 278 refusal ...................................... 232–33 permits................................. 76, 194, 233 person ................................................ 129 personal information ......................... 267 personnel ............................. 259–60, 266 PhD ................................ See dissertation phonation..................................... 62, 104 phoneme ...................................... 51, 292 gaps ................................................. 56 inventory ................................... 55–57 phonemicisation ................................ 283 phonetics ......... 53, 100–102, 102–3, 203 phonology ............................... 65, 105–7 sketch ............................................ 319 phonotactics .............................. 105, 319 photography ........................ 35, 167, 229 photos ............................ 77, 85, 101, 263 pitch............................. 25, 103, 104, 319 place .................................................... 84 place names ...................... See toponyms plagiarism .......................................... 277 plain text.............................................. 93 plausibility......................................... 130 plurals ........................................ 110, 111 pointing ............................................. 126 polarity .............................................. 325 politeness..................... 56, 117, 183, 323 politics ....... 112, 198, 238, 241, 292, 310 and consultants .............................. 203 community recognition ..................... 5 stakeholders..................................... 10 polysemy ........................................... 170 polysynthesis ............................... 17, 111 popshield ............................................. 42 possession ......................... 111, 164, 324 postage .............................................. 262 Praat ......................... See software, Praat pragmatics ......................................... 185 pre-amps .............................................. 32 prescription ....... 116, 135, 199, 296, 306 preservation ......................................... 91 prestige ...................... 180, 183, 199, 348 priming ................................ 99, 133, 152 principal parts.................................... 142 problems ............................................ 153 procedural texts ................................. 165 productivity ................................. 142–44 project summary................................ 255 promises .................................... 206, 226 prompts ....... 130, See stimulus materials pronouns .................................... 147, 317 pronunciation ...................................... 58 reading............................................. 99 proverbs............................................. 176 pseudonym .............................. 86, 87, 91 publication................................. 276, 283 punctuation ........................................ 301 Q Qafar ................................................. 139 quantifiers ......................................... 144 questionnaires115, 118–20, 118–20, 134, 337 administration ............................... 119 design ............................................ 118 length............................................. 120 questions ..................................... 56, 130 leading ................... 118, 133, 269, 324 R radio .................................................... 80 randomisation .................................... 102 recipe ................................................. 175 reciprocals ......................................... 323 recording ........................................... 177 clipping ........................................... 54 digital ........................................ 24–25 environment .................................... 32 illicit ........................................ 225–27 labelling........................................... 78 media types ............................... 23–24 part-speakers ................................. 177 techniques ....................................... 29 tips ............................................. 41–44 redundancy ........................................ 113 reduplication ..................................... 106 reference grammar .. 67, 81, 298–99, 313 referentiality ........................................ 52 reflexives ........................................... 323 register....................... 173, 180, 183, 185 and grammaticality........................ 116 regularisation..................................... 209 rehearsal .............................................. 45 related languages ............................... 136 religion .............. 123, 169, 173, 234, 235 rememberers ................ See part-speakers reminiscences .................................... 176 rental vehicles ................................... 261 repair ................................................. 186 repetition ............................................. 97 reports ........................... 76, 263–64, 273 research design ................................ 95, 97–100 grants .................................. See grants medical .................................. 265, 271 outcomes ....................................... 225 participants ................. See consultants secondary use of materials ...... 231–32 visas...................................... See visas researcher effect .......................... 233–34 researchers and communities ........................... 246 respect ............................................... 240 restricted materials 239–41, 281–83, 282 restructuring ...................................... 209 results .................................... 11–12, 206 retroflection ................................... 59, 63 reversal .............................................. 163 rhymes ................................................. 57 risk..................................... 238, 265, 268 Roman alphabet ................................ 293 Romani .............................................. 132 rounded vowels ................................... 62 RTF (rich text format) .......................... 93 Russian .............................................. 201 S safety ................................... 190, 216–17 salvage study ....................................... 28 sampling rate ............... 25, 84, 86, 91, 92 Sapir, Edward ...................................... 15 satellite images .................................. 167 scanning .............................................. 73 school ................................................ 210 materials .......................................... 76 teachers ......................................... 239 science ................................................... 8 Western ................................... 234–36 scientific knowledge ......................... 288 scientific method ................................... 9 scope ................................................. 154 screwdrivers ...................................... 218 scripts ............................................ 98–99 secondary materials ............................. 92 segmentation ..................................... 106 self-repair .......................................... 181 semantic fields ............ 53, 163, 164, 303 semantic roles.................... 119, 146, 322 semantics ....................... 66, 127–29, 143 and grammaticality........................ 116 elicitation....................................... 159 semblative case ................................. 172 seminars .............................................. 76 semi-speakers .............. See part-speakers semi-structured interviews ................ 115 sermons ............................................. 173 sexual interest.................................... 202 sign language ...................................... 34 signal-to-noise ratio ............................ 25 silica gel .............................................. 38 similes ....................................... 172, 173 site mapping ...................................... 167 sketch grammars ................. 296–98, 313 slang .......................................... 163, 180 Smithsonian Institutions...................... 91 snakes .................. 55, 214, 215, 334, 340 sociolinguistics ........................ 12, 22, 30 socks .................................................... 42 software ....................................... 76, 262 database ........................................... 38 Elan ................................................. 88 file conversion ........................... 36, 82 keyboard mapping ........................... 59 Praat .............................................. 102 Toolbox ........................... 88, 303, 305 transcription programs .................... 95 sound clips .................................. 