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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
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1. Stratigraphic Nomenclature
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For the definition of the time slices, the following stratigraphic nomenclature has been adopted.
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Ediacaran
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GSSP location: Enorama Creek, Flinders Ranges, South Australia.
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Duration: 635-541 Ma.
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Comments: Palaeontological data allow a broad subdivision of the Ediacaran into four zones:
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Pertatataka, Avalon, Vendian, and Nama [17, 50, 52-53]. For this study, the Ediacaran bin has
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been further divided using the informal subdivision of Vendian (560-550 Ma) and Nama (550-
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541 Ma) [17].
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References [50, 52-53].
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Slice 1 (Vendian)
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Duration: 560-550 Ma.
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Comments: Informal subdivision based on the integration of body and trace fossil data [17].
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References [17, 50, 52-53].
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Slice 2 (Nama)
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Duration: 550-541 Ma.
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Comments: Informal subdivision based on the integration of body and trace fossil data [17].
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References [17, 50, 52-53].
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Slice 3 (Fortunian)
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GSSP location: Lower cliffs of Fortune Head, SE Newfoundland, Canada.
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Duration: 541-529 Ma. The base of the Fortunian (i.e. base of the Cambrian) is placed 2.4 m
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above the base of Member 2 of the Chapel Island Formation [1, 51, 54-58]. The top of the
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Fortunian is marked by the FAD of small shelly fossils or archaeocyathid species.
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Comments: The Fortunian is the lower stage of the Terreneuvian, which replaces the provisional
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name “Cambrian Series 1”. The Terreneuvian is broadly equivalent to the pre-trilobite interval of
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the Lower Cambrian. The Fortunian is broadly equivalent with the Nemakit-Daldynian of
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Siberia, although the uppermost part of the latter ranges into Cambrian Stage 2 [for correlations
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of the Terreneuvian with local stratigraphic terms, see 51, 54-58].
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References [1, 51, 54-58].
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Slice 4 (Cambrian Stage 2)
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GSSP location: Undefined.
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Duration: 529-521 Ma. The base of the Stage 2 is marked by the FAD of small shelly fossils or
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archaeocyathid species. The upper limit has not been ratified, and the age is based on U-Pb
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volcanic zircon age from strata in Wales having the oldest trilobites.
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Comments: The Cambrian Stage 2 is the upper stage of the Terreneuvian. The top of the Stage 2
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(i.e. top of the Terreneuvian) will be defined by the base of the Series 2 (FAD of trilobites),
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which is at present undefined and unnamed [51]. The Cambrian Stage 2 is broadly equivalent
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with the Tommotian of Siberia, although the uppermost part of the Nemakit-Daldynian is also
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part of Cambrian Stage 2. For problems with the FAD see [58].
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References [51, 54-58].
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Slice 5 (Cambrian Stage 3)
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GSSP location: Undefined.
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Duration: 521-514 Ma. Neither the lower nor the upper limits of the Cambrian Stage 3 have been
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ratified. The base, however, will be defined by the FAD of trilobites. The top will be near the
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lowest occurrence of a trilobite of either the Olenellinae or the Redlichiina subfamilies.
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Comments: The Cambrian Stage 3 is the lower of the Cambrian Series 2, which is broadly
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equivalent to the trilobite-bearing interval of the Lower Cambrian. The Cambrian Stage 3 is
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equivalent with the Atdabanian and the lower part of the Botomian.
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References [51, 54-58].
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Slice 6 (Cambrian Stage 4)
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GSSP location: Undefined.
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Duration: 514-509 Ma. Neither the lower nor the upper limits of the Cambrian Stage 4 have been
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ratified. In any case, the base will be near the lowest occurrence of a trilobite of either the
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Olenellinae or the Redlichiina subfamilies and the age of the upper limit is based on the
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Protolenus-Ellipsocephalus-bearing strata of New Brunswick.
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Comments The Cambrian Stage 4 is equivalent with the upper part of the Botomian, the
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Toyonian, and the lower part of the Amgan of Siberia.
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References [51, 54-58].
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2. Palaeoenvironmental subdivisions
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Palaeoenvironmental interpretations are based on the original sedimentological studies
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performed in the different units included in the database. In approximately 95% of the cases,
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detailed facies and palaeoenvironmental information was available in the literature (either in the
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paper describing the biogenic sedimentary structures or in additional papers dealing with the unit
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involved). In those cases that complementary information was used, extreme attention was
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devoted to accurately identify the stratigraphic interval containing the ichnofauna. Almost all
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cases could be resolved satisfactory. In the remaining 5%, sedimentological information lacks
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enough detail and only very general environmental interpretations were possible (e.g.
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“nearshore”, “deep-marine”). In addition, about 20% of the units included in the database have
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been examined by the authors in the field. Zonation of open-marine wave-dominated deposits
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follows the terminology established in a separate study [15]. In this scheme, the shoreface is
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located between the low tide line and the fair-weather wave base, the offshore between the fair-
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weather wave base and the storm wave base, and the shelf below the storm wave base.
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3. Criteria used for the recognition of trace fossils
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Because Ediacaran trace fossils have been the focus of extensive controversy and re-
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interpretations, we outline here a set of criteria used for the recognition of trace fossils and their
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distinction from body fossils and inorganic structures [modified after 38]. (1) Trace fossils
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represent behaviour as reflected in the interactions between organisms and substrate. The
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existence of recurrent morphological patterns should be demonstrated. Accordingly, recognition
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and interpretations should be based on an extensive sample collection to avoid misidentification.
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(2) Evidence of sediment displacement, such as levees (e.g. Archaeonassa), is particularly
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important in the case of simple horizontal grazing trails. Presence of meniscate infill (e.g.
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Taenidium) and annulations/constrictions (e.g. Torrowangea) are also evidence of sediment
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displacement. (3) Constant diameter is strongly suggestive of a burrow origin (e.g.
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Palaeophycus). In this respect, careful analysis of the three-dimensional morphology of the
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structure and its orientation with respect to bedding plane is essential. (4) Trace fossils tend not
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to show angular terminations, such as angled corners. (5) Signs of growth are more common in
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body fossils than in trace fossils. (6) Because trace fossils are only exceptionally transported,
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strong alignment suggestive of current-induced orientation is more common for body fossils. (7)
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Carbonized material is more commonly associated with body fossils than with animal trace
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fossils.
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4. Ichnotaxonomic Nomenclature
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For the construction of the Ediacaran-Cambrian trace-fossil database, we have followed standard
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ichnotaxonomic practices. Advantages of a dual nomenclature (i.e. two separate names for
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biotaxa and ichnotaxa) as well as the risks involved in the biotaxonomic identification of the
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tracemaker have been stressed elsewhere [15, 59-60]. Avoiding this approach creates a large
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number of problems and gives the false impression that trace fossils can be directly linked to a
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producer [e.g. Treptichnus (Mankyodes) rectangularis invariably to priapulids [61, 62]]. The
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idea of replacing ichnotaxonomical names with vernacular names [61] is impractical, and
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represents a step backwards in ichnological practice and communicability. However, based on
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accurate morphological evaluation of biogenic structures, some reliable inferences about
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burrowing mechanisms and identity of the tracemaker can be established. Synonymies have been
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checked (e.g. Isopodichnus / Cruziana-Rusophycus), and we have adopted a consistent
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ichnotaxonomical approach. In order to do so, each original taxonomic determination has been
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checked based on photographs and descriptions or re-examination of the original material. Some
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general comments are made here.
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Small, juxtaposed, coffee bean-like cubichnia have been traditionally assigned to
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Rusophycus didymus. However, the holotype of R. didymus comes from precambrian strata [63],
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and there is general agreement that the structure is of inorganic origin [64]. These rusophycid
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structures are assigned instead to R. carbonarius.
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The ichnogenus Scolicia has been occasionally reported from Cambrian rocks. Examples
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are almost invariably simple epirelief furrows lacking backfill. The name Scolicia should be used
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for complex endichnial structures, characterised by a meniscate backfill, and a double ventral
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cord or drain [65, 66]. Cambrian specimens lack all the diagnostic elements of Scolicia, have
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been removed from this ichnogenus in the database, and included for the most part in
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Archaeonassa. Similar bilobate trails have been referred to as Taphrhelminthopsis and
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Taphrhelminthoida [63, 67]. Our re-analysis of Cambrian Taphrhelminthopsis and
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Taphrhelminthoida indicates that these are preservational variants of Psammichnites.
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Other controversial bilobate trace fossils include Sellaulichnus and Jinningichnus [68-
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70]. Re-analysis of the type specimens of Sellaulichnus meishucunensis suggested that the
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burrows show branching and that the bilobed morphology may have resulted from collapse [69].
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However, further study is necessary to evaluate if true branching occurs in this ichnotaxon;
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Sellaulichnus is provisionally assigned here to Psammichnites. Jinningichnus has been
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tentatively place in Archaeonassa.
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Aulichnites essentially is a bilobate epichnial structure showing transverse striations on
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the convex lobes and a deep angular median furrow. As such, it has been considered a
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preservational variant of Psammichnites [71]. Plagiogmus is a complex endichnial structure,
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with different toponomic expressions [72]. Well-preserved specimens of Plagiogmus arcuatus
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exhibit four components: the basal “ladder trail”, the internal backfill, the upper bedding surface
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“ribbon trail”, and the lower surface arcuate structure. The internal structure of Plagiogmus
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arcuatus and Psammichnites gigas is strikingly similar, being the upper surface view of
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Plagiogmus arcuatus hardly distinguishable from the upper surface of Psammichnites gigas.
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Accordingly, Plagiogmus arcuatus is considered a junior synomym of Psammichnites gigas
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[71].
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The ichnogenus Gordia is restricted for grazing trails showing self-overcrossing [73].
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Simple grazing trails without self-overcrossing have been relocated in Helminthopsis tenuis
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(meandering) and Helminthoidichnites tenuis (non-meandering). Guided meandering traces have
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been historically assigned to Helminthoida. However, Helminthoida is a junior synonym of
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Nereites, so regular meandering traces preserved as positive hyporeliefs should be included in
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Helminthorhaphe [67, 74]. Supposed Cambrian representatives consist of negative epireliefs that
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most likely represent preservation of siphon marks of Psammichnites [75].
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The taxonomy of the ichnogenus Nereites and its relationship with other ichnotaxa, such
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as Neonereites and Scalarituba, have been discussed extensively [76]. The importance of a
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central tunnel enveloped by a zone of reworked sediment as a diagnostic feature of the
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ichnogenus Nereites has been emphasized [66]. Neonereites should not be regarded as a separate
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ichnotaxon because it is the preservational expression of several different ichnotaxa, including
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Nereites [66, 77].
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The radial ichnogenus Asterophycus has been occasionally mentioned in Cambrian rocks
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[78]. The overall morphology and the presence of longitudinal striations in the type specimen of
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Asterophycus indicate that this ichnogenus is a junior synonym of Asterosoma.
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Skolithos consists of simple, unbranched, vertical burrows. Dense monospecific
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assemblages of Skolithos in moderate- to high-energy facies record the activities of suspension
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feeders (i.e. the so called Skolithos Ichnofacies). Skolithos has been historically distinguished
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from Monocraterion by the funnel-shaped upper portion of the latter. However, the lectotype of
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Monocraterion tentaculatum clearly differs from Skolithos in showing radiating tubular
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structures [78, 79], suggesting that Monocraterion should be only used for the type material.
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Similarities between Olenichnus and Multina have been noted [81]. Multina consists of
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irregular overlapping networks having straight, meandering to winding strings [82]. Olenichnus
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comprises networks consisting of sinuous strings forming irregular networks [83]. Both
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ichnotaxa have knobs indicative of vertical components. Therefore, Olenichnus has been
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regarded as a junior synonym of Multina [81, 84].
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The ichnotaxonomy of rosary-like structures, such as Saerichnites, Hormosiroidea and
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Treptichnus, is controversial. The type material of Hormosiroidea, Hormosiroidea florentina,
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has been relocated within Halimedides [85, 86]. Consequently, Hormosiroidea is no longer an
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available ichnotaxon. However, a detailed review of other ichnospecies included in
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Hormosiroidea has not been undertaken; some of these presumably may be included in
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Saerichnites. In contrast to Halimedides, Saerichnites contain vertical shafts rather than spherical
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basal chambers, resembling Treptichnus pollardi. Provisionally, both Treptichnus and
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Saerichnites have been retained for the database.
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Another contentious issue in Ediacaran-Cambrian ichnology is the recognition of
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Chondrites and Zoophycos. Ediacaran Chondrites has been occasionally mentioned
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[87]. However, these structures are preserved as furrows that lack the characteristic
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burrow fill and overall architecture of Chondrites, and have been removed from this ichnogenus
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[18]. Cambrian Chondrites has been mentioned in a number of papers but, with the exception of
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[88], it has never been illustrated. Our re-analysis of the specimens documented in [88] showed
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that they do not display the diagnostic branching pattern of Chondrites. Therefore, no Ediacaran-
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Cambrian Chondrites are known. Zoophycos has never been recorded in the Ediacaran, but there
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are a number of Cambrian reports. Specimens regarded as the oldest Zoophycos (Fortunian) [89]
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do not show the characteristic spreite of this ichnotaxon, and it is even unclear if they are trace
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fossils at all. Re-examination of Cambrian Stage 2 Zoophycos [75] indicates that specimens are
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U-shaped and belong in Rhizocorallium. The oldest Zoophycos is from Cambrian Stages 3 to 4
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[80].
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5. List of lithostratigraphic units included in the database
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1. Unnamed unit, Alaska, United States
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2 Unnamed unit, Yukon, Arctic Canada and Alaska, United States
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3. Sheepbed Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories and Yukon, Canada
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4. Gametrail Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories and Yukon, Canada
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5. Blueflower Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories and Yukon, Canada
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6. Risky Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada
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7. Ingta Formation (Simple Sequences 1-4), Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories,
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Canada
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8. Ingta Formation (Simple Sequence 5), Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada
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9. Blackbone Ranges Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada
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10. Vampire Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories and Yukon, Canada
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11. Siltstone unit 2, Wernecke Mountains, Yukon, Canada
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12. Siltstone unit 1, Wernecke Mountains, Yukon, Canada
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13. Stelkuz Formation (below disconformity), Cassiar Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
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14. Stelkuz Formation (above disconformity), Cassiar Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
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15. Boya Formation, Cassiar Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
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16. Upper Miette Unit, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
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17. Jasper Formation, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia and Alberta, Canada
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18. McNaughton Formation, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
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19. Fort Mountain Formation, Gog Group, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia and Alberta,
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Canada
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20. Lake Louise Formation, Gog Group, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia and Alberta,
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Canada
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21. Lake O’Hara Member, St. Piran Formation, Gog Group, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia
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and Alberta, Canada
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22. Lake Oesa Member, St. Piran Formation, Gog Group, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia
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and Alberta, Canada
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23. Moraine Lake Member, St. Piran Formation, Gog Group, Rocky Mountains, British
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Columbia and Alberta, Canada
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24. Wiwaxy Peaks Member, St. Piran Formation, Gog Group, Rocky Mountains, British
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Columbia and Alberta, Canada
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25. Peyto Formation, Gog Group, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia and Alberta, Canada
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26. Gog Group (undivided), Mount Assiniboine area, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia and
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Alberta, Canada
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27. Mahto Formation, Rocky Mountains, Canada
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28. Yanks Peak Formation, Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
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29. Midas Formation, Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
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30. Mistaken Point Formation, Avalon Peninsula, eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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31. Rencontre Formation, Eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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32. Member 1, Chapel Island Formation, Eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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33. Member 2 (below the boundary), Chapel Island Formation, Eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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34. Member 2 (above the boundary), Chapel Island Formation, Eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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35. Member 3, Chapel Island Formation, Eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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36. Member 4, Chapel Island Formation, Eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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37. Member 5, Chapel Island Formation, Eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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38. Random Formation, Eastern Newfoundland, Canada
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39. Blow Me Down Brook Formation, western Newfoundland, Canada
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40. Grant Land Formation, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada
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41. Saint Nicolas Formation, southern Québec, Canada
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42. Blanc-Sablon Member, Bradore Formation, Labrador, Quebec and Western Newfoundland,
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Canada
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43. Crow Head Member, Bradore Formation, Labrador, Quebec and Western Newfoundland,
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Canada
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44. L'Anse-au-ClairMember, Bradore Formation, Labrador, Quebec and Western Newfoundland,
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Canada
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45. Forteau Formation, Labrador and Western Newfoundland, Canada
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46. Ratcliffe Brook Formation, New Brunswick, Canada
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47. Grand Pitch Formation, Maine, United States
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48. Browns Pond Formation, New York, United States
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49. Middle Granville Formation, New York, United States
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50. Unicoi Formation, Chilhowee Group, Southern Appalachians, northeast Tennessee, United
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States
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51. Hampton Formation, Chilhowee Group, Southern Appalachians, northeast Tennessee, United
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States
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52. Erwin Formation, Chilhowee Group, Southern Appalachians, northeast Tennessee, United
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States
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53. Antietam Formation, Chilhowee Group, Southern Appalachians, Virginia, United States
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54. Nichols Formation, Chilhowee Group, Southern Appalachians, east Tennessee, United States
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55. Nebo Formation, Chilhowee Group, Southern Appalachians, east Tennessee, United States
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56. Murray Formation, Chilhowee Group, Southern Appalachians, east Tennessee, United States
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57. Hesse Formation, Chilhowee Group, Southern Appalachians, east Tennessee, United States
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58. Chickies Quartzite, southeastern Pennsylvania, United States
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59. Hardyston Formation, eastern Pennsylvania, United States
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60. Shady Formation, Southwestern Virginia, United States
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61. Tillery Formation, Carolina Slate Belt, North Carolina
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62. Mudstone member, McManus Formation, Carolina Slate Belt, North Carolina
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63. Floyd Church Member, McManus Formation, Carolina Slate Belt, North Carolina
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64. Yadkin Greeywacke, Carolina Slate Belt, North Carolina
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65. Wyman Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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66. Lower Member, Reed Dolomite, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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67. Hynes Tongue, Reed Dolomite, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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68. Upper Member, Reed Dolomite, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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69. Lower Member, Deep Spring Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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70. Middle Member, Deep Spring Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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71. Upper Member, Deep Spring Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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72. Andrews Mountain Member, Campito Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United
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States
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73. Montenegro Member, Campito Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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74. Lower Member, Poleta Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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75. Middle Member, Poleta Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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76. Upper Member, Poleta Formation, White-Inyo Mountains, California, United States
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77. Harkless Formation, Nevada, western United States
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78. Saline Valley Formation, Nevada, western United States
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79. Stirling Formation, Death Valley, California and Nevada, United States
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80. Parasequences 1-2, Lower Member, Wood Canyon Formation, California and Nevada,
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United States
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81. Parasequence 3, Lower Member, Wood Canyon Formation, California and Nevada, United
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States
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82. Middle Member, Wood Canyon Formation, California and Nevada, United States
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83. Upper Member, Wood Canyon Formation, California and Nevada, United States
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84. Zabriskie Quartzite, Resting Springs Member, California and Nevada, United States
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85. Zabriskie Quartzite, Emigrant Pass Member, California and Nevada, United States
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86. Latham Shale, southeast California, United States
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87. Carrara Formation, Nopah Range, California, United States
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88. Addy Quartzite, northeastern Wahington State, United States
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89. Clemente Formation, Sonora, Mexico
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90. La Cienaga Formation, Sonora, Mexico
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91. Unit 1, Puerto Blanco Formation, Sonora, Mexico
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92. Unit 2, Puerto Blanco Formation, Sonora, Mexico
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93. Unit 3, Puerto Blanco Formation, Sonora, Mexico
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94. Unit 4, Puerto Blanco Formation, Sonora, Mexico
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95. Serra dos Lanceiros Formation, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil
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96. Bom Jardim Alogroup, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil
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97. Cerro Victoria Formation, Arroyo de la Pedrera, Uruguay
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98. Lavalleja Group, south of Minas, Uruguay
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99. Puncoviscana Formation, Western Belt, Northwest Argentina
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100. Puncoviscana Formation, Eastern Belt, Northwest Argentina
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101. Guachos Formation, Eastern Belt, Northwest Argentina
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102. Lizoite Formation, Cordillera Oriental, Northwest Argentina
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103. Campanario Formation, Cordillera Oriental, Northwest Argentina
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104. Chalhualmayoc Formation, Cordillera Oriental, Northwest Argentina
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105. Angaco Formation, Sierra de Pie de Palo, San Juan province, Western Argentina
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106. Cerro Largo Formation, Sierras Bayas Group, Sierras Septentrionales de Buenos Aires,
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Argentina
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107. Olavarria Formation, Sierras Bayas Group, Sierras Septentrionales de Buenos Aires,
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Argentina
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108. Loma Negra Formation, Sierras Bayas Group, Sierras Septentrionales de Buenos Aires,
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Argentina
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109. Cerro Negro Formation, Sierras Septentrionales de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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110. El Jagüelito Formation, Rio Negro Province, Patagonia, Argentina
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111. Mount Wegener Formation, Shackleton Range, Antarctica
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112. Hoedberg Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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113. Arondegas Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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114. Ganabos Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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115. Besonderheid Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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116. Kalk Gat Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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117. Dolkraals Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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118. Astynskloof Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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119. Van Zylkop Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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120. Stofkraal Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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121. Klipbak Formation, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa
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122. Dabis Formation, Kuibis Subgroup, Nama Group, southern Namibia
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123. Zaris Formation, Kuibis Subgroup, Nama Group, southern Namibia
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124. Niederhagen Member, Nudaus Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
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125. Vingerbreek Member, Nudaus Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
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126. Nasep Member, Urusis Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern Namibia
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127. Huns Member, Urusis Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern Namibia
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128. Feldschuhorn Member, Urusis Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
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129. Spitskop Member, Urusis Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
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130. Kreyrivier Member, Nomtsas Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
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131. Niep Member, Nomtsas Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
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132. Vergesig Formation, Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, southern Namibia
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133. Stockdale Formation, Fish River Subgroup, Nama Group, southern Namibia
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134. Breckhorn Formation, Fish River Subgroup, Nama Group, southern Namibia
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135. Zamnarib Member, Nababis Formation, Fish River Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
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363
136. Haribes Member, Nababis Formation, Fish River Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
365
137. Rosenhof Member, Gros Aub Formation, Fish River Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
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138. Derustamp Member, Gros Aub Formation, Fish River Subgroup, Nama Group, southern
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Namibia
369
139. Kerrn Nesrani Formation, Rabat-Tiflet area, Morocco
370
140. Kocayayla Group (near the contact between the Celiloglu and Gögebakan formations),
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Sandikli region, southeastern Turkey
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141. Purple Sandstone, Salt Range, Pakistan
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142. Neobolus Shales, Salt Range, Pakistan
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143. Magnesian Shales, Salt Range, Pakistan
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144. Salt Pseudomorph Beds, Salt Range, Pakistan
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145. Bhander Sandstone, Bhander Group, Vindhyan Supergroup, Madhya Pradesh, India
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146. Sankholi Formation, Tal Group, Nigali Dhar Syncline, India
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147. Lower Quartzite Member, Koti Dhaman Formation, Tal Group, Nigali Dhar Syncline, India
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148. Shale Member, Koti Dhaman Formation, Tal Group, Nigali Dhar Syncline, India
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149. Arkosic Sandstone Member, Koti Dhaman Formation, Tal Group, Nigali Dhar Syncline,
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India
382
150. Arenaceous Member, Deo Ka Tibba Formation, Tal Group, Mussorie and Garhwal
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Synclines, India
384
151. Lower Quartzite Member, Dhaulagiri Formation, Tal Group, Mussorie Syncline, India
385
152. Parahio Formation, Haimanta Group, Spiti and Zanskar Valleys, India
18
386
153. Nagaur Sandstone, Nagaur Group, Marwar Supergroup, Rajasthan, India
387
154. Deschilling Formation, Pele La Group, Tang chu – Wachi La area, Bhutan
388
155. Lower interval, Maneting Formation, Pele La Group, Tang chu – Wachi La area, Bhutan
389
156. Upper interval, Maneting Formation, Pele La Group, Tang chu – Wachi La area, Bhutan
390
157. Gaojiashan Member, Dengying Formation, southern Shaanxi Province, Yangtze Platform,
391
China
392
158. Shibantan Member, Dengying Formation, Yangtze Gorge, southern Hubei Province,
393
Yangtze Platform, China
394
159. Jiucheng Member, Dengying Formation, eastern Yunnan Province, Yangtze Platform,
395
China
396
160. Baiyansao Member, Dengying Formation, eastern Yunnan Province, Yangtze Platform,
397
China
398
161. Xiaowaitoushan Member, Dengying Formation, eastern Yunnan Province, Yangtze
399
Platform, China
400
162. Lower Phosphate unit, Zhongyicun Member, Zhijiaqing Formation, eastern Yunnan
401
Province, Yangtze Platform, China
402
163. White Clay unit, Zhongyicun Member, Zhijiaqing Formation, eastern Yunnan Province,
403
Yangtze Platform, China
404
164. Upper Phosphate unit, Zhongyicun Member, Zhijiaqing Formation, eastern Yunnan
405
Province, Yangtze Platform, China
406
165. Dahai Member, Zhijiaqing Formation, eastern Yunnan Province, Yangtze Platform, China
407
166. Shiyantou Formation eastern Yunnan Province, Yangtze Platform, China
408
167. Yuanshan Formation eastern Yunnan Province, Yangtze Platform, China
19
409
168. Hongjingshao Formation eastern Yunnan Province, Yangtze Platform, China
410
169. Guanshan Member, Wulongqing Formation, eastern Yunnan Province, Yangtze Platform,
411
China
412
170. Jiulaodong Formation, Emei-Ganluo region, Sichuan Province, China
413
171. Mantou Formation, Huainan, Anhui province, China
414
172. Tsagaan Oloom Formation, Bayan Gol, Western Mongolia
415
173. Bayan Gol Formation, Bayan Gol, Tsagaan Gol and Tayshir I, Western Mongolia
416
174. Lyamtsa Formation, White Sea, Russia
417
175. Verkhovka Formation, White Sea, Russia
418
176. Zimnie Gory Formation, White Sea, Russia
419
177. Erga Formation, White Sea, Russia
420
178. Padua Formation, White Sea, Russia
421
179. Khatyspyt Formation, Olenek Uplift, Russia
422
180. Turkut Formation, Olenek Uplift, Russia
423
181. Kessyusa Formation, Olenek Uplift, Russia
424
182. Erkeket Formation, Olenek Uplift, Russia
425
183. Platonovskaya Formation, Turukhansk Uplift, Russia
426
184. Pestrotsvetnaya Formation, Lena River, Russia
427
185. Lontova Formation, eastern Latvia and western Estonia
428
186. Voosi Formation, western Estonia
429
187. Soru Formation, western Estonia
430
188. Lükati Formation, western Estonia
431
189. Tiskre Formation, Leningrad region, Russia and Estonia
20
432
190. Soela Formation, western Estonia
433
191. Irben Formation, western Estonia
434
192. Vaki Formation, central and eastern Estonia
435
193. Ovishi Formation, northwestern Latvia
436
194. Ventava Formation, western Latvia
437
195. Innerelv Member, Stappogiedde Formation, Vestertana Group, Tanafjord, northeastern
438
Finnmark, northern Norway
439
196. Mannrapperelv Member, Stappogiedde Formation, Vestertana Group, Tanafjord,
440
northeastern Finnmark, northern Norway
441
197. Lower Member, Breivik Formation, Vestertana Group, Tanafjord, northeastern Finnmark,
442
northern Norway
443
198. Upper Member, Breivik Formation, Vestertana Group, Tanafjord, northeastern Finnmark,
444
northern Norway
445
199. Lower Member, Duolbasgaissa Formation, Vestertana Group, Tanafjord, northeastern
446
Finnmark, northern Norway
447
200. Upper Member, Duolbasgaissa Formation, Vestertana Group, Tanafjord, northeastern
448
Finnmark, northern Norway
449
201. Member I, Stappogiedde Formation, Vestertana Group, Halkkavarre, Porsangerpjord,
450
northeastern Finnmark, northern Norway
451
202. Member II, Stappogiedde Formation, Vestertana Group, Halkkavarre, Porsangerpjord,
452
northeastern Finnmark, northern Norway
453
203. Member III, Stappogiedde Formation, Vestertana Group, Halkkavarre, Porsangerpjord,
454
northeastern Finnmark, northern Norway
21
455
204. Member IV, Stappogiedde Formation, Vestertana Group, Halkkavarre, Porsangerpjord,
456
northeastern Finnmark, northern Norway
457
205. Upper interval, Dividalen Group, Imobekken and Voullenjoaski, Northern Norway
458
206. Ringsaker Quartzite Member, Vangsås Formation, Mjøsa area, Southern Norway
459
207. Lower interval, Dividalen Group, East of Kilpisjärvi, Northern Finland
460
208. Lower Sandstone Member, Torneträsk Formation, Dividalen Group, Torneträsk area,
461
Northern Sweden
462
209. Lower Siltstone Member, Torneträsk Formation, Dividalen Group, Torneträsk area,
463
Northern Sweden
464
210. Red and Green Siltstone Member, Torneträsk Formation, Dividalen Group, Torneträsk area,
465
Northern Sweden
466
211. Upper Sandstone Member, Torneträsk Formation, Dividalen Group, Torneträsk area,
467
Northern Sweden
468
212. Upper Siltstone Member, Torneträsk Formation, Dividalen Group, Torneträsk area,
469
Northern Sweden
470
213. Saivatj Member, Såvvovare Formation, Laisvall-Storuman area, Northern Sweden
471
214. Lower interval, Kautsky Ore Member, Såvvovare Formation, Laisvall-Storuman area,
472
Northern Sweden
473
215. Upper interval, Kautsky Ore Member, Såvvovare Formation, Laisvall-Storuman area,
474
Northern Sweden
475
216. Lower interval, Maiva Member, Såvvovare Formation, Laisvall-Storuman area, Northern
476
Sweden
22
477
217. Upper interval, Maiva Member, Såvvovare Formation, Laisvall-Storuman area, Northern
478
Sweden
479
218. Tjalek Member, Såvvovare Formation, Laisvall-Storuman area, Northern Sweden
480
219. Nadok Ore Member, Såvvovare Formation, Laisvall-Storuman area, Northern Sweden
481
220. Grammajukku Formation, Laisvall-Storuman area, northern Sweden
482
221. Hardeberga Quartzite, Hardeberga quarry, east of Lund, Scania, South Sweden
483
222. Mickwitzia Sandstone Member, File Haidar Formation, Västergötland, South-Central
484
Sweden
485
223. Lingulid Sandstone Member, File Haidar Formaion, Västergötland, South-Central Sweden
486
224. Neksø Sandstone, Bornholm, Denmark
487
225. Balka Sandstone, Bornholm, Denmark
488
226. Broens Odde Member, Læså Formation, Bornholm, Denmark
489
227. Rispebjerg Sandstone Member, Læså Formation, Bornholm, Denmark
490
228. Dallas Bugt Formation, Inglefield Land, northern Greenland
491
229. Humboldt Formation, Daugaard-Jensen Land, northern Greenland
492
230. Buen Formation, Peary Land, northern Greenland
493
231. Bastion Formation, northeast Greenland
494
232. Drumleck Formation, Bray Group, Howth Peninsula, Ireland
495
233. Hippy Hole Formation, Bray Group, Howth Peninsula, Ireland
496
234. Gaskins Leap Formation, Bray Group, Howth Peninsula, Ireland
497
235. Elsinore Formation, Bray Group, Howth Peninsula, Ireland
498
236. Pipers Gut Formation, Bray Group, Howth Peninsula, Ireland
499
237. Glascarrig Formation, Cahore Group, County Wexford, Ireland
23
500
238. Pollduff Formation, Cahore Group, County Wexford, Ireland
501
239. Roney Formation, Cahore Group, County Wexford, Ireland
502
240. Devil’s Glen Formation, Bray Group, Bray Head district, Ireland
503
241. Bray Head Formation, Bray Group, Bray Head district, Ireland
504
242. Kiln Bay Formation, east of Bannow, Ireland
505
243. Cross Lake Formation, east of Bannow, Ireland
506
244. Ardenagh Formation, east of Bannow, Ireland
507
245. Bonahaven Formation, Islay, Western Scotland
508
246. Basal Quartzite Member, Eriboll Formation, Ardvreck Group, Northwest Scotland
509
247. Pipe Rock Member, Eriboll Formation, Ardvreck Group, Northwest Scotland
510
248. Fucoid Member, An t-Sròn Formation, Ardvreck Group, Northwest Scotland
511
249. Salterella Grit Member, An t-Sròn Formation, Ardvreck Group, Northwest Scotland
512
250. Coomb Volcanic Formation, Uriconian Group, Llangynog Inlier, Wrekin Terrane, Eastern
513
Wales
514
251. Basal Conglomerate, Caerfai Group, Pembrokeshire, South Wales
515
252. St Non’s Sandstone, Caerfai Group, Pembrokeshire, South Wales
516
253. Caerfai Bay Shales, Caerfai Group, Pembrokeshire, South Wales
517
254. Caerbwdwy Sandstone, Caerfai Group, Pembrokeshire, South Wales
518
255. Hell’s Mouth Formation, St Tudwal’s, North Wales
519
256. Dolwen Formation, Harlech Gritts Group, Harlech Dome, North Wales
520
257. Llanbedr Formation, Harlech Gritts Group, Harlech Dome, North Wales
521
258. Rhinog Formation, Harlech Gritts Group, Harlech Dome, North Wales
522
259. Tryfan Grit, Arfon-Nantlle, North Wales
24
523
260. Cilgwyn Conglomerate, Arfon-Nantlle, North Wales
524
261. Glog Grit, Arfon-Nantlle, North Wales
525
262. Purple Slate, Arfon-Nantlle, North Wales
526
263. Dorothea Gritt, Arfon-Nantlle, North Wales
527
264. Striped Blue Slate, Arfon-Nantlle, North Wales
528
265. Pen Y Bryn Grit, Arfon-Nantlle, North Wales
529
266. Mottled Blue Slate, Arfon-Nantlle, North Wales
530
267. Beacon Hill Formation, Maplewell Group, Charnwood Forest, Central England
531
268. Sliding Stones Slump Breccia Member, Bradgate Formation, Maplewell Group, Charnwood
532
Forest, Central England
533
269. Hallgate Member, Bradgate Formation, Maplewell Group, Charnwood Forest, Central
534
England
535
270. Hanging Rocks Formation, Brand Group, Charnwood Forest, Central England
536
271. Swithland Camp Member, Brand Hills Formation, Brand Group, Charnwood Forest, Central
537
England
538
272. Stable Pit Member, Brand Hills Formation, Brand Group, Charnwood Forest, Central
539
England
540
273. Swithland Formation, Brand Group, Charnwood Forest, Central England
541
274. Park Hill Member, Hartshill Formation, Brand Group, Nuneaton, Central England
542
275. Tuttle Hill Member, Hartshill Formation, Brand Group, Nuneaton, Central England
543
276. Jee’s Member, Hartshill Formation, Brand Group, Nuneaton, Central England
544
277. Home Farm Member, Hartshill Formation, Brand Group, Nuneaton, Central England
545
278. Purley Shale Member, Hartshill Formation, Brand Group, Nuneaton, Central England
25
546
279. Burway Formation, Stretton Group, Longmyndian Supergroup, Shropshire, Western
547
England
548
280. Kanilov Formation, Podolian Dniester region, Ukraine
549
281. Mogilev Formation, Podolian Dniester region, Ukraine
550
282. Khmelnitski Formation, Podolian Dniester region, Ukraine
551
283. Zbruch Formation, Ivanovka, Ukraine
552
284. Brzegi Shale Formation, Rzeszów Group, Holy Cross Mountains, Southern Poland
553
285. Osiek Formation, Holy Cross Group, Holy Cross Mountains, Southern Poland
554
286. Kotuszów Member, Czarna Formation, Holy Cross Group, Holy Cross Mountains, Southern
555
Poland
556
287. Middle Interval, Czarna Formation, Holy Cross Group, Holy Cross Mountains, Southern
557
Poland
558
288. Upper Interval, Czarna Formation, Holy Cross Group, Holy Cross Mountains, Southern
559
Poland
560
289. Ociesęki Formation, Holy Cross Group, Holy Cross Mountains, Southern Poland
561
290. Kamieniec Formation, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
562
291. Lublin Formation, Southern Lublin region, southeastern Poland
563
292. Włodawa Formation, Southern Lublin region, southeastern Poland
564
293. Mazowsze Formation, Southern Lublin region, southeastern Poland
565
294. Kaplonosy Formation, Southern Lublin region, southeastern Poland
566
295. Radzyń Formation, Southern Lublin region, southeastern Poland
567
296. Suwatki Formation, Suwatki, northeastern Poland
568
297. Prabuty Formation, Suwatki, northeastern Poland
26
569
298. Unnamed, Měnin Borehole, Southern Moravia, Czech Republic
570
299. Blanmont Formation, Brabant Massif, Belgium
571
300. Tubize Formation, Brabant Massif, Belgium
572
301. Marcory Formation, Montagne Noir, France
573
302. Saint-Jean-de-la-Rivière Formation, Normandy, France
574
303. Bithia Formation, Sardinia, France
575
304. Punta Manna Formation, Sardinia, France
576
305. San Jerónimo Formation, Sierra de Córdoba, Ossa Morena, southwestern Spain
577
306. Tierna Member, Torreárboles Formation, Sierra de Córdoba, Ossa Morena, southwestern
578
Spain
579
307. Lower interval, Julia Member, Torreárboles Formation, Sierra de Córdoba, Ossa Morena,
580
southwestern Spain
581
308. Upper interval, Julia Member, Torreárboles Formation, Sierra de Córdoba, Ossa Morena,
582
southwestern Spain
583
309. Member 1, Pedroche Formation, Sierra de Córdoba, Ossa Morena, southwestern Spain
584
310. Member 2, Pedroche Formation, Sierra de Córdoba, Ossa Morena, southwestern Spain
585
311. La Lapa Formation, southwestern Spain
586
312. Domo Extremeño Group, Ibor anticline, Toledo Mountains, Spain
587
313. Lower Member, Ibor Group, Ibor anticline, Toledo Mountains, Spain
588
314. Middle Member, Ibor Group, Ibor anticline, Toledo Mountains, Spain
589
315. Upper Member, Ibor Group, Ibor anticline, Toledo Mountains, Spain
590
316. Estenilla Formation, Domo Extremeño Group, Valdelacasa anticline, Toledo Mountains,
591
Spain
27
592
317. Cijara Formation, Domo Extremeño Group, Valdelacasa anticline, Toledo Mountains, Spain
593
318. Fuentes and Membrillar olistostromes, Rio Huso Group, Valdelacasa anticline, Toledo
594
Mountains, central Spain
595
319. Lower unit, Rio Huso Group, Valdelacasa anticline, Toledo Mountains, central Spain
596
320. Middle unit, Rio Huso Group, Valdelacasa anticline, Toledo Mountains, central Spain
597
321. Upper unit (Pusa Shales), Rio Huso Group, Valdelacasa anticline, Toledo Mountains,
598
central Spain
599
322. Azorejo Formation, Toledo Mountains, central Spain
600
323. Sestrica Formation, Paracuellos Group, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
601
324. Saviñan Formation, Paracuellos Group, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
602
325. Fresno Formation, Paracuellos Group, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
603
326. Aluenda Formation, Paracuellos Group, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
604
327. Lower interval, Bambola Formation, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
605
328. Upper interval, Bambola Formation, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
606
329. Embid Formation, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
607
330. Jalón Formation, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
608
331. Ribota Formation, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
609
332. Huermeda Formation, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
610
333. Daroca Formation, Iberian Chains, northeastern Spain
611
334. Lower interval, Valdemiedes Formation, Mesones Group, Iberian Chains, northeastern
612
Spain
613
335. Narcea Group, West Asturian-Leonense and Cantabrian zones, northwestern Spain
614
336. Asma Beds, Cándana Quartzite, West Asturian-Leonense zone, northwestern Spain
28
615
337. Palomar Beds, Cándana Quartzite, West Asturian-Leonense zone, northwestern Spain
616
338. Rubia Beds, Cándana Quartzite, West Asturian-Leonense zone, northwestern Spain
617
339. Castañal Beds, Cándana Quartzite, West Asturian-Leonense zone, northwestern Spain
618
340. Cayetano Beds, Cándana Quartzite, West Asturian-Leonense zone, northwestern Spain
619
341. Transitional Beds, West Asturian-Leonense zone, northwestern Spain
620
342. Vegadeo Limestone, West Asturian-Leonense zone, northwestern Spain
621
343. Member 1, Herreria Formation, Cantabrian zone, northern Spain
622
344. Member 2, Herreria Formation, Cantabrian zone, northern Spain
623
345. Member 3, Herreria Formation, Cantabrian zone, northern Spain
624
346. Barrio Beds, Member 3, Herreria Formation, Cantabrian zone, northern Spain
625
347. Fowlers Gap Formation, Farnell Group, Barrier Range, western New South Wales,
626
Australia
627
348. Lintiss Vale Formation, Farnell Group, Barrier Range, western New South Wales, Australia
628
349. Cooper Mine Range Beds, Farnell Group, Barrier Range, western New South Wales,
629
Australia
630
350. Madigan Inlet Member, Carrickalinga Head Formation, Kanmantoo Group, southern
631
Australia
632
351. Elyuah Formation, Mopunga Group, Georgina Basin, Central Australia
633
352. Grant Bluff Formation, Mopunga Group, Georgina Basin, Central Australia
634
353. Elkera Formation, Georgina Basin, Central Australia
635
354. Central Mount Stuart Formation, Georgina Basin, Central Australia
636
355. Mt Baldwin Formation, Georgina Basin, Central Australia
637
356. Donkey Creek Beds, Georgina Basin, Central Australia
29
638
357. Member 1, Arumbera Formation, Amadeus Basin, Central Australia
639
358. Member 2, Arumbera Formation, Amadeus Basin, Central Australia
640
359. Member 3, Arumbera Formation, Amadeus Basin, Central Australia
641
360. Member 4, Arumbera Formation, Amadeus Basin, Central Australia
642
361. Todd River Dolomite Formation, Amadeus Basin, Central Australia
643
362. Brachina Formation, Wilpena Group, Flinders Ranges, Arrowie Basin, South Australia
644
363. Wonoka Formation, Wilpena Group, Flinders Ranges, Arrowie Basin, South Australia
645
364. Ediacara Member, Rawnsley Quartzite, Pound Subgroup, Wilpena Group, Flinders Ranges,
646
Arrowie Basin, South Australia
647
365. Upper Rawnsley Quartzite, Pound Subgroup, Wilpena Group, Flinders Ranges, Arrowie
648
Basin, South Australia
649
366. Lower interval, Uratanna Formation, Flinders Ranges, Arrowie Basin, South Australia
650
367. Middle interval, Uratanna Formation, Flinders Ranges, Arrowie Basin, South Australia
651
368. Upper interval, Uratanna Formation, Flinders Ranges, Arrowie Basin, South Australia
652
369. Parachilna Formation, Flinders Ranges, Arrowie Basin, South Australia
653
654
6. Temporal distribution of ichnogenera: Assessing global ichnodiversity
655
656
Numbers refer to occurrences in the lithostratigraphic units listed above.
