PHC 523: Analytical Separation Methods (2+1)
The course is designed to present different types of liquid chromatography with emphasis
on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and recent advances in that area.
Furthermore application of HPLC in the quantitation of pharmaceutical compounds .
Course Description
A. Introduction
a) General review of chromatographic separation techniques, including liquid-solid
(adsorption), liquid-liquid (partition), ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography
techniques. Revision of theory related to practice of LC such as retention, column
efficiency, selectivity and resolution will also be included.
3
b) Ion-pair chromatography
2
i) General consideration
ii) Role of the counter-ion
iii) Solvent polarity
iv ) pH effects
v) Applications
B. Gradient elution
a) Introduction
2
b) Design of optimum solvent gradients
c) Effect of varying N and
d) Flow and temperature
e) Applications
C. Chemical derivatization in liquid chromatography
a) Pre-separation techniques
b) Post-separation techniques
c) Application of UV-visible dericatization in pharmaceutical analysis
d) Application of fluorometric derivatization in drugs and pharmaceuticals
e) Derivatization and mass spectrometry
D. Micro scale HPLC
a) Characteristic of microscale HPLC
3
b) Classification of microscale HPLC
c) Fundamental factors in microscale HPLC
i) Peak volume
ii) Maximum peak concentration
d) Instrumental requirements for microscale HPLC
ii) Flow rate
2
i) Microscale column
ii) Injection cell volume
iii) Detector cell volume
iv) Connecting tubing
e) Microcolumn HPLC-Mass spectrometry
2
f) Microcolumn HPLC-IR spectrometry
g) Application of microscale HPLC
E. Chiral separation in liquid chromatography
4
a) Introduction
b) Resolution of enantiomers
c) Chiral separation of solutes of TLC and HPLC
d) Applications
F. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)
2
a) Introduction
b) Sample preparation and sample application
c) Mobile phase selection
d) Development techniques for HPTLC
e) Detection
f) Applications
G. Flash Chromatography
1
H. Electrophoresis and its application
1
Two Exams
2
--------------Total
28
PHC 524: Spectroscopic Methods in Drug Analysis (2+1)
The course deals with application of advanced methods in single- and multicomponent
spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. Chemical
derivatization and functional group analysis using colorimetric methods are also discussed.
Course Description
No. of Lectures
A. Introduction
3
a) Chemical and instrumental factors causing deviation from Lambert-Beer’s Law
b) Effects of stray light
c) Relative photometric concentration error
B. Advanced methods used in single- and multi- component spectrophotometric and
spectrofluorimetric analysis of pharmaceutical compounds:
5
a) Compensation method
b) Difference spectrophotometry () A)
c) Absorbance ratio method
d) Geometric polynomial methods
e) Least squares method
f) Orthogonal polynomial method
g) Fourier function method.
C. Derivative spectroscopy: first-, seonc- and higher derivative, i.e., dnA/dln, and their use in
quantitation characterization of pharmaceutical compounds.
D. Derivative spectrofluorimetry
5
E. PH otolysis
3
F. Chemical Derivatization :
10
a) Acid-dye techniques
b) Charge-transfer complexometry
c) Functional group analysis
d) Metal-ligand complexation (Job’s method)
Two Theoretical Exams. 2
28
PHC 524: PRACTICAL
(A) A set of experiments will be conducted to investigate
- Deviations from Lambert-Beer’s Law.
- Stray light effects.
- The relative photometric concentration error
(B) Suitable UV-light absorbing systems will be utilized to demonstrate the
mathematicl methods used in multi-component spectrophotometric analysis of pharmaceuticals.
(C) Experiments on first- and second-derivative absorption curves methods to illustrate the use of
derivative UV-spectroscopy in quantitation of drug mixtures.
(D) Selected experiments will be performed to show the application of:
acid-dye techniques , charge-transfer complextion , functional group analysis
metal-ligand chelation in colorimetric analysis of pharmaceutical compounds.
(E) Two practical Exams.
PHC 527: Chemical Kinetics in Drug Analysis (2+1)
The course is tailored to introduce chemical kinetics on experimental and theoretical basis.
Kinetic parameters involving order of reaction, rate constant, activation energy and related
parameters will be presented. In addition, the use of kinetic methods in quantitation will be
elaborated and the link between mechanism and reaction kinetic is highlighted.
Course Description
No. of Lectures
A. Kinetic laws and types of reaction
9
a) Rate of reaction
b) Order of reaction (zero-, first-, second-orders ... etc)
c) Analysis of kinetic results (the method
of integration and the differential method)
d) Molecularity of reactions
e) Opposing reactions
f) Consecutive reactions
g) Chain reactions
h) Effect of temperature on rate of reaction (Arrhenuis law)
i) Activation energy (Ea)
j) Determination of rate constant and Ea (Arrhenuis plot)
k) Transition-state theory
B. Factors affecting rate of reaction:
4
a) Polarity of the medium (solvent, ionic strength and type of buffer)
b) Catalysis (catalysed and uncatalysed reactions, acid and base catalysis)
c) pH
C. Acyl-transfer reactions:
4
a) Hydrolysis is of ca rboxylic acid derivatives (RCOX)
b) Nucleophilic catalysis in hydrolytic reactions of RCOX
c) Structure of reactivity:Alkaline hydrolysis for esters (RCOR’)
D. Kinetic methods of analysis (Medium rate reaction)
a) Initial rate method
b) Fixed time method
c) Variable time method
4
E. Stability-indicating analytical methods
3
Selected methods adequately specific to distinguish between intact drug
and its degradation products
F. Kinetic and mechanism:
2
Some selected chemical reactions will be studied for illustration
Two Theoretical Exams
2
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PHC 527: PRACTICAL (CHEMICAL KINETICS IN DRUG ANALYSIS)
(A) Determination of
a) Order of reaction )
b) rate constant ) using the differential method.
c) half-life ( First-order reactions and Pseudo first-order reactions.
(B) Alkaline hydrolysis of an ester.
- Effect of [OH-] on velocity of reaction.
- Effect of [ester] on velocity of reaction.
- Determination of order of reaction.
(C) Determination of the effect of temperature on the rate constant (Arrhrnius plot)
using suitable systems.
- Estimation of activation energy (Ea).
- Estimation of frequency factor.
(D) Determination of the rate constants k1, and k-1 and equilibrium constant (Keq) for
an opposing first-order reaction using a suitable reaction system.
(E) Selected kinetic methods of analysis.
(F) Selected experiments using stability-indicating methods.
(G) Two practical mid-term exams.
PHC 591: Pharmaceutical Literature (1+0)
A course designed to familiarize the student with the current pharmaceutical and medical
literature and critically evaluate them. The course serves as a convenient guide for obtaining
relevant information from the enormous literature in the field.
PHC 592: Seminar (1+0)
In this course the student is required to prepare and orally presents a short review lecture on a
selected specialized topic of current interest in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry.