Name:__________________________________
Cell Reproduction (PPT is on hw website)
_____________________________
• Make up of our ________________
• Tight coils or rod like structures
• Humans have _____________ chromosomes of DNA in EVERY single cell
Chromosome Structures
___________________-- protein that DNA wraps around that makes chromosome shape
• Chromatid -- Each chromosome is composed of an identical half, one of the halves is
called a ____________________ _____________________
• Centromere -- The _______________ part that is holding the chromatids together
• Chromatin -- When DNA is not fully wrapped up into chromosomes they are in a
________________-like form called chromatin
Draw a picture:
Chromosome numbers
• Humans have __________ sex chromosomes - either XX or XY (XX female, XY male)
• Humans have 22 autosomes (2 sets of them to make 44) which __________code for
gender
• Since humans have 2 sets of 23 identical chromosomes, we call our chromosome set
_____________________
Karyotype
• A lab picture of ____________________________
Diploid/Haploid
• _____________________ cells contain 2 sets of each chromosome-body cells
• __________________ cells contain 1 set or each chromosome or ½ of the total numbersex cells (egg and sperm)
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells-have _______________ nucleus, no organelles, ex-_______________
• Very _________________ reproduction
– 1. copy DNA
– 2 . split into 2 identical cells
This is called ______________________
Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction
• Eukaryotic cells-have ____________, have organelles, ex-human cells, plant cells
• Very complex way or reproducing because everything in the cell has to be
______________!!
• The cell goes through the cell cycle taking about ~18 hrs.
Cellular Reproduction
• 1 cell makes _______ identical copies
• Asexual-only ____ cell involved
• Occurs in _______ main stages– 1. Interphase-GROWTH
– 2. mitosis –SPLITTING OF THE _________________
– 3. cytokinesis-SPLITTING OF THE CYTOPLASM
Interphase
• 3 parts of _________________________
– G1-cell is _________________, doubling organelles
– S-DNA is ________________________
– G2-cell prepares for ________________ division
• Interphase (draw this stage)
How is DNA Copied?
• Helicase -- ________________ that unwinds double helix and adds nitrogenous bases to
each “ladder step” making 2 identical strands!!!!
• DNA Replication
Notes on movie:
Mitosis Begins
• Mitosis-the splitting of the ___________________ occurs in 4 stages
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Cytokinesis-mitosis is ____________________!
• Last stage of cellular reproduction, the cell cycle
– Cytoplasm splits apart, there are ______ new identical cells
Plant and Animal Cytokinesis
• Plant cell-cell ________________
• Animal cell-cleavage ___________________
How does the cell cycle affect us?
Control of Cell Division
• Checkpoints
– G1 checkpoint-enzymes will kick in if cell is large enough and conditions are
favorable to reproduce
– G2 checkpoint-DNA repair enzymes will fix any ___________________, if checkpoint
is passed mitosis will occur
– Mitosis checkpoint-If all is ___________, the 2 ______________ cells will enter the G1
phase and begin the cycle again!
When control is lost
• _____________________ proteins are not functioning properly causing cell to reproduce
out of control
• Could cause______________________
• Cancer cells do not respond to body's ______________l control mechanisms-cell to cell
interaction
Compare/Contrast normal cells vs. cancer cells:
How else does our body control cancers?