657
658
Ediacaran (Vendian)
659
660
Archaeonassa (5, 16, 364)
30
661
Bergaueria (5)
662
Epibaion (177, 364)
663
Gordia (12, 155, 364)
664
Helminthoidichnites (4, 5, 7, 13, 16, 63, 65, 284, 364)
665
Helminthopsis (5, 13, 16, 63, 347, 364)
666
Nenoxites (175, 176, 179)
667
Palaeophycus (5, 13, 16, 154, 176, 202, 347, 353)
668
Radulichnus (175, 176, 364)
669
Torrowangea (5)
670
671
Ediacaran (Nama)
672
673
Archaeonassa (125)
674
Gordia (12, 32, 33, 155, 316)
675
Helminthoidichnites (7, 80, 112, 113, 122, 123, 125, 126, 158, 280, 284)
676
Helminthopsis (112, 113, 291, 347)
677
Palaeophycus (91, 114, 126, 154, 157, 158, 183, 196, 291, 347)
678
Torrowangea (32, 33, 126, 158, 161, 291, 324)
679
Treptichnus (32, 33, 126, 127, 317)
680
681
Fortunian
682
683
Allocotichnus (34)
31
684
Archaeonassa (100, 135)
685
Asaphoidichnus (100)
686
Asteriacites (162)
687
Bergaueria (197, 209, 282)
688
Circulichnis (99)
689
Cochlichnus (8, 34, 99, 100, 185, 197, 348)
690
Conichnus (34)
691
Cruziana (141, 153, 197)
692
Curvolithus (14, 101, 197, 209, 286, 348)
693
Dactyloidites (197)
694
Dendrorhaphe (185)
695
Didymaulichnus (34, 81, 99, 100, 156, 164, 181, 186, 282)
696
Dimorphichnus (153, 197)
697
Diplichnites (18, 71, 99, 100, 141)
698
Diplopodichnus (8)
699
Gordia (34, 39, 137, 181)
700
Gyrolithes (34, 185, 186, 197, 198, 207, 209, 217, 293)
701
Helichone (101)
702
Helminthoidichnites (8, 34, 100, 282, 248, 349)
703
Helminthopsis (34, 99, 100, 156, 185, 186, 197, 348)
704
Monomorphichnus (34, 71, 81, 156, 197, 319)
705
Multina (100, 181)
706
Nereites (34)
32
707
Oldhamia (1, 39, 41, 47, 99. 100, 111, 115, 139, 286, 299, 300)
708
Palaeophycus (9, 14, 39, 81, 91, 99, 100, 178, 183, 197, 209, 217, 292, 314, 348, 349)
709
Phycodes (181, 197, 219, 307)
710
Pilichnus (100)
711
Planolites (8, 9, 28, 70, 71, 117, 181, 185, 186, 285, 286, 293, 298, 307, 348, 349)
712
Protopaleodictyon (34)
713
Psammichnites (34, 81, 100, 101, 162, 181, 197, 210, 368)
714
Radulichnus (164)
715
Rhizocorallium (198)
716
Rusophycus (9, 18, 34, 50, 71, 81, 141, 153, 164, 368)
717
Saerichnites (8, 34, 117, 121, 197)
718
Streptichnus (129)
719
Tasmanadia (100, 101)
720
Teichichnus (14, 198, 210, 293)
721
Thalassinoides (162)
722
Torrowangea (33, 34, 348)
723
Treptichnus (8, 9, 34, 70, 81, 91, 100, 101, 116, 117, 120, 121, 130, 135, 137, 156, 162, 173,
724
181, 185, 197, 209, 282, 285, 293, 307, 314, 319, 348, 368)
725
Volkichnium (100)
726
727
Cambrian Stage 2
728
729
Alcyonidiopsis (308)
33
730
Altichnus (205)
731
Archaeonassa (38, 166, 308)
732
Arenicolites (15, 140, 166, 205, 231, 274, 275, 276)
733
Asteriacites (166)
734
Astropolichnus (35, 329)
735
Bergaueria (166, 231, 308, 345)
736
Cheiichnus (220)
737
Cochlichnus (173, 308)
738
Conichnus (44)
739
Curvolithus (14, 166, 220, 231)
740
Cruziana (10, 38, 140, 141, 153, 231, 288, 329, 345)
741
Cylindrichnus (231)
742
Didymaulichnus (35, 37, 38, 164, 173, 181)
743
Dimorphichnus (153)
744
Diplichnites (18, 71, 141)
745
Diplocraterion (189, 206, 221, 225, 298, 329, 245, 369)
746
Dolopichnus (44)
747
Gordia (39, 181, 308, 328)
748
Gyrolithes (198, 211, 231, 293, 308, 343)
749
Helmithoidichnites (46, 193, 274, 275, 276, 277)
750
Helminthopsis (35, 38, 166, 231, 282)
751
Lingulichnus (43)
752
Monomorphichnus (10, 15, 35, 38, 71, 173, 187, 220, 231, 288, 308, 329, 343, 345)
34
753
Multina (181)
754
Oldhamia (39, 41, 47, 111, 139, 173, 299, 300)
755
Palaeophycus (9, 10, 14, 15, 37, 39, 46, 91, 173, 178, 220, 231, 287, 308, 343, 345)
756
Paleodictyon (38)
757
Petalichnus (140)
758
Phycodes (37, 173, 181, 205, 211, 231, 308)
759
Planolites (9, 28, 35, 37, 38, 46, 71, 140, 173, 181, 184, 225, 287, 288, 293, 298, 308, 329, 343,
760
345)
761
Protopaleodictyon (38)
762
Protovirgularia (37)
763
Psammichnites (10, 35, 38, 46, 166, 173, 181, 211, 231, 274, 275, 301, 329, 368, 369)
764
Radulichnus (164)
765
Rhizocorallium (173, 184, 198)
766
Rosselia (166, 231)
767
Rusophycus (9, 10, 15, 18, 35, 37, 38, 71, 140, 141, 153, 164, 173, 221, 231, 308, 345, 368)
768
Saerichnites (35, 38, 166, 274, 275)
769
Skolithos (14, 42, 43, 44, 58, 140, 166, 189, 193, 206, 225, 231, 246, 247, 298)
770
Syringomorpha (221)
771
Teichichnus (14, 15, 35, 198, 205, 220, 231, 252, 273, 293, 345)
772
Treptichnus (9, 10, 15, 35, 37, 38, 91, 166, 181, 293, 308, 343, 368)
773
774
775
Cambrian Stage 3
35
776
Altichnus (205)
777
Archaeonassa (230, 289, 359)
778
Arenicolites (24, 140, 146, 205, 231, 232, 233, 253, 274, 275, 276, 289, 356, 359, 360)
779
Asteriacites (77)
780
Asterosoma (88, 289)
781
Astropolichnus (73, 146, 302, 303, 322, 339, 346)
782
Bergaueria (2, 23, 24, 77, 200, 222, 231, 289, 290, 309, 340, 345, 346, 356)
783
Bifungites (289)
784
Cheiichnus (20, 88, 220, 222)
785
Cochlichnus (2, 222, 289, 309, 340, 356, 359)
786
Conostichus (20, 294)
787
Cruziana (20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 72, 73, 75, 77, 83, 88, 140, 141, 146, 150, 153, 199, 200, 222, 228,
788
230, 231, 248, 289, 295, 345, 360)
789
Curvolithus (220, 230, 231, 359)
790
Cylindrichnus (231, 309)
791
Dactyloidites (73, 88, 289, 309, 321, 359, 360)
792
Didymaulichnus (40, 359, 360)
793
Dimorphichnus (20, 22, 24, 146, 153, 167, 199, 289, 294, 304, 309, 356, 360)
794
Diplichnites (20, 22, 72, 77, 141, 146, 167, 289, 309, 346, 356, 359)
795
Diplocraterion (20, 21, 206, 221, 222, 225, 226, 289, 294, 295, 345, 346, 359)
796
Elingua (290)
797
Fustiglyphus (222)
798
Gyrolithes (199, 211, 222, 231, 294, 295, 359)
36
799
Gordia (39, 289, 359, 360)
800
Halopoa (20, 88, 289)
801
Helminthoidichnites (2, 22, 222, 274, 275, 276, 277, 350, 359)
802
Helminthopsis (20, 22, 88, 150, 231, 248, 289, 294, 309, 356)
803
Megagrapton (2)
804
Monocraterion (222)
805
Monomorphichnus (2, 77, 146, 150, 170, 220, 222, 230, 231, 248, 289, 345, 346, 359, 360)
806
Multilamella (289)
807
Multilaqueichnus (170)
808
Multina (222)
809
Nereites (289, 359)
810
Oldhamia (2, 39, 40, 41, 47, 111, 139, 235, 238, 239. 241)
811
Palaeophycus (2, 20, 24, 39, 40, 72, 76, 77, 88, 194, 199, 200, 220, 222, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233,
812
236, 248, 254, 289, 294, 295, 309, 345, 346, 359, 360)
813
Paleodictyon (289, 294, 295, 311)
814
Petalichnus (140)
815
Phycodes (20, 24, 146, 199, 200, 205, 211, 222, 226, 231, 289, 309, 356, 360)
816
Planolites (20, 21, 23, 24, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 88, 140, 146, 150, 152, 170, 184, 225, 226,
817
248, 254, 289, 295, 304, 309, 345, 355, 356, 360)
818
Protovirgularia (289, 295)
819
Psammichnites (2, 75, 83, 150, 199, 200, 211, 230, 231, 274, 275, 295, 301, 304, 309, 321, 350,
820
356, 359, 360, 361)
821
Rhizocorallium (20, 83, 184, 199, 222, 226, 289, 294)
37
822
Rosselia (20, 21, 24, 222, 231, 289, 356)
823
Rusophycus (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 72, 77, 83, 88, 140, 141, 146, 150, 153, 194, 199, 200, 221,
824
222, 229, 230, 231, 248, 289, 309, 321, 345, 359, 360)
825
Saerichnites (2, 230, 274, 275, 356, 359, 360)
826
Scotolithos (222)
827
Skolithos (19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 73, 76, 77, 83, 84, 88, 140, 146, 150, 170,
828
199, 206, 222, 225, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 253, 294, 295, 304, 356, 359, 360)
829
Syringomorpha (200, 221, 222, 289, 295)
830
Taenidium (256)
831
Teichichnus (20, 21, 150, 205, 220, 222, 226, 231, 232, 253, 254, 273, 289, 294, 295, 321, 345,
832
356)
833
Thalassinoides (167)
834
Torrowangea (199, 309, 356, 359)