57, 164 sound spectrum ................................... 25 source lists ......................................... 276 Spanish .............................................. 132 spectacles .............................. See glasses spectrograms ............... 7, 55, 61, 82, 102 speech community .............. 97, 189, 199 speech errors ............... 95, 149, 182, 184 speech impediments .......................... 197 speeches ............................................ 176 spelling .......... 199, See also orthography conventions ..................... 95, 292, 296 variants .......................................... 275 splitter ................................................. 34 standardisation ...................... 27, 95, 296 statistical significance ......................... 97 statistics ............................................... 82 stereotypes......................................... 249 stimulus materials ..... 102, 115, 122, 263 stipends ............................................. 259 stops .............................................. 60, 95 stories ................................. See narrative story books ........................................ 166 stress .................. 103–4, 105, 106–7, 320 mental .................................... 210, 216 primary ............................................ 62 transcription of ................................ 94 stress .................................................... 96 Subject language ................................. 85 subjects .............................................. 122 subordination..................................... 321 superstrate ......................................... 132 suppletion .......................................... 146 suprasegmentals ................................ 319 surge protector .................................... 37 Survey of California and Other Indian languages Swadesh list52, See also basic vocabulary syllables............................... 58, 151, 319 stress .............................................. 103 structure......................................... 106 synonyms .................................... 53, 163 syntax ............................ 17, 52, 159, 167 synthesis ............................................ 102 91 T taboo.......................... 163, 240, 282, 306 death .............................................. 269 gender ............................................ 202 tagging....................................... 105, 148 talking books ................................. 302–3 targets .................................................. 98 taxonomy........................................... 303 teeth ..................................................... 97 temporal marking .............................. 322 tense ............................................ 147–48 and agreement ............................... 119 elicitation............... 113, 116, 121, 129 errors ............................................. 130 marking ......................... 142, 152, 325 sequencing..................................... 323 terminology ....................................... 299 texts .............. 173–82, See also narrative collections of ................................. 300 complexity............................... 174–75 editing ..................................... 181–82 repetition ....................................... 182 theory and description ................................ 16 and field research ............................ 15 time ................................................... 260 timeline ............................................. 257 tiredness .................................... 132, 133 token........................................ 64, 96, 97 repetition ......................................... 98 tone................................ 104–5, 293, 319 elicitation....................................... 105 sandhi ...................................... 99, 104 topic................................... 172, 185, 324 toponyms ............. 147, 167–68, 306, 326 training ...................................... 299–301 transcription ...... 58–60, 74, 179–80, 232 accuracy .................................... 51, 55 consistency .............................. 95, 114 conventions ............................. 58, 149 difficulties ....................................... 42 equipment ...................................... 179 errors ............................... 75, 131, 170 foreign language.............................. 33 level of detail............................. 94–95 phonemic ......................................... 95 processes ....................................... 179 regularisation................................. 152 software ......................................... 182 time-alignment .............................. 179 transcripts .......................................... 227 transitivity ......................... 120, 147, 323 translation .............. 52, 99, 114, 116, 127 literal ............................. 120, 126, 128 stories ............................................ 176 with part-speakers ......................... 178 travel ................. 190, 192, 195, 261, 264 trills ..................................................... 61 tripod ................................................... 43 trust ........................................... 216, 226 Turkey ............................................... 269 Turkish .............................................. 114 turn-taking ................................. 185, 205 typology ................................ 6, 133, 290 U UK ..................................................... 193 unaspirated consonants ....................... 60 Unicode ............................................... 59 unique identifier .......................... 85, 277 USA........................................... 230, 245 V vaccinations............................... 211, 263 valency ............................ See transitivity variables ............................................ 113 variation11, 56, 118, 148–49, 149, 275, See also priming allophonic........................................ 94 conditioned.................................... 148 free .................................................. 64 intra-speaker .................................... 96 phonological .................................. 162 pronunciation .................................. 75 regional ......................................... 128 velarisation .......................................... 61 verbs .......................................... 110, 317 agreement ...................................... 118 morphology ................................... 152 serialisation ................................... 326 Verbs ................................................. 321 video.................... 76, 101, 165, 166, 300 brightness ........................................ 44 ethics ............................................... 36 formats ............................................ 36 recording tips .................................. 43 zoom................................................ 44 Vietnamese ........................................ 104 visas........................................... 258, 263 vitamins ............................................. 213 vocabulary ................. 113, 177, 306, 317 vocal tract .......................................... 101 vocatives ........................................... 149 voice activated recording .................... 43 voicing............................................... 319 vowels ........................................... 61–63 harmony ........................................ 106 length....................................... 62, 106 plotting measurements .................... 82 rounding .......................................... 63 voiceless .......................................... 62 W water .................................................. 212 wax cylinders ...................................... 24 web ...................................................... 91 materials .................................... 301–2 Western science .................................... 8 wiki ................................................... 302 word boundaries .................................. 51 word class................ See lexical category word order ................................. 119, 172 basic .............................................. 112 word processor .................................... 83 wordlists51, 52, 63, 64, 96, 97–98, 298, 303–9, 337 compilation ............................. 162–64 experimental .......................... 300, 308 learner’s ......................................... 297 workflow ..................................... 71, 178 workshop ................................... 292, 352 writing system ...............See orthography wug-testing ........................................ 143 Y Yan-nhaŋu ..................................... 35, 99 young people's varieties .............. 209–10