‫دورة التطبيقات الحديثة ألهم األمراض الحيوانية‬
‫‪ - 1‬اسم المحاضر‪ :‬أ‪ .‬د‪ /‬أبراهيم مصطفى أبراهيم غنيم‬
‫‪ – 2‬عنوان المحاضرة‪ :‬التشخيص اإلكلينيكي للحمل‬
‫‪ – 3‬القسم‪ :‬الدراسات اإلكلينيكية‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬التخصص‪ :‬الوالدة وأمراضها‬
‫‪ – 5‬المرتبة‪ :‬أستاذ‬
‫‪ – 6‬العنوان‪ :‬جامعة الملك فيصل – كلية الطب البيطري و الثروة الحيوانية‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 7‬البريد اإللكتروني‪ighoneim@hotmail.com :‬‬
‫‪ – 8‬الجوال‪4564664673 :‬‬
‫‪ – 6‬التليفون‪ - 5816644 :‬داخلي ‪2286‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
Pregnancy Diagnosis in Domestic Animals
1- It is a mean of identifying and combating fertility problems
at early stage as possible.
2- pregnant animals should be managed differently from non
pregnant animals.
3- Assist economy and efficiency of lock management by
Early identifying non pregnant animals which then culled
or served again with minimum delay.
4- To certify animals for sale or insurance purposes.
General principles of pregnancy diagnosis
1 - Absence of estrus after mating in all domestic species except the
bitch is cardinal sign of pregnancy but in many pathological
condition estrus may be absent although the animal is not
pregnant.
2 - Detection of the fetus and fetal membranes either direct or
indirect by X rays or ultrasound.
3 - Detection of physical changes in the mother to accommodate the
fetus e.g. increase the abdominal circumference.
4 - Detection of the endocrinological changes associated with
pregnancy e.g. PMSG, progesterone, estrone sulphat …….etc.
5 -Detection of the maternal changes which depended on endocrine
changes e.g. absence of estrus and change in the character of
cervical mucus.
Methods of Pregnancy Diagnosis:
1- Detection of endocrinological changes and pregnancy associated
substances:
a- Milk progesterone test:
Conducted on milk samples taken 21 to 24 days post-breeding.
Elevated progesterone concentrations would indicative of an early
pregnancy.
b- Blood progesterone test:
Requires a blood sample taken 21 to 24 days post-breeding.
Elevated levels are indicative of an early pregnancy.
c- Fecal progesterone metabolites:
Requires a rectal fecal sample taken 18-24 days post- breeding.
Elevated levels of fecal progesterone metabolites are indicative of
an early pregnancy.
2
d- Blood test for equine chorionic gonadotropin:
 Secretion of eCG by endometrial cups from day 40 to
100 of gestation.
 Requires blood serum sample from the suspected mare
from day 40 to 100 post-breeding.
 Commercial kits used to be available to test for eCG in
blood serum.
e- Blood oestrone sulphate:
Requires a blood sample taken at least 120 days post-breeding.
Elevated levels of oestrone sulphate are indicative of vital fetus.
2- Detection of maternal changes secondary to endocrinological
effect:
a -The cow during pregnancy is not exhibited usually to estrus.
b- Cervical mucus becomes more viscous under effect of
progesterone.
c- The electrical conductivity of the vaginal mucus membrane
decreases.
3- Detection of physical changes of the mother during pregnancy:
Distention of the abdomen is noticeable in last trimester of
pregnancy especially in primparous.
4- Detection of the fetus and fetal membranes:
a- By rectal examination:
Palpation of the changes in ovaries , uterus, chorionic
membrane, cervix and uterine artery.
 Determination of the ovarian changes:
Presence of a corpus luteum which produce progesterone.
 Determination of the uterine changes:
Size uterine horns increase in size as gestation advances.
Location-in relation to pelvic rim, advances in anterior direction.
Tone-pregnant horns have flaccid feeling
Presence of fluid in the horns
Presence of the embryo or fetus.
Presence of cotyledons.
Determination of chorionic membrane
Detected by grasping the uterine wall between thumb and
forefinger and lifting slightly; called "slipping the membrane".
Caution, this can terminate pregnancy if it is done in mare.
3
 Changes of uterine artery:
Found the uterine artery on the right side near the forward
edge of the pelvis and the artery is enlarged. Increase the flow
of blood in the artery.
 Determination of cervical changes.
b- Ultrasonography:
What is ultrasonography?
Ultrasonography utilizes pluses of sound waves that are
projected towards its intended structures and within seconds the
echoes are returned to the source from which they originate.
Various body tissue conduct sound differently. Some tissues absorb
sound waves while others reflect them. The transducer is
responsible for sending and receiving the sound signals while the
computer converts the sound signal into an electrical signal, which is
viewed on a computer screen. There are two types of transducer:
linear which produces a rectangle image and sector which produces
an image similar to that of a "slice of pie". The transducers com in
several frequencies: a 7.5 MHz transducer which is used to produce
great details but only image superficial structures, a 3.5MHz
transducer can penetrate deeper structures but lacks detail, and a 5
MHz transducer is usually a good compromise in detail and
penetration. The picture that ultrasound generates on the monitor is
in different shades of white and grey which is dictated by the
echogenicity of tissues. Tissues and or fluids present two types of
echogenic patterns: anechoic: No echoes of sound; hence, black is
visualized on the monitor (i.e.,fluid). Hyperechogenic: Increased
echoes of sound; white is visualized on the monitor (i.e., bone).
4
Utilization of ultrasound to detect pregnancy and earliest stage of
gestation pregnancy can be detected with 95-100% accuracy in
several species
Species
Horses
Transducer
placement
Transrectal
Earliest days
from mating
15
Cattle
Transrectal
25
Sheep/Goats
Sheep/Goats
Transrectal
Transabdominal
03
45-50
Dogs
Transabdominal
25
Camel
Transrectal
17
5
Diagnostic
criteria
Embryonic
vesicle
Embryonic
vesicle
Fetal fluid
Fetuses,
placentomes
Fetal heart
beat
Embryonic
vesicle