835
Treptichnus (167, 200, 222, 230, 289, 294, 295, 309, 321, 341, 356, 360)
836
Trichophycus (20, 24, 199, 222)
837
Zoophycos (222, 230)
838
839
Cambrian Stage 4
840
841
Archaeonassa (143, 152, 230, 289)
842
Arenicolites (24, 103, 140, 146, 149, 152, 232, 233, 289)
843
Asteriacites (77)
844
Asterosoma (289)
38
845
Astropolichnus (146)
846
Bergaueria (2, 23, 24, 77, 86, 103, 222, 289, 290)
847
Bifungites (289)
848
Cheiichnus (222)
849
Cochlichnus (2, 222, 289)
850
Cruziana (21, 23, 24, 26, 75, 77, 103, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 169, 222,
851
228, 230, 289, 295)
852
Curvolithus (230)
853
Dactyloidites (49, 289)
854
Didymaulichnus (40, 147)
855
Dimorphichnus (22, 24, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 289)
856
Diplichnites (22, 77, 103, 142, 143, 146, 151, 289)
857
Diplocraterion (21, 103, 142, 222, 223, 289, 295)
858
Elingua (290)
859
Fustiglyphus (222)
860
Gordia (39, 169, 289)
861
Gyrolithes (222, 295)
862
Halopoa (143, 289)
863
Helminthoidichnites (2, 22, 103, 222)
864
Helminthopsis (22, 150, 289, 334)
865
Megagrapton (2)
866
Monocraterion (222)
867
Monomorphichnus (2, 77, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 169, 222, 230, 289, 334)
39
868
Multilamella (289)
869
Multina (222)
870
Nereites (289)
871
Oldhamia (2, 39, 40, 41, 47, 111, 139, 235, 238, 239. 241)
872
Palaeophycus (2, 24, 39, 40, 76, 77, 86, 103, 143, 147, 148, 222, 230, 232, 233, 236, 254, 289,
873
295)
874
Paleodictyon (289, 295, 311)
875
Petalichnus (140)
876
Phycodes (24, 142, 143, 146, 152, 222, 289)
877
Planolites (21, 23, 24, 75, 76, 77, 78, 103, 140, 146, 147, 149, 150, 254, 289, 295, 334)
878
Protichnites (143)
879
Protovirgularia (289, 295)
880
Psammichnites (2, 75, 143, 150, 151, 152, 169, 223, 230, 295, 340)
881
Rhizocorallium (142, 222, 289)
882
Rosselia (21, 24, 142, 222, 289)
883
Rusophycus (21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 77, 103, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 222,
884
223, 229, 230, 289)
885
Saerichnites (2, 143, 230)
886
Scotolithos (222)
887
Sericichnus (334)
888
Skolithos (21, 23, 24, 26, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 76, 77, 84, 87, 102, 103, 104, 140, 146, 147, 148,
889
149, 150, 152, 222, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 295)
890
Syringomorpha (103, 222, 289, 295)
40
891
Teichichnus (21, 142, 150, 222, 232, 254, 289, 295)
892
Thalassinoides (171)
893
Treptichnus (142, 152, 222, 230, 289, 295)
894
Trichophycus (24, 142, 222)
895
Zoophycos (222, 230)
896
897
7. Temporal distribution of architectural designs: Assessing global ichnodisparity
898
899
Ediacaran (Vendian)
900
901
Simple horizontal trails
902
Passively filled horizontal burrows
903
Actively filled (massive) horizontal burrows
904
Plug-shaped burrows
905
Oval-shaped impressions
906
Scratch marks
907
908
Ediacaran (Nama)
909
910
Simple horizontal trails
911
Passively filled horizontal burrows
912
Actively filled (massive) horizontal burrows
913
Plug-shaped burrows
41
914
Horizontal to oblique branching burrows
915
916
Fortunian
917
918
Simple horizontal trails
919
Passively filled horizontal burrows
920
Actively filled (massive) horizontal burrows
921
Actively filled (complex meniscate) horizontal burrows
922
Circular trails
923
Horizontal branched burrow systems
924
Horizontal to oblique branching burrows
925
Surface-coverage branching burrows
926
Radial branching structures
927
Mazes and boxworks (i.e. galleries)
928
Trackways
929
Bilaterally symmetrical short, shallow to deep scratched impressions
930
Bilobate trails and paired grooves
931
Trilobate flattened trails
932
Vertical helicoidal burrows
933
Plug-shaped burrows
934
Burrows with horizontal spreiten
935
Burrows with vertical spreiten
936
Pentameral-shaped impressions and burrows
42
937
Radial graphoglyptids
938
Regular network graphoglyptids
939
Scratch marks
940
941
Cambrian Stage 2
942
943
Simple horizontal trails
944
Passively filled horizontal burrows
945
Actively filled (massive) horizontal burrows
946
Actively filled (simple meniscate/pelletoidal) horizontal burrows
947
Actively filled (complex meniscate) horizontal burrows
948
Horizontal branched burrow systems
949
Horizontal to oblique branching burrows
950
Surface-coverage branching burrows
951
Trackways
952
Bilaterally symmetrical short, shallow to deep scratched impressions
953
Bilobate trails and paired grooves
954
Trilobate flattened trails
955
Chevronate trails
956
Vertical simple burrows
957
Vertical U- and Y-shaped burrows
958
Vertical helicoidal burrows
959
Plug-shaped burrows
43
960
Vertical concentrically filled burrows
961
Burrows with horizontal spreiten
962
Burrows with vertical spreiten
963
Pentameral-shaped impressions and burrows
964
Regular network graphoglyptids
965
Scratch marks
966
967
Cambrian Stage 3
968
969
Simple horizontal trails
970
Passively filled horizontal burrows
971
Actively filled (massive) horizontal burrows
972
Actively filled (simple meniscate/pelletoidal) horizontal burrows
973
Actively filled (complex meniscate) horizontal burrows
974
Horizontal branched burrow systems
975
Horizontal to oblique branching burrows
976
Surface-coverage branching burrows
977
Radial branching structures
978
Mazes and boxworks (i.e. galleries)
979
Trackways
980
Bilaterally symmetrical short, shallow to deep scratched impressions
981
Bilobate trails and paired grooves
982
Trilobate flattened trails
44
983
Chevronate trails
984
Dumbbell-shaped trace fossils
985
Vertical simple burrows
986
Vertical U- and Y-shaped burrows
987
Vertical J-shaped burrows
988
Vertical helicoidal burrows
989
Horizontal spiral burrows
990
Plug-shaped burrows
991
Vertical concentrically filled burrows
992
Horizontal, branched concentrically filled burrows
993
Burrows with horizontal spreiten
994
Burrows with vertical spreiten
995
Pentameral-shaped impressions and burrows
996
Regular network graphoglyptids
997
Scratch marks
998
999
Cambrian Stage 4
1000
1001
Simple horizontal trails
1002
Passively filled horizontal burrows
1003
Actively filled (massive) horizontal burrows
1004
Actively filled (complex meniscate) horizontal burrows
1005
Horizontal branched burrow systems
45
1006
Horizontal to oblique branching burrows
1007
Surface-coverage branching burrows
1008
Radial branching structures
1009
Mazes and boxworks (i.e. galleries)
1010
Trackways
1011
Bilaterally symmetrical short, shallow to deep scratched impressions
1012
Bilobate trails and paired grooves
1013
Trilobate flattened trails
1014
Chevronate trails
1015
Dumbbell-shaped trace fossils
1016
Vertical simple burrows
1017
Vertical U- and Y-shaped burrows
1018
Vertical J-shaped burrows
1019
Vertical helicoidal burrows
1020
Plug-shaped burrows
1021
Vertical concentrically filled burrows
1022
Horizontal, branched concentrically filled burrows
1023
Burrows with horizontal spreiten
1024
Burrows with vertical spreiten
1025
Pentameral-shaped impressions and burrows
1026
Regular network graphoglyptids
1027
Scratch marks
1028
46
1029
ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGNS
Simple horizontal trails
BEHAVIORAL AND
TROPHIC
INTERPRETATION
Grazing trails of deposit and
detritus feeders (including mat
grazers)
ICHNOGENERA
FAD
Archaeonassa
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Fortunian
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Cochlichnus
Gordia
Helminthoidichnites
Helminthopsis
Passively filled horizontal
burrows
Actively filled (massive)
horizontal burrows
Dwelling burrows of
suspension feeders and active
predators
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders
Palaeophycus
Nenoxites
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders
Alcyonidiopsis
Taenidium
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Fortunian
Stage 4
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Stage 2
Stage 3
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders
Nereites
Psammichnites
Fortunian
Fortunian
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders (including undermat
miners)
Feeding structures of deposit
and detritus feeders (including
undermat miners)
Circulichnis
Fortunian
Multina
Pilichnus
Fortunian
Fortunian
Phycodes
Saerichnites
Streptichnus
Treptichnus
Surface-coverage branching
burrows
Radial branching structures
Feeding structures of undermat
miners
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders
Oldhamia
Fortunian
Fortunian
Fortunian
Ediacaran
(Nama)
Fortunian
Mazes and boxworks (i.e.
galleries)
Trackways
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders
Locomotion traces of deposit
and detritus feeders
Dactyloidites
Helichone
Scotolithus
Volkichnium
Thalassinoides
Fortunian
Fortunian
Stage 3
Fortunian
Fortunian
Allocotichnus
Asaphoidichnus
Fortunian
Fortunian
Planolites
Sericichnus
Torrowangea
Actively filled (simple
meniscate/pelletoidal)
horizontal burrows
Actively filled (complex
meniscate) horizontal
burrows
Circular trails
Horizontal branched burrow
systems
Horizontal to oblique
branching burrows
47
Bilaterally symmetrical
short, shallow to deep
scratched impressions
Bilobate trails and paired
grooves
Resting traces of deposit and
detritus feeders
Trilobate flattened trails
Locomotion traces of active
predators
Locomotion traces of deposit
feeders
Dwelling burrows of
suspension feeders
Dwelling burrows of
suspension feeders and passive
predators
Chevronate trails
Dumbbell-shaped trace
fossils
Vertical simple burrows
Vertical U- and Y-shaped
burrows
Vertical J-shaped burrows
Vertical helicoidal burrows
Horizontal spiral burrows
Plug-shaped burrows
Locomotion traces of deposit
and detritus feeders
Dwelling burrows of
suspension feeders and passive
predators
Feeding burrows of deposit
feeders (including feeding
from epigranular bacteria)
Feeding burrows of deposit
feeders
Feeding burrows of deposit
feeders
Dwelling burrows of
suspension feeders and passive
predators
Vertical concentrically
filled burrows
Horizontal, branched
concentrically filled
burrows
Burrows with horizontal
spreiten
Dwelling burrows of detritus
feeders
Feeding structures of detritus
and deposit feeders
Burrows with vertical
spreiten
Pentameral-shaped
impressions and burrows
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders
Resting trace of passive
predators or detritus feeders
Feeding structures of deposit
feeders
Diplichnites
Petalichnus
Protichnites
Tasmanadia
Cheiichnus
Rusophycus
Fortunian
Stage 2
Stage 4
Fortunian
Stage 2
Fortunian
Cruziana
Didymaulichnus
Diplopodichnus
Curvolithus
Fortunian
Fortunian
Fortunian
Fortunian
Protovirgularia
Stage 2
Bifungites
Stage 3
Altichnus
Lingulichnus
Monocraterion
Skolithos
Arenicolites
Diplocraterion
Stage 2
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 2
Stage 2
Syringomorpha
Stage 2
Gyrolithes
Fortunian
Multilaqueichnus
Stage 3
Astropolichnus
Bergaueria
Stage 3
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Fortunian
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 3
Stage 3
Stage 3
Fortunian
Stage 3
Fortunian
Stage 3
Fortunian
Conichnus
Dolopichnus
Elingua
Cylindrichnus
Rosselia
Asterosoma
Fustiglyphus
Halopoa
Multilamella
Rhizocorallium
Zoophycos
Teichichnus
Trichophycus
Asteriacites
48
Oval-shaped impressions
Radial graphoglyptids
Regular network
graphoglyptids
Scratch marks
Resting trace of mat digesters
(among other potential feeding
strategies)
Farming traces
Farming traces
Feeding trace of mat grazers
and detritus feeders
Epibaion
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
Dendrorhaphe
Megagrapton
Paleodictyon
Protopaleodictyon
Dimorphichnus
Monomorphichnus
Radulichnus
Fortunian
Stage 3
Stage 2
Fortunian
Fortunian
Fortunian
Ediacaran
(Vendian)
1030
1031
Table S1. Summary of categories of architectural designs used to assess ichnodisparity [15, 20],
1032
the representative ichnogenera used to assess ichnodiversity, ethologic and trophic information,
1033
and first appearance datum (FAD) for each ichnogenus. Ethologic and trophic interpretations are
1034
based on standard ichnological practice. Bacterial farming has been postulated for some post-
1035
Palaeozoic Zoophycos, but there is no clear evidence of this feeding strategy in the Cambrian
1036
examples. FAD follow informal Ediacaran divisions [17].
1037
49
1038
1039
8. Supplementary references
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
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1047
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1048
Standard Names for the Lowermost Cambrian Series and Stage. Episodes 30, 287-289.
1049
1050
1051
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1052
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1054
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1055
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1056
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1059
60. Bertling, M., Braddy, S., Bromley, R.G., Demathieu, G., Genise, J., Mikuláš, R., Nielsen,
1060
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1061
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1062
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1064
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1065
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1066
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1067
286, 405-414.
1068
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1069
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1070
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1071
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1072
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1073
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1074
88.
1075
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1076
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1077
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1078
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1079
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1080
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1081
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1082
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1083
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1084
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1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
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1096
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1097
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1098
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1099
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1100
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1101
1102
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1103
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1104
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1105
1106
1107
1108
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